. . . "Het Bergmann-offensief (Russisch: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432; Bergmannski proryv) was de eerste veldslag aan het Kaukasusfront in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag vond plaats op 2 november tot 16 november 1914 en werd uitgevochten tussen het Keizerrijk Rusland en het Ottomaanse Rijk."@nl . . . "Ottoman victory" . . "1117010082"^^ . . . . "* 1st Kuban Plastun Brigade (5 battalions): 3,500 infantry" . . . . "Nikolai Yudenich"@en . . "Ofensywa k\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6yska (inne nazwy: operacja k\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6yska, ofensywa Bergmana, ros. \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, tur. K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y muharebeleri) \u2013 pierwsza powa\u017Cniejsza operacja wojskowa z udzia\u0142em armii rosyjskiej i na froncie kaukaskim w I wojnie \u015Bwiatowej. Operacja mia\u0142a miejsce w dniach 2\u201316 listopada 1914, wed\u0142ug innych \u017Ar\u00F3de\u0142 (rosyjskich) 15\u20139 listopada 1914 (by\u0107 mo\u017Ce jest to datowanie wed\u0142ug kalendarza rosyjskiego) i zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 sukcesem armii osma\u0144skiej. Od nazwiska dow\u00F3dcy wojsk rosyjskich zaanga\u017Cowanych w starcie nosi te\u017C nazw\u0119 Ofensywa Bergmana (ros. \u041D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430)."@pl . "Hasan Izzet Pasha"@en . . . . . "Operacja k\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6yska"@pl . "I. Vorontsov-Dashkov"@en . . . . "L'offensiva Bergmann (in russo: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432?) fu il primo scontro fra truppe russe ed ottomane durante la Campagna del Caucaso. Il generale Georgij \u0116duardovi\u010D Berchman, comandante del I Corpo dell'Armata Russa del Caucaso, prese l'iniziativa subito dopo l'inizio delle ostilit\u00E0 ed il 2 novembre il I Corpo oltrepass\u00F2 il confine puntando in direzione di K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y. Sul suo fianco destro stava una brigata sotto il comando del generale Istomin, che era avanzata da Oltu nella direzione di Id. Sul fianco sinistro era una divisione di cosacchi sotto il comando del generale che, dopo aver attraversato il fiume Aras, si muoveva verso la vallata di Ele\u015Fkirt in direzione di Yuzveran. Come risposta immediata ci fu una controffensiva generale da parte della Terza Armata Ottomana comandata da Hasan \u0130zzet, mentre i due schieramenti erano entrati in contatto gi\u00E0 il 6 novembre. Per effetto della manovra di aggiramento degli ottomani le forze russe si ritrovarono minacciate su due lati. Solamente il rapido arrivo di rinforzi russi riusc\u00EC a non comprometter la situazione. I combattimenti cessarono il 29 novembre. Le perdite russe ammontavano a circa il 40% delle forze coinvolte ed il morale delle truppe era basso. Al contrario il morale dei turchi era alto. Il successo ottenuto in questo primo scontro incoraggi\u00F2 Ismail Enver a pianificare la grande offensiva invernale, che avrebbe condotto alla disastrosa battaglia di Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015F."@it . . "12211526"^^ . . "*3,070 taken prisoner" . . . "96,000" . . . "* 1st Caucasian Cossack Division (30 sotni) and one odd Cossack regiment (6 sotni): 4,500 cavalry 24 guns" . . "Yakub Cemil"@en . . . "L'ofensiva de Bergmann (en turc: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131; en rus: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432, en la literatura russa en rus: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u00ABoperaci\u00F3 K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y\u00BB) va ser el primer enfrontament de la Campanya del Caucas durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. El general rus , comandant del , va prendre la iniciativa contra l'Imperi Otom\u00E0."@ca . . . "Bergmann Offensive"@en . "Total: 14,023" . . . . "Offensive Bergmann"@fr . . . . . . . . . "Bergmann Offensive"@en . . "12000"^^ . . . . . . "\u041A\u0435\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0442\u0443\u0440. K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y muharebeler) (20 \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F (2 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F) \u2014 8 (21) \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1914 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u041A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0444\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0435 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A \u00AB\u041D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430\u00BB, \u043F\u043E \u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044B\u043A\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0448\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0442 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044F \u042D\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430."