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Subject Item
dbr:Nanjing_decade
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Dasawarsa Nanjing Décennie de Nankin Nanjing-Dekade Нанкинское десятилетие Década de Nankín Decennio di Nanchino 南京十年 Década de Nanquim Nanjing decade
rdfs:comment
L'expression « décennie de Nankin » désigne une période de l'histoire de la république de Chine durant laquelle le Kuomintang affermit son contrôle sur la « Première République » et doit affronter les débuts de la guerre civile contre les communistes. La « décennie » commence en avril 1927, quand Nankin est décrétée capitale par le Kuomintang. Elle se termine avec la seconde guerre sino-japonaise, quand le gouvernement chinois est temporairement transféré à Chongqing. La prise de Nankin par les Japonais en décembre 1937 et le massacre de sa population en marque la fin symbolique. Dasawarsa Nanjing (disebut juga Dasawarsa Nanking, Hanzi: 南京十年; Pinyin: Nánjīng shí nián atau Dasawarsa Keemasan, Hanzi: 黃金十年; Pinyin: Huángjīn shí nián) adalah nama informal untuk dasawarsa dari tahun 1927 (atau 1928) sampai 1937 dalam sejarah Republik Tiongkok. Dasawarsa ini dimulai ketika Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek dari kelompok Nasionalis merebut Nanjing dari panglima perang dari kelompok Zhili (Hanzi: 直(隸)系軍閥; Pinyin: Zhí (Lì) Xì Jūn Fá), dalam setengah perjalanan Ekspedisi Utara pada tahun 1927. Chiang medeklarasikan Nanjing sebagai ibu kota negara meskipun sayap kiri pemerintahan Nasionalis berada di Wuhan. Faksi Wuhan menyerah dan Ekspedisi Utara terus berlanjut sampai pemerintahan Beiyang di Beijing dikalahkan pada tahun 1928, dan Marsekal Muda Zhang Xueliang mengganti bendera Decennio di Nanchino (南京十年S Nánjīng shí nián, o Decade d'oro, 黃金十年S Huángjīn shí nián) è un nome informale per indicare il decennio dal 1927 (o 1928) al 1937 nella Repubblica di Cina. Cominciò quando il Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek prese Nanchino, spodestando la cricca di Zhili con a capo il signore della guerra Sun Chuanfang, a metà della Spedizione del Nord nel 1927. Chiang dichiarò Nanchino capitale nazionale nonostante l'ala sinistra del governo nazionalista indicasse Wuhan. La fazione di Wuhan cedette e la Spedizione del Nord continuò finché venne rovesciato il governo Beiyang a Pechino, nel 1928. Il decennio terminò con lo scoppio della seconda guerra sino-giapponese, nel 1937, e il ritiro del governo nazionalista a Wuhan. La crescita del PIL fu, in media, del 3,9 per cento all'anno O termo Década de Nanquim designa um período na História da República da China durante o qual o Kuomintang reforça seu controle sobre a "Primeira República" e teve de enfrentar o início da guerra civil contra os comunistas. A "década" começou em abril de 1927, quando Nanquim foi declarada a capital do Kuomintang. Começou quando o Generalíssimo Nacionalista Chiang Kai-shek tomou a cidade da do senhor da guerra através da Expedição do Norte em 1927. Tendo declarado ser a capital do país, apesar de outros os nacionalistas já terem feito a Wuhan como capital. A facção cedeu Wuhan e a expedição continuou até que o rival Governo de Beiyang em Pequim foi derrotado em 1928. Нанкинское десятилетие (кит. упр. 南京十年, пиньинь Nánjīng shí nián) — период истории . Его началом считается формальное объединение страны в 1927—1928 годах в результате осуществлённого партией Гоминьдан Северного похода под руководством Чан Кайши против Бэйянского правительства, а окончанием — начало японо-китайской войны в 1937 году. The Nanjing decade (also Nanking decade, Chinese: 南京十年; pinyin: Nánjīng shí nián, or the Golden decade, Chinese: 黃金十年; pinyin: Huángjīn shí nián) is an informal name for the decade from 1927 (or 1928) to 1937 in the Republic of China. It began when NationalistGeneralissimo Chiang Kai-shek took Nanjing from Zhili clique warlord Sun Chuanfang halfway through the Northern Expedition in 1927. Chiang declared it to be the national capital despite the existence of a left-wing Nationalist government in Wuhan. The Wuhan faction gave in and the Northern Expedition continued until