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Subject Item
dbr:Presidency_of_George_Washington
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Gabinet George’a Washingtona Президентство Джорджа Вашингтона Présidence de George Washington رئاسة جورج واشنطن Presidenza di George Washington Presidency of George Washington Kabinett Washington Kabinet-Washington
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The presidency of George Washington began on April 30, 1789, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1797. Washington took office after the 1788–1789 presidential election, the nation's first quadrennial presidential election, in which he was elected unanimously. Washington was re-elected unanimously in the 1792 presidential election, and chose to retire after two terms. He was succeeded by his vice president, John Adams of the Federalist Party. Gabinet George’a Washingtona – został powołany i zaprzysiężony w 1789. La presidenza di George Washington iniziò il 30 aprile 1789 con la cerimonia d'inaugurazione e insediamento del primo presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, e terminò il 4 marzo 1797. Washington assunse la carica a seguito delle elezioni presidenziali del 1788-89. In questa prima elezione presidenziale del paese, di durata quadriennale, Washington risultò eletto all'unanimità. Ottenne lo stesso successo anche nelle elezioni presidenziali del 1792. Al termine del secondo mandato consecutivo, non volle più partecipare alla competizione politica, ritirandosi invece a vita privata. Gli successe il vicepresidente in carica John Adams, esponente di punta del Partito Federalista. La présidence de George Washington débuta le 30 avril 1789, date de l'investiture de George Washington en tant que 1er président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1797. Washington entra en fonction après l'élection présidentielle de 1789, lors de laquelle il fut élu à l'unanimité. Il fut une nouvelle fois réélu à l'unanimité en 1792 et décida de se retirer après son second mandat. Il fut remplacé par son vice-président, le fédéraliste John Adams. Het kabinet-Washington was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 30 april 1789 tot 4 maart 1797. Generaal George Washington uit Virginia, voormalig opperbevelhebber van de Dertien koloniën tijdens de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog en de voornaamste "Founding Father" werd gekozen als de 1e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1789 over de belangrijkste kandidaat van de Federalistische Partij voormalig ambassadeur John Adams, een mede "Founding Father" uit Massachusetts. Washington bleef tijdens zijn gehele presidentschap onafhankelijk maar sympathiseerde met de Federalistische Partij, de meeste ambtsbekleders in zijn kabinet waren dan ook afkomstig van de Federalisten. Washington werd herkozen voor een tweede termijn in 1792 Президентство Джорджа Вашингтона началось 30 апреля 1789 года, когда прошла его инаугурация как 1-го президента США, и завершилось 4 марта 1797 года. Джордж Вашингтон стал президентом по результатам президентских выборов 1789 года, первых в истории США, где он стал единственным кандидатом, избранным единогласно. В 1792 году он так же единогласно был переизбран на второй срок, а в 1797 году отказался от третьего срока. Его преемником стал вице-президент, Джон Адамс от партии федералистов. George Washington war der erste Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten. Als einziger Amtsinhaber in der US-Geschichte wurde er zweimal (1789 und 1792) ohne Gegenstimme gewählt. Im Gegensatz zu seinen sämtlichen Nachfolgern, gehörte Washington auch keiner Partei an Während seiner Amtszeit nahm Washington zahlreiche Änderungen an seinem Kabinett vor. So bekleidete Timothy Pickering als Post-, Kriegs- und Außenminister gleich drei verschiedene Posten. Der für die Justiz zuständige William Bradford starb als erster US-Minister im Amt. Washingtons Nachfolge trat sein Vizepräsident John Adams an. ابتدأت الحقبة الرئاسية لجورج واشنطن في الحادي والثلاثين من أبريل من عام 1789 إذ قلد كأول رئيس للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وانتهت هذه الفترة في الرابع من مارس بعام 1797. تولى واشنطن هذا المنصب بعد الانتخابات الرئاسية بين عاميّ 1788-1789 بعد انتخابه بالإجماع في أول انتخابات رئاسية بنظام الأربع سنوات. وقد تم انتخابه في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1792 بالإجماع مجددا، وبعد انتهاء هاتين الحقبتين قرر واشنطن التنحي عن الرئاسة ليأتي نائبة جون آدمز المؤيد للحزب الفدرالي ليتولى الرئاسة من بعده.
