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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Science_and_technology_in_China
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العلوم والتكنولوجيا في الصين Eolaíocht/teicneolaíocht na Síne 中华人民共和国科技 Science and technology in China Ciencia y tecnología en China 中華人民共和国の科学技術 Scienza e tecnologia in Cina Science en Chine Ciência e tecnologia na República Popular da China Наука в Китае
rdfs:comment
تطورت العلوم والتكنولوجيا في الصين سريعًا خلال فترة العقد الأخير في القرن العشرين إلى العقد الأول من القرن الواحد والعشرين. ركزت الحكومة الصينية على العلوم والتكنولوجيا من خلال التمويل والإصلاح والحالة الاجتماعية ضمن جزء أساسي من التنمية الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للبلاد، فضلًا عن الاعتبار الوطني أو القومي. حققت الصين تقدمًا سريعًا في مجالات مثل التعليم، والبنية التحتية، والتصنيع فائق التقنية، والنشر الأكاديمي، وبراءات الاختراع، والتطبيقات التجارية، وتُعتبر الآن رائدة على مستوى العالم في بعض المجالات وببعض المقاييس. تستهدف الصين الآن على نحو متزايد الابتكار المحلي، وتهدف إلى إصلاح نقاط الضعف المتبقية. Go dtí an 17ú céad agus tosú na réabhlóide tionsclaíche san Eoraip, is minic a bhí eolaithe is teicneolaithe sa tSín chun tosaigh go mór ar eolaithe na hEorpa, mar is léir óna gcuid éachtaí, gan dul thar 1000 AD, fiú. Sa réamhstair, is sa tSín a fuarthas an fhianaise is luaithe ar úsáid dheonach tine sa chócaireacht. I ré Shang, ón 16ú céad RC, dhéantaí teilgean cré-umha le múnlaí ilpháirte, bhí carbaid le hacastóirí is rothaí 15 spóca ann, agus thosaigh taifead na haimsire i 1216 RC. I ré Zhou, 11ú-3ú céad RC, i measc na bhforbairtí bhí iarann in úsáid (512 RC), uirlisí talmhaíochta iarainn mhúnlaithe (sa 4ú céad RC), crosbhoghaí le truicear 4 pháirt, gás mustaird séidte le boilg, carbaid le rothaí 30 spóca (nach raibh a leithéid san Eoraip go dtí an 15ú céad AD), táirgeadh salainn (7ú cé 在1949年10月1日中华人民共和国成立之时,該国科技水平落后,没有完整的工业体系。20世纪60至70年代,中国先后掌握了“两弹一星”和“杂交水稻”技术。20世纪80年代,“863计划”直接推动了中国生物技术、航太技术、資訊技術、激光技术、自动化技术、能源技术、新材料和海洋高技术的发展。20世纪90年代,中国提出科教兴国战略。从2000年到2020年,中华人民共和国的科研经费从895.7亿元人民币增长到24426亿元人民币,年均增长率为131.3515%,科研经费占GDP的比重从2000年的1.00%增长至2020年的2.4%,已超过世界平均水平(1.60%)。时至今日,中国的科学技术水平自从改革开放以来科技发展开始提速,现在中国在航空航天、、无人机、人工智能、绿色能源、量子通讯、高速铁路、、自动化、超导、电子技术、核技术、激光等领域取得许多世界领先的成果,但同时在发动机、精密制造、医药研发等领域上与世界先进水平仍有差距,要趕超仍需一段时间,且在科研制度上,弊端较多,依然有需改進之處。2010年代以來,、尤其是以像阿里巴巴、騰訊、字节跳动、百度等爲首的互聯網企業,又或者是像华为、小米、中兴、大疆等爲首的高科技企業蓬勃發展,科技型企業佔所有公司的資產總額已從2010年的6.8%上升至2020年的23.7%,且與絕大部分的民眾息息相關。 En décadas recientes, la ciencia y la tecnología se han desarrollado rápidamente en China. El gobierno chino ha dado énfasis al financiamiento, reforma y a la situación social de la ciencia y la tecnología como parte fundamental del desarrollo socioeconómico del país, así como para el prestigio y orgullo nacional. China ha tenido rápidos avances en áreas como la educación, infraestructura, manufactura de alta tecnología, publicación académica, patentes, y aplicaciones comerciales, y ahora es en algunas áreas y por ciertas medidas, un líder mundial. China está enfocándose cada vez más a la innovación indígena y pretende reformar deficiencias restantes. La Chine est connue pour être à l'origine d'inventions majeures de l'histoire de l'humanité, entre autres l'imprimerie, la poudre à canon, la brouette, etc. L'histoire des sciences en Chine a été étudiée en Occident à travers l'œuvre monumentale de Joseph Needham. A ciência e tecnologia na República Popular da China são responsáveis por vários dos mais importantes avanços na história da humanidade. Desde o fim da Revolução Cultural que o país