the Beiyang government in Beijing was overthrown in 1928. The decade ended with the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and the retreat of the Nationalist government to Wuhan. GDP growth averaged 3.9 per cent Als Nanjing-Dekade 南京十年(Pinyin: nanjing shinian) wird der Zeitraum von 1927 bis 1937 bezeichnet, in dem Nanjing 南京 während des chinesischen Bürgerkriegs unter Chiang Kai-Shek Hauptstadt der Guomindang 国民党 war. Nach dem Ausbruch des 2. Sino-Japanischen Kriegs 1937 verlegte die Guomindang ihre Hauptstadt nach Chongqing. Nachdem die Japaner Nanjing eingenommen hatten, kam es zum Nanjing-Massaker. La década de Nankín (en chino tradicional, 南京十年 Nánjīng shí nián) es el nombre que recibe el periodo de gobierno del Kuomintang en China entre 1927 y 1937. Fue una época de reformas y de modernización del Estado, pero también de desilusión con el Gobierno, minado por la corrupción, las disensiones entre sus grupos, incapaz de acabar con el atraso rural y de implantar modernos servicios de salud y educación en el país.​ El Gobierno, débil, no pudo dominar completamente la gran nación de varios cientos de millones de habitantes.​ 南京十年，又稱十年建設、十年建國，是指中華民國國民政府從1927年4月18日定都南京，到1937年11月20日遷都重慶期间的中國1930年代。1928年國民革命軍北伐結束後，中國國民黨領導國民政府統一中國。国民党学者薛光前称，这是中華民國大陸時期一段罕有的短暫盛世，各方面建設發展被譽為「黃金十年」。从1929年到1941年期间GDP年平均增长率为3.9%，人均GDP年增长率为1.8%。
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Nánjīng shí nián Huángjīn shí nián
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南京十年 黃金十年
dbo:abstract
La década de Nankín (en chino tradicional, 南京十年 Nánjīng shí nián) es el nombre que recibe el periodo de gobierno del Kuomintang en China entre 1927 y 1937. Fue una época de reformas y de modernización del Estado, pero también de desilusión con el Gobierno, minado por la corrupción, las disensiones entre sus grupos, incapaz de acabar con el atraso rural y de implantar modernos servicios de salud y educación en el país.​ El Gobierno, débil, no pudo dominar completamente la gran nación de varios cientos de millones de habitantes.​ L'expression « décennie de Nankin » désigne une période de l'histoire de la république de Chine durant laquelle le Kuomintang affermit son contrôle sur la « Première République » et doit affronter les débuts de la guerre civile contre les communistes. La « décennie » commence en avril 1927, quand Nankin est décrétée capitale par le Kuomintang. Elle se termine avec la seconde guerre sino-japonaise, quand le gouvernement chinois est temporairement transféré à Chongqing. La prise de Nankin par les Japonais en décembre 1937 et le massacre de sa population en marque la fin symbolique. Dasawarsa Nanjing (disebut juga Dasawarsa Nanking, Hanzi: 南京十年; Pinyin: Nánjīng shí nián atau Dasawarsa Keemasan, Hanzi: 黃金十年; Pinyin: Huángjīn shí nián) adalah nama informal untuk dasawarsa dari tahun 1927 (atau 1928) sampai 1937 dalam sejarah Republik Tiongkok. Dasawarsa ini dimulai ketika Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek dari kelompok Nasionalis merebut Nanjing dari panglima perang dari kelompok Zhili (Hanzi: 直(隸)系軍閥; Pinyin: Zhí (Lì) Xì Jūn Fá), dalam setengah perjalanan Ekspedisi Utara pada tahun 1927. Chiang medeklarasikan Nanjing sebagai ibu kota negara meskipun sayap kiri pemerintahan Nasionalis berada di Wuhan. Faksi Wuhan menyerah dan Ekspedisi Utara terus berlanjut sampai pemerintahan Beiyang di Beijing dikalahkan pada tahun 1928, dan Marsekal Muda Zhang Xueliang mengganti bendera tentaranya menjadi bendera Republik Tiongkok. Dasawarsa ini berakhir dengan terjadinya invasi Jepang yakni pecahnya Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua pada tahun 1937 dan mundurnya pemerintahan nasional dari Nanjing. Nanjing memiliki arti penting simbolis dan strategis. Dinasti Ming telah menjadikan Nanjing sebagai ibu kota, republik telah didirikan di sana pada tahun 1912, dan pemerintahan sementara Sun Yat-sen pernah berada di sana. Jenazah Sun dibawa dan ditempatkan di mausoleum agung untuk memperkuat legitimasi Chiang. Chiang lahir di provinsi tetangga dan wilayah keseluruhannya memiliki dukungan rakyat yang kuat baginya. Dasawarsa Nanjing