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Washington Presidency of George Washington
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Gabinet George’a Washingtona – został powołany i zaprzysiężony w 1789. La presidenza di George Washington iniziò il 30 aprile 1789 con la cerimonia d'inaugurazione e insediamento del primo presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, e terminò il 4 marzo 1797. Washington assunse la carica a seguito delle elezioni presidenziali del 1788-89. In questa prima elezione presidenziale del paese, di durata quadriennale, Washington risultò eletto all'unanimità. Ottenne lo stesso successo anche nelle elezioni presidenziali del 1792. Al termine del secondo mandato consecutivo, non volle più partecipare alla competizione politica, ritirandosi invece a vita privata. Gli successe il vicepresidente in carica John Adams, esponente di punta del Partito Federalista. Washington contribuì a stabilire la propria autorevolezza tra i Padri Fondatori della nuova nazione attraverso il servizio svolto come comandante in capo dell'Esercito continentale nel corso della guerra d'indipendenza americana, oltre che come presidente della Convenzione di Filadelfia (in inglese "Philadelphia Convention") del 1787. Una volta approvata la Costituzione degli Stati Uniti era ampiamente previsto che sarebbe diventato il primo Capo dello Stato, nonostante il suo desiderio di potersi allontanare dalla vita pubblica. Nel primo discorso inaugurale espresse la propria intima riluttanza ad accettare la carica offertagli, dovuta anche al fatto di non avere alcuna esperienza nei doveri dell'amministrazione civile. Washington presiedette all'istituzione del nuovo Governo federale degli Stati Uniti, nominando tutti i funzionari di più alto rango, sia nel ramo esecutivo sia in quello giudiziario, plasmando - grazie alle sue notevoli doti di leadership – numerose nuove pratiche politiche e stabilendo la sede permanente della futura capitale degli Stati Uniti. Sostenne le politiche economiche di Alexander Hamilton, secondo le quali il governo federale si sarebbe assunto i debiti dei singoli Stati federati, e fondò la Prima banca degli Stati Uniti d'America, la United States Mint (la Zecca nazionale) e lo United States Customs and Border Protection (il Servizio doganale e di Polizia di frontiera). Il primo Congresso degli Stati Uniti approvò le politiche fiscali con il Tariff Act del 1789 ed il Tariff Act del 1790: vennero innalzati i dazi doganali per fare fronte allo squilibrio commerciale nei confronti della Gran Bretagna e introdotta un'accisa sulla produzione e la vendita di whisky per finanziare le attività governative. Il presidente guidò personalmente i soldati federali nella repressione della Whiskey Rebellion, sorta in opposizione alle politiche fiscali adottate dall'amministrazione. Diresse personalmente la guerra indiana del Nord-Ovest, che vide il paese stabilire il controllo sulle tribù dei nativi americani in tutto il territorio del nord-ovest. Negli affari esteri assicurò la tranquillità interna e mantenne dei rapporti pacifici con le diverse potenze europee nonostante l'imperversare delle guerre rivoluzionarie francesi (Proclama di neutralità, 1793). Ottenne inoltre due importanti trattati bilaterali: il trattato di Jay del 1794 con l'Impero britannico e il trattato Pinckney dell'anno seguente con l'impero spagnolo. Entrambi i trattati promossero il commercio internazionale e contribuirono a garantire il controllo della frontiera rispettivamente a Nord e a Sud. Per proteggere le spedizioni americane dai corsari barbareschi e da altre minacce, Washington ristabilì la United States Navy tramite il Naval Act del 1794. Fortemente preoccupato per la crescente partigianeria all'interno del governo e per l'impatto negativo che i partiti politici avrebbero potuto avere sull'ancor fragile unità che teneva insieme la nazione, il presidente si prodigò sempre per mantenere concordi le fazioni rivali; fu - e rimane a tutt'oggi - l'unico presidente eletto a non essersi mai affiliato ad alcuna corrente politica. Nonostante gli sforzi intrapresi, gli accesi dibattiti scoppiati nei riguardi delle misure finanziarie varate, della rivoluzione francese e del trattato di