@ru . . "* Armenian volunteers (4 druzhina): 4,000 infantry" . . . "96000"^^ . . "*2,800 deserted" . "12,000" . . . . "Georgy Bergmann"@en . "at least 20,000 deserted before battle (mostly Armenian soldiers)" . "*XI Corps (3 division): 35.000 soldiers 60 guns" . . . . . "Galip Pasha"@en . . "*1,983 killed" . . . . . "L'offensive Bergmann (en turc : Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131 ; en russe : \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432 ; dans la litt\u00E9rature russe : \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u00AB Op\u00E9ration K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y \u00BB) est le premier engagement de la campagne du Caucase pendant la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale. Le g\u00E9n\u00E9ral , commandant du 1er corps d'arm\u00E9e du Caucase, prend l'initiative contre l'Empire ottoman. Le 2 novembre, les troupes de Bergmann franchissent la fronti\u00E8re dans la direction g\u00E9n\u00E9rale de K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y. Sur le flanc droit, une brigade sous le commandement d'Istomine se dirige \u00E0 partir d'Oltu en direction d'\u0130d. Sur le flanc gauche, une division cosaque sous le commandement de Baratov se d\u00E9ploie dans la vall\u00E9e d'Ele\u015Fkirt vers Yuzveran, apr\u00E8s avoir travers\u00E9 l'Araxe. En r\u00E9ponse, la 3e arm\u00E9e ottomane lance une contre-offensive g\u00E9n\u00E9rale. Les forces russes sont alors menac\u00E9es par un mouvement en tenaille. Seule l'arriv\u00E9e rapide des renforts russes sauve la situation. Le combat tourne finalement court le 16 novembre. En cons\u00E9quence, les pertes russes s'\u00E9l\u00E8ve \u00E0 40 % et leur moral s'en retrouve secou\u00E9. Pendant ce temps, le moral turc est \u00E9lev\u00E9, le succ\u00E8s de cette premi\u00E8re mission encourage Enver Pacha dans son plan d'attaque de Sarikamis."@fr . . "75000168"^^ . . "L'offensive Bergmann (en turc : Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131 ; en russe : \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432 ; dans la litt\u00E9rature russe : \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u00AB Op\u00E9ration K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y \u00BB) est le premier engagement de la campagne du Caucase pendant la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale. Le g\u00E9n\u00E9ral , commandant du 1er corps d'arm\u00E9e du Caucase, prend l'initiative contre l'Empire ottoman. En r\u00E9ponse, la 3e arm\u00E9e ottomane lance une contre-offensive g\u00E9n\u00E9rale. Les forces russes sont alors menac\u00E9es par un mouvement en tenaille. Seule l'arriv\u00E9e rapide des renforts russes sauve la situation. Le combat tourne finalement court le 16 novembre."@fr . . "Nikolai Baratov"@en . . "--11-21"^^ . . "L'ofensiva de Bergmann (en turc: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131; en rus: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432, en la literatura russa en rus: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u00ABoperaci\u00F3 K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y\u00BB) va ser el primer enfrontament de la Campanya del Caucas durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. El general rus , comandant del , va prendre la iniciativa contra l'Imperi Otom\u00E0."@ca . . "Ottoman victory"@en . . . . . . . "Behaeddin Shakir"@en . "\u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646"@ar . "Ziya Bey"@en . "90,000 152 guns" . "* 37th Division: 5.000 soldiers 20 guns" . . . "Offensiva Bergmann"@it . . . "1914-11-21"^^ . . "75,000 168 guns" . . . "Ofensywa k\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6yska (inne nazwy: operacja k\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6yska, ofensywa Bergmana, ros. \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, tur. K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y muharebeleri) \u2013 pierwsza powa\u017Cniejsza operacja wojskowa z udzia\u0142em armii rosyjskiej i na froncie kaukaskim w I wojnie \u015Bwiatowej. Operacja mia\u0142a miejsce w dniach 2\u201316 listopada 1914, wed\u0142ug innych \u017Ar\u00F3de\u0142 (rosyjskich) 15\u20139 listopada 1914 (by\u0107 mo\u017Ce jest to datowanie wed\u0142ug kalendarza rosyjskiego) i zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 sukcesem armii osma\u0144skiej. Od nazwiska dow\u00F3dcy wojsk rosyjskich zaanga\u017Cowanych w starcie nosi te\u017C nazw\u0119 Ofensywa Bergmana (ros. \u041D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430)."