ditandai dengan kemajuan dan frustrasi. Periode itu jauh lebih stabil daripada era panglima perang sebelumnya. Terdapat stabilitas yang cukup untuk memungkinkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan dimulainya proyek-proyek pemerintah yang ambisius, beberapa di antaranya diambil lagi oleh pemerintah baru Republik Rakyat Tiongkok setelah tahun 1949. Pejabat layanan luar negeri Nasionalis bernegosiasi untuk pengakuan diplomatik dari pemerintahan barat dan mulai mengurai perjanjian yang tidak seimbang. Pengusaha, pendidik, pengacara, dokter, dan profesional lainnya lebih bebas untuk mendirikan institusi-institusi modern daripada masa-masa sebelumnya. Namun ada juga penindasan pemerintah terhadap perbedaan pendapat, korupsi dan nepotisme, pemberontakan di beberapa provinsi, konflik dalam pemerintah, kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangan Partai Komunis Tiongkok, dan protes luas terhadap kegagalan pemerintah untuk menghentikan agresi Jepang. Нанкинское десятилетие (кит. упр. 南京十年, пиньинь Nánjīng shí nián) — период истории . Его началом считается формальное объединение страны в 1927—1928 годах в результате осуществлённого партией Гоминьдан Северного похода под руководством Чан Кайши против Бэйянского правительства, а окончанием — начало японо-китайской войны в 1937 году. Als Nanjing-Dekade 南京十年(Pinyin: nanjing shinian) wird der Zeitraum von 1927 bis 1937 bezeichnet, in dem Nanjing 南京 während des chinesischen Bürgerkriegs unter Chiang Kai-Shek Hauptstadt der Guomindang 国民党 war. Nach dem Ausbruch des 2. Sino-Japanischen Kriegs 1937 verlegte die Guomindang ihre Hauptstadt nach Chongqing. Nachdem die Japaner Nanjing eingenommen hatten, kam es zum Nanjing-Massaker. 南京十年，又稱十年建設、十年建國，是指中華民國國民政府從1927年4月18日定都南京，到1937年11月20日遷都重慶期间的中國1930年代。1928年國民革命軍北伐結束後，中國國民黨領導國民政府統一中國。国民党学者薛光前称，这是中華民國大陸時期一段罕有的短暫盛世，各方面建設發展被譽為「黃金十年」。从1929年到1941年期间GDP年平均增长率为3.9%，人均GDP年增长率为1.8%。 Decennio di Nanchino (南京十年S Nánjīng shí nián, o Decade d'oro, 黃金十年S Huángjīn shí nián) è un nome informale per indicare il decennio dal 1927 (o 1928) al 1937 nella Repubblica di Cina. Cominciò quando il Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek prese Nanchino, spodestando la cricca di Zhili con a capo il signore della guerra Sun Chuanfang, a metà della Spedizione del Nord nel 1927. Chiang dichiarò Nanchino capitale nazionale nonostante l'ala sinistra del governo nazionalista indicasse Wuhan. La fazione di Wuhan cedette e la Spedizione del Nord continuò finché venne rovesciato il governo Beiyang a Pechino, nel 1928. Il decennio terminò con lo scoppio della seconda guerra sino-giapponese, nel 1937, e il ritiro del governo nazionalista a Wuhan. La crescita del PIL fu, in media, del 3,9 per cento all'anno dal 1929 al 1941 e il PIL pro capite dell'1,8 per cento circa. Nanchino ebbe importanza simbolica e strategica. La dinastia Ming aveva reso Nanchino capitale, la repubblica era stata fondata lì nel 1912, e il governo provvisorio di Sun Yat-sen aveva avuto sede a Nanchino. La salma di Sun era stata portata e collocata in un grande mausoleo per consolidare la legittimità di Chiang che era nato nella provincia vicina e l'area esprimeva un forte sostegno popolare nei suoi confronti. Il decennio di Nanchino fu segnato sia dal progresso che dalla frustrazione. Il periodo fu molto più stabile del precedente periodo dei signori della guerra. Ci fu abbastanza stabilità da consentire la crescita economica e l'avvio di ambiziosi progetti governativi, alcuni dei quali vennero poi ripresi dal nuovo governo della Repubblica popolare dopo il 1949. I diplomatici del governo nazionalista negoziarono il riconoscimento da parte dei governi occidentali e cominciarono ad emergere trattati ineguali. Imprenditori, educatori, avvocati, medici e altri professionisti furono più liberi di creare istituzioni moderne, più che in qualsiasi altro periodo precedente. Nello stesso tempo era in vigore la soppressione del dissenso da parte del governo, la corruzione e il nepotismo, la rivolta di numerose province, il conflitto all'interno del governo, la sopravvivenza e la crescita del Partito