Jay, le iniziative di George Washington ebbero come loro ultimo risultato quello d'inasprire le divisioni politiche. I sostenitori di Hamilton diedero vita al Partito Federalista, mentre i suoi avversari si coalizzarono attorno al Segretario di Stato Thomas Jefferson e formarono il Partito Democratico-Repubblicano. Nonostante l'accusa di aver favorito Hamilton (e quindi lo svilupparsi della partigianeria), Washington viene considerato dagli studiosi presidenziali e dagli storici politici come uno dei più grandi presidenti della storia degli Stati Uniti d'America. Secondo la classifica storica dei presidenti degli Stati Uniti, George Washington è uno dei tre presidenti più apprezzati di sempre insieme ad Abraham Lincoln e Franklin Delano Roosevelt. George Washington war der erste Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten. Als einziger Amtsinhaber in der US-Geschichte wurde er zweimal (1789 und 1792) ohne Gegenstimme gewählt. Im Gegensatz zu seinen sämtlichen Nachfolgern, gehörte Washington auch keiner Partei an Im Kongress stütze sich seine Regierung Großteils auf die Mitglieder der Pro-Administration Party, die keine Partei im eigentlichen Sinne war, sondern lediglich eine Gruppe von Mitgliedern des Kongresses, die die Politik Washingtons, Hamiltons und Adams befürworteten. Ihnen gegenüber stand die Anti-Administration Party um Thomas Jefferson und James Madison. Später wurde aus der Pro-Administration Party die Föderalistische Partei und aus der Anti-Administration Party die Demokratisch-Republikanische Partei. Während seiner Amtszeit nahm Washington zahlreiche Änderungen an seinem Kabinett vor. So bekleidete Timothy Pickering als Post-, Kriegs- und Außenminister gleich drei verschiedene Posten. Der für die Justiz zuständige William Bradford starb als erster US-Minister im Amt. Washingtons Nachfolge trat sein Vizepräsident John Adams an. Het kabinet-Washington was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 30 april 1789 tot 4 maart 1797. Generaal George Washington uit Virginia, voormalig opperbevelhebber van de Dertien koloniën tijdens de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog en de voornaamste "Founding Father" werd gekozen als de 1e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1789 over de belangrijkste kandidaat van de Federalistische Partij voormalig ambassadeur John Adams, een mede "Founding Father" uit Massachusetts. Washington bleef tijdens zijn gehele presidentschap onafhankelijk maar sympathiseerde met de Federalistische Partij, de meeste ambtsbekleders in zijn kabinet waren dan ook afkomstig van de Federalisten. Washington werd herkozen voor een tweede termijn in 1792 zonder tegenkandidaat. In 1795 maakte Washington bekend zich niet kandidaat te stellen voor een nieuwe termijn in de Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen van 1796 en begon de traditie van presidenten die niet meer dan twee termijnen zouden dienen tot Franklin Delano Roosevelt die brak in 1940. The presidency of George Washington began on April 30, 1789, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1797. Washington took office after the 1788–1789 presidential election, the nation's first quadrennial presidential election, in which he was elected unanimously. Washington was re-elected unanimously in the 1792 presidential election, and chose to retire after two terms. He was succeeded by his vice president, John Adams of the Federalist Party. Washington, who had established his preeminence among the new nation's Founding Fathers through his service as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and as president of the 1787 constitutional convention, was widely expected to become the first president of the United States under the new Constitution, though it was his desire to retire from public life. In his first inaugural address, Washington expressed both his reluctance to accept the presidency and his inexperience with the duties of civil administration, but he proved an able leader. He presided over the establishment of the new federal government, appointing all of the high-ranking officials in the executive and judicial branches, shaping numerous political practices, and establishing the site of the permanent capital of