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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Sekihairitsu
rdf:type
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惜敗率 Sekihairitsu 惜敗率 석패율제
rdfs:comment
The Sekihairitsu (惜敗率, literally the "narrow loss ratio", sometimes translated as "ratio of margin of defeat", "best loser calculation" or "second-chance rule") is a method used in the proportional representation (PR) constituencies ("blocks") for the Japanese House of Representatives to determine the order of candidates placed on the same list position by their party. 석패율제(惜敗率制)는 선거 제도 중 하나로, 소선거구제 선거의 지역구에서 아깝게 당선되지 못한 후보를 비례대표로 당선될 수 있게 하는 제도이다. 選舉候選人的惜敗率（せきはいりつ）單一選區落選者得票數除以該單一選區當選者得票數。 1996年以後的眾議院議員總選舉的小選舉區比例代表並立制中的「小選舉區」與「比例代表」會進行雙重提名。在日本的政黨可將不同單一選區候選人在名單中排同一優先順位，以單一選區落選但惜敗率高者取得席次。 惜敗率（せきはいりつ）とは、日本の選挙におけるある候補者の得票数を同一選挙区で最多得票当選者の得票数で割ったもの。 1996年以降の日本の衆議院議員総選挙では小選挙区比例代表並立制で立候補者が「小選挙区選挙」と「比例代表選挙」に重複立候補できる。比例代表の名簿には政党が複数の重複候補者を同一順位にすることが多いが、その場合は惜敗率が高い候補、つまり当選者により肉薄していた落選者から順に、その回の選挙結果による各政党への比例配分割り当て数、比例復活がされる。
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dbc:Elections_in_Japan dbc:Proportional_representation_electoral_systems
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dbr:Zweitmandat dbr:Toshiaki_Endō dbr:Fukushima_3rd_district dbr:House_of_Councillors_of_Japan dbr:Ken'ya_Akiba dbr:House_of_Representatives_of_Japan dbr:Nobuhide_Minorikawa dbr:Tōhoku_PR_block dbr:Kōichirō_Gemba dbc:Proportional_representation_electoral_systems dbr:Shōgakukan dbr:Yamagata_1st_district dbr:Masayoshi_Yoshino dbr:Proportional_representation dbr:Michihiko_Kano dbr:Katsutoshi_Kaneda dbr:Parallel_voting dbr:Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan) dbr:Baden-Württemberg dbr:Akita_2nd_district dbc:Elections_in_Japan dbr:Akita_3rd_district dbr:Open_list dbr:Daijisen
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석패율제(惜敗率制)는 선거 제도 중 하나로, 소선거구제 선거의 지역구에서 아깝게 당선되지 못한 후보를 비례대표로 당선될 수 있게 하는 제도이다. 選舉候選人的惜敗率（せきはいりつ）單一選區落選者得票數除以該單一選區當選者得票數。 1996年以後的眾議院議員總選舉的小選舉區比例代表並立制中的「小選舉區」與「比例代表」會進行雙重提名。在日本的政黨可將不同單一選區候選人在名單中排同一優先順位，以單一選區落選但惜敗率高者取得席次。 惜敗率（せきはいりつ）とは、日本の選挙におけるある候補者の得票数を同一選挙区で最多得票当選者の得票数で割ったもの。 1996年以降の日本の衆議院議員総選挙では小選挙区比例代表並立制で立候補者が「小選挙区選挙」と「比例代表選挙」に重複立候補できる。比例代表の名簿には政党が複数の重複候補者を同一順位にすることが多いが、その場合は惜敗率が高い候補、つまり当選者により肉薄していた落選者から順に、その回の選挙結果による各政党への比例配分割り当て数、比例復活がされる。 The Sekihairitsu (惜敗率, literally the "narrow loss ratio", sometimes translated as "ratio of margin of defeat", "best loser calculation" or "second-chance rule") is a method used in the proportional representation (PR) constituencies ("blocks") for the Japanese House of Representatives to determine the order of candidates placed on the same list position by their party. Under the PR system introduced in the 1996 general election for 180 (initially 200) of the House of Representatives' 480 (initially 500) seats, political parties are free to nominate candidates running or not running concurrently in one of the 300 single-member first-past-the-post electoral districts. The parties may rank the PR list candidates they nominate in a regional "block" in any order they decide. However, they are allowed to (but don't have to) place some or all of the PR candidates concurrently running in a single-member district on the same position on their PR list. In that case, the sekihairitsu is used to determine the order of candidates. It is calculated by dividing the number of votes a candidate received in his electoral district by the district winner's votes. After all district winners are struck from the list—as they already have won a seat and thus cannot be elected by PR—all remaining candidates put on the same list rank are then arranged according to their sekihairitsu in descending order. While the sekihairitsu system allows – depending on a party's nomination strategy and electoral success – more successful candidates (those "narrowly losing" their districts) prioritized election by PR, it does not change the fact that the Japanese voting system is a parallel, i.e. non-compensatory voting system: The number of PR seats for a party is independent from the results in the single-member districts and is exclusively determined by the number of PR votes the party receives. And unlike the Open list proportional voting system used since 2001 in elections for the House of Councillors of Japan where voters may choose to cast a preference vote for a single PR candidate, the sekihairitsu system doesn't allow the voters to influence directly who is elected by PR. The new electoral system was initially unpopular and poorly understood – an Asahi poll in October 1996 found that 19 % of respondents liked it while 60 % were unhappy with it; a Yomiuri poll in the same month found that only 5 % of voters found they understood the system well, 32 % somewhat, and more than 60 % according to their own estimate understood little or nothing at all of it. It has been criticized by several newspaper editorials, and many voters mistakenly identified the sekihairitsu system as the culprit for the "resurrections" that occurred under the new system, that is, the possibility that a candidate who loses his majoritarian district election may still win a seat in the proportional election. But in fact, it is the dual candidacy that makes this possible whereas the sekihairitsu system on the contrary creates a link, albeit indirect and conditional on the parties using the system in their nominations, between a candidate's personal district success (or the "narrowness of his defeat") and his chance to be elected in the proportional vote.
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