comunista cinese e una diffusa protesta contro l'incapacità del governo di fermare l'aggressione giapponese. Ci fu anche l'eliminazione del dissenso, della corruzione e del nepotismo, la rivolta di diverse province, il conflitto all'interno del governo, la sopravvivenza e la crescita del Partito Comunista Cinese, e la diffusa protesta contro l'incapacità del governo di fermare l'aggressione giapponese.aggressione giapponese. O termo Década de Nanquim designa um período na História da República da China durante o qual o Kuomintang reforça seu controle sobre a "Primeira República" e teve de enfrentar o início da guerra civil contra os comunistas. A "década" começou em abril de 1927, quando Nanquim foi declarada a capital do Kuomintang. Começou quando o Generalíssimo Nacionalista Chiang Kai-shek tomou a cidade da do senhor da guerra através da Expedição do Norte em 1927. Tendo declarado ser a capital do país, apesar de outros os nacionalistas já terem feito a Wuhan como capital. A facção cedeu Wuhan e a expedição continuou até que o rival Governo de Beiyang em Pequim foi derrotado em 1928. O local era de importância simbólica e estratégica. Foi ali que a república foi estabelecida e onde o governo provisório sob Sun Yat-sen se instalou. O corpo de Sun foi trazido e colocado em um grande mausoléu para cimentar o nascente culto da personalidade de Chiang. Chiang nasceu na província vizinha e o general teve forte apoio popular na área. Termina com a Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, quando o governo chinês foi temporariamente transferido para Chongqing, a em dezembro de 1937 e o massacre de sua população, marca o fim simbólico. Embora a década de Nanjing foi muito mais estável do que a anterior, a Era dos senhores da guerra, ainda era cercada por violência. The Nanjing decade (also Nanking decade, Chinese: 南京十年; pinyin: Nánjīng shí nián, or the Golden decade, Chinese: 黃金十年; pinyin: Huángjīn shí nián) is an informal name for the decade from 1927 (or 1928) to 1937 in the Republic of China. It began when NationalistGeneralissimo Chiang Kai-shek took Nanjing from Zhili clique warlord Sun Chuanfang halfway through the Northern Expedition in 1927. Chiang declared it to be the national capital despite the existence of a left-wing Nationalist government in Wuhan. The Wuhan faction gave in and the Northern Expedition continued until the Beiyang government in Beijing was overthrown in 1928. The decade ended with the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and the retreat of the Nationalist government to Wuhan. GDP growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent. Historians view the decade as a period of Chinese conservatism. Nanking was of symbolic and strategic importance. The Ming dynasty had made Nanjing a capital, the republic had been established there in 1912, and Sun Yat-sen's provisional government had been there. Sun's body was brought and placed in a grand mausoleum to cement Chiang's legitimacy. Chiang was born in nearby Chekiang and the general area had strong popular support for him. The Nanjing decade was marked by both progress and frustration. The period was far more stable than the preceding Warlord Era. There was enough stability to allow economic growth and the start of ambitious government projects, some of which were taken up again by the new government of the People's Republic after 1949. Nationalist foreign service officers negotiated diplomatic recognition from Western governments and began to unravel the unequal treaties. Entrepreneurs, educators, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals were more free to create modern institutions than at any earlier time. However, the Nationalist government also suppressed dissent, corruption and nepotism were rampant and revolts broke out in several provinces; internal conflicts also perpetuated within the government. The Nationalists were never able to fully pacify the Chinese Communist Party, and struggled to address the widespread unrest and protests over their failure to check Japanese aggression.
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