@pl . . . . . "Ali \u0130hsan Pasha"@en . . . "Felix Guse"@en . "\u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131)\u200F \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F) \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0634\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0631\u062C\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A 2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u064A\u0639\u062F \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u062F \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064A \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062A \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0627\u062C\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u062D\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062C\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0634."@ar . . "\u041A\u0435\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . "Ofensiva de Bergmann"@ca . . "\u041A\u0435\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0442\u0443\u0440. K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y muharebeler) (20 \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F (2 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F) \u2014 8 (21) \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1914 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u041A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0444\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0435 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A \u00AB\u041D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430\u00BB, \u043F\u043E \u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044B\u043A\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0448\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0442 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044F \u042D\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430."@ru . "\u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131)\u200F \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F) \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0634\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0631\u062C\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A 2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u064A\u0639\u062F \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062E\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u062F \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064A \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062A \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0627\u062C\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u062D\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062C\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0634."@ar . "* 2st Kuban Plastun Brigade (6 battalions): 4,000 infantry" . "*IX Corps (3 division): 50.000 soldiers 72 guns" . . . . "90000152"^^ . . . "Het Bergmann-offensief (Russisch: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432; Bergmannski proryv) was de eerste veldslag aan het Kaukasusfront in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag vond plaats op 2 november tot 16 november 1914 en werd uitgevochten tussen het Keizerrijk Rusland en het Ottomaanse Rijk."@nl . . . . . "The limit of the Russian advance into Anatolia during the Caucasus Campaign"@en . . . . . "\u015Eerif Bey"@en . . . . "at least 20,000 deserted before battle"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bergmann Offensive"@en . . . . "L'offensiva Bergmann (in russo: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432?) fu il primo scontro fra truppe russe ed ottomane durante la Campagna del Caucaso. Il generale Georgij \u0116duardovi\u010D Berchman, comandante del I Corpo dell'Armata Russa del Caucaso, prese l'iniziativa subito dopo l'inizio delle ostilit\u00E0 ed il 2 novembre il I Corpo oltrepass\u00F2 il confine puntando in direzione di K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y. Sul suo fianco destro stava una brigata sotto il comando del generale Istomin, che era avanzata da Oltu nella direzione di Id. Sul fianco sinistro era una divisione di cosacchi sotto il comando del generale che, dopo aver attraversato il fiume Aras, si muoveva verso la vallata di Ele\u015Fkirt in direzione di Yuzveran."@it . "* General Reserve: 2nd Turkistan Army Corps (21 battalions, 12 sotni); 17,000 infantry 1,500 Cavalry 48 guns" . "The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131; in Turkish literature Turkish: K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y ve Azap Muharebeleri, \"Battles of K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y and Azap\" Russian: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432; in Russian literature Russian: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \"K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y operation\") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire. When the war started, Russia had 25 battalions at Sarikamish, 8 battalions at Oltu, 5 battalions at Ka\u011F\u0131zman and 5 battalions at Kars. Russia also had 20 cavalry companies. On the other hand, the Ottomans had XI Corps' 2 divisions (18 Battalions) at Hasankale, IX Corps' 28th and 29th Divisions at Erzurum, IX Corps's 17th Division at \u0130spir, XI Corps' 33rd Division at , 37th Division (6 battalions) at Mu\u015F, X Corps' 30th Division at Sivas, 32nd Division at Samsun and 31st Division at Amasya. X Corps didn't participate in the Bergmann Offensive due to its distance. 