the United States. He supported Alexander Hamilton's economic policies whereby the federal government assumed the debts of the state governments and established the First Bank of the United States, the United States Mint, and the United States Customs Service. Congress passed the Tariff of 1789, the Tariff of 1790, and an excise tax on whiskey to fund the government and, in the case of the tariffs, address the trade imbalance with Britain. Washington personally led federalized soldiers in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion, which arose in opposition to the administration's taxation policies. He directed the Northwest Indian War, which saw the United States establish control over Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory. In foreign affairs, he assured domestic tranquility and maintained peace with the European powers despite the raging French Revolutionary Wars by issuing the 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality. He also secured two important bilateral treaties, the 1794 Jay Treaty with Great Britain and the 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain, both of which fostered trade and helped secure control of the American frontier. To protect American shipping from Barbary pirates and other threats, he re-established the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794. Greatly concerned about the growing partisanship within the government and the detrimental impact political parties could have on the fragile unity of the nation, Washington struggled throughout his eight-year presidency to hold rival factions together. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be formally affiliated with a political party. Despite his efforts, debates over Hamilton's economic policy, the French Revolution, and the Jay Treaty deepened ideological divisions. Those that supported Hamilton formed the Federalist Party, while his opponents coalesced around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and formed the Democratic-Republican Party. While criticized for furthering the partisanship he sought to avoid by identifying himself with Hamilton, Washington is nonetheless considered by scholars and political historians as one of the greatest presidents in American history, usually ranking in the top three with Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt. La présidence de George Washington débuta le 30 avril 1789, date de l'investiture de George Washington en tant que 1er président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1797. Washington entra en fonction après l'élection présidentielle de 1789, lors de laquelle il fut élu à l'unanimité. Il fut une nouvelle fois réélu à l'unanimité en 1792 et décida de se retirer après son second mandat. Il fut remplacé par son vice-président, le fédéraliste John Adams. Washington était considéré comme l'un des principaux Pères fondateurs des États-Unis pour avoir commandé en chef l'armée continentale pendant la guerre d'indépendance et présidé la Convention de Philadelphie en 1787. Une fois la Constitution approuvée, tout le monde s'attendait à ce que Washington devienne le premier président des États-Unis, malgré le souhait exprimé par ce dernier de se retirer de la vie publique. Dans son premier discours d'investiture, Washington déclara qu'il n'acceptait la présidence qu'avec réticence et qu'il n'avait pas suffisamment d'expérience dans le domaine de l'administration, mais il se révéla par la suite comme un dirigeant compétent. Washington présida le pays à l'époque où se mettait en place le nouveau gouvernement fédéral : il nomma ainsi la totalité des hauts fonctionnaires des branches exécutive et judiciaire, établit de nombreux précédents dans la vie politique et sélectionna le site devant accueillir la nouvelle capitale fédérale des États-Unis. Il soutint les politiques économiques d'Alexander Hamilton selon lesquelles le gouvernement fédéral devait assumer les dettes des gouvernements étatiques et il créa également la First Bank of the United States, le United States Mint et le United States Customs Service. Sous son mandat, le Congrès adopta le tarif de 1789, le tarif de 1790 et une taxe sur le whisky pour procurer des recettes au gouvernement