se tornou um dos líderes mundiais em poderes tecnológicos, gastando cerca mais de 100 bilhões de dólares em pesquisa e desenvolvimento apenas em 2011. A ciência e a tecnologia são vistas como vitais para a realização da coesão econômica e dos objetivos políticos do país, além de serem consideradas uma fonte de orgulho nacional a um grau às vezes descrito como "tecno-nacionalista". Quase todos os membros do Comitê Permanente do Politburo do PCC têm cursos de engenharia. Наука в Китае — научные разработки (НИОКР) и достижения (открытия, изобретения и пр.), сделанные как в Древнем Китае, так и в современном КНР В честь Китая был назван астероид (139) Жуйхуа, открытый 10 октября 1874 года канадо-американским астрономом Джеймсом Уотсоном в Пекине; в переводе с китайского название астероида означает «Звезда счастья Китая». Science and technology in China have developed rapidly during the 1980s to 2010s, and major scientific and technological achievements have been made since the 1980s. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the Chinese government successively launched the "863 Plan" and the "Strategy for Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education", which greatly promoted the development and progress of China's science and technology. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige. La scienza e la tecnologia in Cina hanno conosciuto negli ultimi decenni un rapido sviluppo. Attraverso finanziamenti, riforme e status sociale, il governo cinese ha posto molta enfasi sulla scienza e la tecnologia come parte fondamentale dello sviluppo socio-economico del paese, nonché come veicolo per il prestigio nazionale. La Cina ha fatto rapidi progressi in campi come l'istruzione, le infrastrutture, le produzioni ad alta tecnologia, le pubblicazioni accademiche, i brevetti e le applicazioni commerciali ed è ora, sia pure in alcuni campi ed entro certi limiti, una guida mondiale. La Cina sta ora puntando sempre di più sull'innovazione interna e mira a riformare le restanti debolezze. 中華人民共和国の科学技術(ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくのかがくぎじゅつ)では中華人民共和国における科学技術について記述する。 中国の科学技術は近年急速な発展を遂げている。中国政府は投資、改革、そして科学技術の社会的地位を国家遺産と並び国家の社会経済発展に欠かせないものとして強調している。中国は教育、社会基盤、ハイテク産業、学術出版、特許、商業的な応用といった分野で急速な発展を遂げており、現在いくつかの分野や指標において世界をリードしている。中国は現在次第に目標を中国独自の技術革新へと変えつつあり、これまで弱点とされていた分野を改善することを目標とするようになっている。
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UNESCO
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An interior diagram of the astronomical clocktower of Kaifeng featured in Su Song's book, written by 1092 and published in printed form by the year 1094. One of the star charts from Su Song's Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao published in 1092, featuring cylindrical projection similar to Mercator projection and the corrected position of the pole star thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in printed form. A depiction of the 13th Century "long serpent" rocket launcher. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate, from the 1510 edition of Wujing Zongyao. The oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. It was used for coupling the main driving shaft of his clock tower to the armillary sphere gear box. Star map of the south polar projection for Su's celestial globe, Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, 1092
dbp:date
December 2018 2006-11-09
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vertical
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Chain drive, Su Song's book of 1092.jpg Su Song Star Map 1.JPG Su Song Star Map 2.JPG 11 Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG
dbp:license
CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
dbp:publisher
UNESCO Publishing
dbp:reason
most sources here are from 2011, and a lot of recent developments have happened since
dbp:title
UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
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380
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section
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n13:scitech
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220
dbo:abstract
中華人民共和国の科学技術(ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくのかがくぎじゅつ)では中華人民共和国における科学技術について記述する。 中国の科学技術は近年急速な発展を遂げている。中国政府は投資、改革、そして科学技術の社会的地位を国家遺産と並び国家の社会経済発展に欠かせないものとして強調している。中国は教育、社会基盤、ハイテク産業、学術出版、特許、商業的な応用といった分野で急速な発展を遂げており、現在いくつかの分野や指標において世界をリードしている。中国は現在次第に目標を中国独自の技術革新へと変えつつあり、これまで弱点とされていた分野を改善することを目標とするようになっている。 La scienza e la tecnologia in Cina hanno conosciuto negli ultimi decenni un rapido sviluppo. Attraverso finanziamenti, riforme e status sociale, il governo cinese ha posto molta enfasi sulla scienza e la tecnologia come parte fondamentale dello sviluppo socio-economico del paese, nonché come veicolo per il prestigio nazionale. La Cina ha fatto rapidi progressi in campi come l'istruzione, le infrastrutture, le produzioni ad alta tecnologia, le pubblicazioni accademiche, i brevetti e le applicazioni commerciali ed è ora, sia pure in alcuni campi ed entro certi limiti, una guida mondiale. La Cina sta ora puntando sempre di più sull'innovazione interna e mira a riformare le restanti debolezze. Science and technology in China have developed rapidly during the 1980s to 2010s, and major scientific and technological achievements have been made since the 1980s. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the Chinese government successively launched the "863 Plan" and the "Strategy for Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education", which greatly promoted the development and progress of China's science and technology. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige. China has made rapid advances in areas such as education, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing, academic publishing, patents, and commercial applications and is now in some areas and by some measures a world leader. China is now increasingly targeting indigenous innovation and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. Per the Global Innovation Index in 2022, China was considered one of the most competitive in the world, ranking 11th in the world, 3rd in the Asia & Oceania region and 2nd for countries with a population of over 100 million. تطورت العلوم والتكنولوجيا في الصين سريعًا خلال فترة العقد الأخير في القرن العشرين إلى العقد الأول من القرن الواحد والعشرين. ركزت الحكومة الصينية على العلوم والتكنولوجيا من خلال التمويل والإصلاح والحالة الاجتماعية ضمن جزء أساسي من التنمية الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للبلاد، فضلًا عن الاعتبار الوطني أو القومي. حققت الصين تقدمًا سريعًا في مجالات مثل التعليم، والبنية التحتية، والتصنيع فائق التقنية، والنشر الأكاديمي، وبراءات الاختراع، والتطبيقات التجارية، وتُعتبر الآن رائدة على مستوى العالم في بعض المجالات وببعض المقاييس. تستهدف الصين الآن على نحو متزايد الابتكار المحلي، وتهدف إلى إصلاح نقاط الضعف المتبقية. 在1949年10月1日中华人民共和国成立之时,該国科技水平落后,没有完整的工业体系。20世纪60至70年代,中国先后掌握了“两弹一星”和“杂交水稻”技术。20世纪80年代,“863计划”直接推动了中国生物技术、航太技术、資訊技術、激光技术、自动化技术、能源技术、新材料和海洋高技术的发展。20世纪90年代,中国提出科教兴国战略。从2000年到2020年,中华人民共和国的科研经费从895.7亿元人民币增长到24426亿元人民币,年均增长率为131.3515%,科研经费占GDP的比重从2000年的1.00%增长至2020年的2.4%,已超过世界平均水平(1.60%)。