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Общины шейкеров Shaker communities
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The Shakers are a sect of Christianity which practices celibacy, communal living, confession of sin, egalitarianism, and pacifism. After starting in England, the Shakers left that country for the English colonies in North America in 1774. As they gained converts, the Shakers established numerous communities in the late-18th century through the entire 19th century. The first villages organized in Upstate New York and the New England states, and, through Shaker missionary efforts, Shaker communities appeared in the Midwestern states. Communities of Shakers were governed by area bishoprics and within the communities individuals were grouped into "family" units and worked together to manage daily activities. By 1836 eighteen major, long-term societies were founded, comprising some sixty famili Общины (коммуны) шейкеров — поселения-коммуны, созданные в Северной Америке «Сообществом верующих во Второе Пришествие Иисуса Христа». Первая группа шейкеров прибыла из Англии в Америку в 1774 году, и на протяжении оставшейся части XVIII и всего XIX века они основали более двадцати таких поселений. Первые шейкерские деревни были появились на территории северной части штата Нью-Йорк и Новой Англии, более поздние — на Среднем Западе. Каждая община могла состоять из одной или многих духовных семей. Общины одной местности объединялись в епархию (англ. bishoprics).
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Общины (коммуны) шейкеров — поселения-коммуны, созданные в Северной Америке «Сообществом верующих во Второе Пришествие Иисуса Христа». Первая группа шейкеров прибыла из Англии в Америку в 1774 году, и на протяжении оставшейся части XVIII и всего XIX века они основали более двадцати таких поселений. Первые шейкерские деревни были появились на территории северной части штата Нью-Йорк и Новой Англии, более поздние — на Среднем Западе. Каждая община могла состоять из одной или многих духовных семей. Общины одной местности объединялись в епархию (англ. bishoprics). К 1836 году было создано восемнадцать крупных и долговременных общин, в некоторых из которых было до шестидесяти семей. Также на протяжении XIX столетия было создано множество более мелких общин, многие из которых существовали недолго, а некоторые вообще не имели успеха — как поселение на Юго-востоке США и городская община в Филадельфии. Общая численность населения шейкерских общин достигла максимума в начале 1850-х годов. Но потом из-за гражданской войны и последующей промышленной революции в США движение шейкеров пошло на спад, количество действующих шейкерских коммун стало сокращаться. В настоящее время существует только одна действующая община шейкеров — деревня (англ. Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village) в штате Мэн. Шейкерские общины оказались одними из самых успешных коммун в истории и сыграли значимую роль в развитии американского общества, поэтому многие поселения шейкеров включены в Национальный реестр исторических мест США, а в сохранившихся зданиях работают музеи шейкеризма. The Shakers are a sect of Christianity which practices celibacy, communal living, confession of sin, egalitarianism, and pacifism. After starting in England, the Shakers left that country for the English colonies in North America in 1774. As they gained converts, the Shakers established numerous communities in the late-18th century through the entire 19th century. The first villages organized in Upstate New York and the New England states, and, through Shaker missionary efforts, Shaker communities appeared in the Midwestern states. Communities of Shakers were governed by area bishoprics and within the communities individuals were grouped into "family" units and worked together to manage daily activities. By 1836 eighteen major, long-term societies were founded, comprising some sixty families, along with a failed commune in Indiana. Many smaller, short-lived communities were established over the course of the 19th century, including two failed ventures into the Southeastern United States and an urban community in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Shakers peaked in population by the 1840s and early 1850s, with a membership between 4,000 and 9,000. Growth in membership began to stagnate by the mid 1850s. In the turmoil of the American Civil War and subsequent Industrial Revolution, Shakerism went into severe decline. As the number of living Shakers diminished, Shaker communes were disbanded or otherwise ceased to exist. Some of their buildings and sites have become museums, and many are historic districts under the National Register of Historic Places. The only active community is Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in Maine, which is composed of at least three active members.
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