et, dans le cas des tarifs, pour remédier au déséquilibre de la balance commerciale avec la Grande-Bretagne. Washington mena personnellement une armée pour mater la révolte du Whisky dont les instigateurs s'opposaient aux taxes mises en place par son administration. Il déclencha par ailleurs la guerre amérindienne du Nord-Ouest qui permit aux États-Unis de soumettre les tribus amérindiennes dans le territoire du Nord-Ouest. En politique étrangère, il s'efforça de préserver la neutralité de son pays vis-à-vis des puissances européennes dans le contexte des guerres de la Révolution française et négocia en 1795 deux grands traités bilatéraux, le traité de Londres avec la Grande-Bretagne et le traité de Madrid avec l'Espagne, qui favorisaient les relations commerciales et assuraient à la jeune nation américaine une meilleure maîtrise de ses frontières. Afin de protéger le commerce américain des attaques de pirates barbaresques et d'autres types de menaces, il promulgua le Naval Act of 1794 qui redonnait naissance à la marine de guerre américaine. Très préoccupé par les tensions partisanes qui se manifestaient au sein de son gouvernement et par l'impact négatif des partis politiques sur l'unité encore fragile de la nation, Washington essaya tout au long des huit années de sa présidence de faire cohabiter entre elles les factions rivales. Il reste à ce jour le seul président américain à n'avoir jamais été affilié à un parti politique. En dépit de ses efforts, les débats provoqués par la politique économique d'Hamilton, la Révolution française et le traité de Londres aggravèrent les divergences idéologiques et débouchèrent sur la formation du Parti fédéraliste par les partisans d'Hamilton et sur celle du Parti républicain-démocrate par ceux qui soutenaient les idées du secrétaire d'État Thomas Jefferson. Critiqué pour avoir accentué les divisions partisanes qu'il souhaitait éviter en soutenant ouvertement Hamilton, Washington est néanmoins considéré par les historiens et les politologues comme l'un des plus grands présidents de l'histoire américaine, figurant généralement dans les trois premières places du classement aux côtés d'Abraham Lincoln et de Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ابتدأت الحقبة الرئاسية لجورج واشنطن في الحادي والثلاثين من أبريل من عام 1789 إذ قلد كأول رئيس للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وانتهت هذه الفترة في الرابع من مارس بعام 1797. تولى واشنطن هذا المنصب بعد الانتخابات الرئاسية بين عاميّ 1788-1789 بعد انتخابه بالإجماع في أول انتخابات رئاسية بنظام الأربع سنوات. وقد تم انتخابه في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1792 بالإجماع مجددا، وبعد انتهاء هاتين الحقبتين قرر واشنطن التنحي عن الرئاسة ليأتي نائبة جون آدمز المؤيد للحزب الفدرالي ليتولى الرئاسة من بعده. اكتسب واشنطن الأحقية من بين الإباء المؤسسين للأمة من خلال خدمته كقائد عام للقوات المسلحة للجيش القاري أبان حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية وكرئيس للمؤتمر الدستوري بعام 1787. بمجرد ما تم التصديق على الدستور، توقع الكثيرون إن جورج واشنطن سيكون أول رئيس للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بالرغم من رغبة الأخير بالتنحي عن العمل. أعرب واشنطن في خطبته الافتتاحية عن عدم رغبته في تولي الرئاسة، وقلة خبرته في تأدية المهام الإدارية المدنية، إلا أنه اثبت نفسه كقائد بارع. ترأس واشنطن تأسيس الحكومة الفدرالية الجديدة وعيّن كبار المسئولين في السلطتين التنفيذية والقضائية، وشكل ممارسات سياسية كثيرة، وحدد الموقع الدائم لعاصمة الولايات المتحدة. شجع واشنطن سياسة الكسندر هاملتون الاقتصادية التي بمقتضاها تتحمل الحكومة الفدرالية النفقات للحكومات في كل ولاية، وكما انشأ أول مصرف في الولايات المتحدة، ويونايتد ستايتس منت، ووكالة يونايتد ستايتس كوستومر سيرفز. وضع الكونغرس التعريفات الجمركية في عامي 1789 و1790 ، وضريبة الإنتاج على مشروب الويسكي لغرض تمويل الحكومة وليعالج الاختلال التجارية مع بريطانيا من خلال فرض تلك التعريفات الجمركية. قام واشنطن بقيادة جيش بنفسه لقمع الاحتجاجات التي أثارتها الضريبة على مشروب الويسكي والتي عرفت بضريبة الويسكي. أمر واشنطن بشن حرب على هنود الشمال الغربي، إذ أسفرت تلك الحرب سيطرة الولايات المتحدة على القبائل الأصلية لأميركا القاطنين في المنطقة الشمالية الغربية. بالنسبة للشؤون الخارجية، خلق واشنطن جو من الطمأنينة في الداخل وحفظ السلام مع القوى الأوربية بالرغم من تصاعد لهيب الثورة الفرنسية لذلك قام بإعلان