时至今日,中国的科学技术水平自从改革开放以来科技发展开始提速,现在中国在航空航天、、无人机、人工智能、绿色能源、量子通讯、高速铁路、、自动化、超导、电子技术、核技术、激光等领域取得许多世界领先的成果,但同时在发动机、精密制造、医药研发等领域上与世界先进水平仍有差距,要趕超仍需一段时间,且在科研制度上,弊端较多,依然有需改進之處。2010年代以來,、尤其是以像阿里巴巴、騰訊、字节跳动、百度等爲首的互聯網企業,又或者是像华为、小米、中兴、大疆等爲首的高科技企業蓬勃發展,科技型企業佔所有公司的資產總額已從2010年的6.8%上升至2020年的23.7%,且與絕大部分的民眾息息相關。 A ciência e tecnologia na República Popular da China são responsáveis por vários dos mais importantes avanços na história da humanidade. Desde o fim da Revolução Cultural que o país se tornou um dos líderes mundiais em poderes tecnológicos, gastando cerca mais de 100 bilhões de dólares em pesquisa e desenvolvimento apenas em 2011. A ciência e a tecnologia são vistas como vitais para a realização da coesão econômica e dos objetivos políticos do país, além de serem consideradas uma fonte de orgulho nacional a um grau às vezes descrito como "tecno-nacionalista". Quase todos os membros do Comitê Permanente do Politburo do PCC têm cursos de engenharia. A República Popular da China está rapidamente desenvolvendo seu sistema de ensino, com ênfase na ciência, matemática e engenharia. Em 2009, o país produziu mais de 10 mil Ph.Ds graduados em engenharia e cerca de 500 mil BScs graduados, mais do que qualquer outro país. O país é também o segundo que mais publica trabalhos científicos no mundo, produzindo 121.500 só em 2010, incluindo 5.200 nos principais periódicos científicos internacionais. Empresas de tecnologia chinesas, como a Huawei e a Lenovo, se tornaram líderes mundiais em telecomunicações e computação pessoal, e os supercomputadores chineses são consistentemente classificados entre os mais poderosos do mundo. A China é ainda o maior investidor mundial em tecnologia de energias renováveis. En décadas recientes, la ciencia y la tecnología se han desarrollado rápidamente en China. El gobierno chino ha dado énfasis al financiamiento, reforma y a la situación social de la ciencia y la tecnología como parte fundamental del desarrollo socioeconómico del país, así como para el prestigio y orgullo nacional. China ha tenido rápidos avances en áreas como la educación, infraestructura, manufactura de alta tecnología, publicación académica, patentes, y aplicaciones comerciales, y ahora es en algunas áreas y por ciertas medidas, un líder mundial. China está enfocándose cada vez más a la innovación indígena y pretende reformar deficiencias restantes. La Chine est connue pour être à l'origine d'inventions majeures de l'histoire de l'humanité, entre autres l'imprimerie, la poudre à canon, la brouette, etc. L'histoire des sciences en Chine a été étudiée en Occident à travers l'œuvre monumentale de Joseph Needham. À la suite des guerres de l'opium et la soumission de l'empire Qing par les puissances occidentales, le développement des sciences et techniques en Chine a été freiné pendant une longue période. Après l'avènement de la République populaire de Chine, la Chine a privilégié le développement des armes stratégiques, ce qui lui a permis de se doter de l'arme atomique. Après la mort de Mao Zedong et la politique d'ouverture engagée par Deng Xiaoping, la Chine a multiplié les contacts avec l'étranger, et permis de nombreux transferts de technologie qui la mettent en position, actuellement, de rivaliser avec les plus prestigieux laboratoires du monde. D'importants fonds sont attribués aux universités chinoises par le gouvernement, avec l'université Qinghua en tête de liste. Наука в Китае — научные разработки (НИОКР) и достижения (открытия, изобретения и пр.), сделанные как в Древнем Китае, так и в