29th, 33rd and 37th Divisions joined the battle on 11 November and 17th Division on 17 November. The Ottomans initially had a 33% infantry numerical advantage (the Russian Caucasian Army consisted of 45,000 infantry and the Ottoman army had 60,000 infantry available) and Russia separated their army carelessly. The Ottomans however didn't use this advantage due to their precaution. Russia equalized numbers by starting to bring in the Turkistan Army Corps on 16 November. The Ottomans obtained a 50% infantry advantage by bringing X Corps (40,000 infantry) at the beginning of December. This numerical superiority encouraged the Ottomans to perform the Sarikamish Offensive. At the outbreak of war, the Russians decided to occupy the Ele\u015Fkirt valley as a defensive measure to prevent the incursion of Kurdish Hamidiye units. The Russians considered the Turkish forces to be too weak to mount any offensive before winter weather would make any such offensive impossible, and no other offensive moves were intended by the Russian high command of the Caucasian army \u2013 their strategy envisaged an active defense against a locally superior force. However, local Russian commanders had the authority to authorize limited advances. On 2 November, Bergmann's troops crossed the border in the general direction of K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y. The primary aim was to secure the Ele\u0219kirt valley. On the right flank, 20th Infantry Division under Istomin moved from Oltu in the direction of \u0130d. On the left flank a Cossack division under Baratov moved into the Ele\u0219kirt valley towards Yuzveran, after it crossed the Aras River. By 5 November Bergmann had completed the objectives expected of him. However, he expanded his mission by ordering further advances into Ottoman territory. By 6 November contact was made between the opposing armies, and heavy fighting continued into the 7th, with temporary Russian successes. Further Russian advances were held in check as a result of heavy fighting between 7 and 10 November. On 11 November Ottoman forces counterattacked and the Russian flanks quickly became at risk, forcing a Russian retreat. By the 12th they had retreated back to the lines they occupied on the 4th, and still at risk of being outflanked, further retreats followed. Only the arrival of Russian reinforcements headed by General Przevalski checked the situation and halted the Russian retreat. On 16\u201317 November Przevalski crossed the Aras river and at dawn attacked part of the Turkish XI Corps, halting their advance. After two more days the fighting finally petered out. Russian losses were 1,000 killed and 4,000 wounded, 1,000 men died of exposure(with the Bakinski regiment suffering 40% losses), while the Ottomans lost 1,983 men killed, 6,170 wounded, 3,070 were taken prisoner, and 2,800 deserted. Yudenich and his staff were disappointed by the unsuccessful attack. Turkish forces then crossed the border and, advancing into the lower Choruh valley, destroyed on 15 November a Russian column sent to protect the copper mines at Bor\u00E7ka, forcing the Russians to evacuate Bor\u00E7ka, Artvin and Ardanu\u00E7. Turkish success during these first engagements encouraged Enver Pasha in his plan to attack at Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u0219. Muratoff and Allen describe Bergman as \"an officer who liked to imitate in appearance and manner the type of the old Caucasian hero-leaders\", but who had \"none of the qualities which are necessary as a commander; he had no experience of field operations, and was merely blindly obstinate when he thought to show strength of character\"."@en . "Yusuf \u0130zzet Pasha"@en . . . . . "18002"^^ . . . "7000"^^ . . "* Turks had also 40,000 irregularHamidiyecavalry" . . "Russian Empire" . . . "The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish: Bergmann Ata\u011F\u0131; in Turkish literature Turkish: K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y ve Azap Muharebeleri, \"Battles of K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y and Azap\" Russian: \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0432; in Russian literature Russian: \u041A\u0451\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \"K\u00F6pr\u00FCk\u00F6y operation\") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire."@en . "* 1st Caucasian Army Corps (32 battalions): 40-42,000 infantry 96 guns" . . "Nikolai Istomin"@en . . . . "300"^^ . "Arif Bey"@en . "Bergmannoffensief"@nl . "Russian Empire"@en . . . . . "*6,170 wounded" . .