الحيادية. قام واشنطن، أيضا، بعقد اتفاقيتين ضروريتين، الأولى مع بريطانيا العظمى بعام 1794 عرفت ب (بمعاهدة جاي)، والأخرى مع إسبانيا بعام 1795 عرفت ب (معاهدة سان لورينزو)، ذينك المعاهدتين شجعتا التجارة وساهمتا في السيطرة على الحدود الأمريكية. أعاد واشنطن تأسيس القوات البحرية للولايات المتحدة مع القانون البحري لعام 1794 لحماية السفن الأمريكية من القراصنة البربرييّن. كان هناك قلق شديد للغاية إزاء التغلغل والنشاط الحزبي داخل الحكومة آنذاك ومن التأثير السلبي الذي قد يحدث من الأحزاب السياسية على هشاشة الوحدة للشعب وقد سعى واشنطن خلال حقبتيه الرئاسيتين إلى توحيد ولملمة شتات الجهات المناوئة. كان واشنطن الرئيس الوحيد في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الذي لم يكن لديه توجهات حزبية. بالرغم من مساعي واشنطن، فأن الجدل بشأن سياسة هاملتون الاقتصادية، والثورة الفرنسية ومعاهدة جاي، تلك العوامل ساهمت في تعميق الاختلافات الإيديولوجية، إذ الذين كانوا مؤيدون لهاملتون انشؤوا الحزب الفدرالي، في حين المناوئين لذلك تعضدوا مع وزير الخارجية وانشؤوا الحزب الديمقراطي- الجمهوري. انتقد واشنطن مواصلة العمل الحزبي وسعى إلى اجتناب ذلك من خلال تمييز شخصه كمناصر لهاملتون، وبالرغم من ذلك، رأى المفكرين والمؤرخين السياسيين إن واشنطن أحد أفضل الرؤساء في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وعادةً ما يدرج اسمه مع أفضل ثلاثة رؤساء مع ابرهام لينكولن وفرانكلين روزفلت. Президентство Джорджа Вашингтона началось 30 апреля 1789 года, когда прошла его инаугурация как 1-го президента США, и завершилось 4 марта 1797 года. Джордж Вашингтон стал президентом по результатам президентских выборов 1789 года, первых в истории США, где он стал единственным кандидатом, избранным единогласно. В 1792 году он так же единогласно был переизбран на второй срок, а в 1797 году отказался от третьего срока. Его преемником стал вице-президент, Джон Адамс от партии федералистов. В момент избрания Вашингтону было 57 лет. До выборов он был широко известен в стране как главнокомандующий Континентальной армии в ходе американской Войны за независимость, и как президент Филадельфийского конвента в 1787 году. Уже с момента принятия Конституции общество предполагало, что именно он станет первым президентом, хотя сам Вашингтон собирался уйти от общественной жизни. В своей инаугурационной речи он сказал, что с неохотой принимает пост президента и что плохо знаком с гражданской администрацией. Вопреки этому, он показал себя способным лидером. Усилиями Вашингтона было создано первое федеральное правительство, назначены все чиновники верхнего ранга исполнительной и судебной ветвей власти, установлены многие традиции политической жизни, и выбрано место для постоянной столицы страны. Он поддержал экономическую политику Александра Гамильтона, согласно которой правительство приняло на себя внешний долг штатов, создало первый Банк США, Монетный двор США и Таможенную службу. При Вашингтоне Конгресс принял законы о пошлинах (Тариф 1789 года и Тариф 1790 года) и поднял налог на виски, что привело к бунту, а Вашингтону пришлось лично вести войска на его подавление. При нём продолжилась Северо-западная индейская война, в ходе которой США сумели подчинить индейские племена на Северо-Западной Территории. В международной политике он придерживался практики нейтралитета и невмешательства, и в 1793 году издал . Ему удалось добиться заключения двух важных соглашений: Договора Джея с Великобританией в 1794 году и с Испанией в 1795. Для защиты американских торговых судов от берберийских пиратов был создан флот США указом 1794 года. Вашингтона очень сильно беспокоил партийный раскол внутри правительства и весь свой срок он пытался поддержать дух единства в правительстве, полагая, что такие конфликты угрожают стабильности Союза. Он остался единственным президентом, который не ассоциировал себя ни с одной партией. Несмотря на все его усилия, споры вокруг экономической политики Гамильтона, Французской революции и Договора Джея только углубляли партийный раскол. Сторонники Гамильтона создали партию федералистов, а их противники поддержали Томаса Джефферсона и создали Демократическо-Республиканскую партию. Несмотря на эти проблемы, Вашингтон традиционно считается одним из величайших президентов в американской истории и обычно входит в тройку лучших вместе с Авраамом Линкольном и Франклином Рузвельтом.
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