современном КНР В честь Китая был назван астероид (139) Жуйхуа, открытый 10 октября 1874 года канадо-американским астрономом Джеймсом Уотсоном в Пекине; в переводе с китайского название астероида означает «Звезда счастья Китая». Go dtí an 17ú céad agus tosú na réabhlóide tionsclaíche san Eoraip, is minic a bhí eolaithe is teicneolaithe sa tSín chun tosaigh go mór ar eolaithe na hEorpa, mar is léir óna gcuid éachtaí, gan dul thar 1000 AD, fiú. Sa réamhstair, is sa tSín a fuarthas an fhianaise is luaithe ar úsáid dheonach tine sa chócaireacht. I ré Shang, ón 16ú céad RC, dhéantaí teilgean cré-umha le múnlaí ilpháirte, bhí carbaid le hacastóirí is rothaí 15 spóca ann, agus thosaigh taifead na haimsire i 1216 RC. I ré Zhou, 11ú-3ú céad RC, i measc na bhforbairtí bhí iarann in úsáid (512 RC), uirlisí talmhaíochta iarainn mhúnlaithe (sa 4ú céad RC), crosbhoghaí le truicear 4 pháirt, gás mustaird séidte le boilg, carbaid le rothaí 30 spóca (nach raibh a leithéid san Eoraip go dtí an 15ú céad AD), táirgeadh salainn (7ú céad RC), tógáil dambaí (6ú céad RC), uisciú (560 RC) agus canálacha (3ú céad RC). Bhí a thuilleadh forbairtí i ré Han (3ú céad RC-3ú céad AD): páipéar (105 AD, nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí 1150), tiontú gluaiseachta rothlaí go dtí gluaiseacht dhronlíneach (1ú céad AD), poirceallán simplí, céachta claise (3ú céad AD), toibreacha airtéiseacha (1ú céad AD, nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí 1126), úsáid comhdhlúthú gaile (3ú céad RC), caidéal slabhra le sráideog chearnógach san uisciú (1ú céad AD), an cromán (2ú céad AD), an barra rotha (300 AD), eastóscadh sáile trí dhruileáil dhomhain, bruithniú iarainn i bhfoirnéis copair (28 AD, nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí 1380), boilg loine fuinnmhithe le huisce (31 AD, nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí 1565), úsáid ghuail i mbruithniú (faoin 4ú céad), déanamh cruach (b'fhéidir sa 1ú céad, ach go cinnte sa 6ú céad), an stioróip (300 AD), úim muiníl is uchta do chapall (5ú céad), carbaid le seisear foirne, stiúir loinge (b'fhéidir sa 1ú céad RC, go cinnte sa 1ú céad AD, nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí timpeall 1200), bulcaidí uiscedhíonacha (nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí an 18ú céad), longa ilchrann (nach raibh san Eoraip go dtí an 15ú céad), seolta bordála (3ú céad, san Eoraip sa 16ú céad), taifead ar shiméadracht calóg sneachta (135 AD, an 15ú céad san Eoraip), réamhaisnéis na haimsire (2ú céad RC), an t-abacas (2ú céad AD), an seismeagraf (132 AD, an 17ú céad san Eoraip), cruthú ar theoirim Phíotágaráis (2ú céad), coincheap na huimhreach diúltaí (2ú céad RC, an 16ú céad san Eoraip), luach π áirithe (2ú céad). I ré Sui-Tang, 6ú-10ú céad, lean na héachtaí leis na samplaí seo a leanas: clóbhualadh (faoi 593, san Eoraip i 1375), an chéad leabhar clóbhuailte (868), páipéar leithris (590), tinte ealaíne (600), púdar gunna (900, san Eoraip 1327), fíorphoirceallán, céimshrian clogoibritheach (724), crosbhogha le raon 700 m, stioróipí fada, carráistí míleata do 30 foirne (7ú céad), droichid crochta slabhraí iarainn (7ú céad, san Eoraip 1595), droichid cuarstua (7ú céad, san Eoraip 1340), longa cúigbhord, long chogaidh rotha (780, san Eoraip sa 15ú céad), cur síos ar úsáid aigéad (860, san Eoraip 1295), driogadh alcóil (8ú céad, san Eoraip sa 13ú céad), foclóir comhchiallach ceimiceach (806, san Eoraip san 18ú céad).
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n16:235406e.pdf
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