. . . . . . . . . "Il movimento per il controllo delle nascite negli Stati Uniti d'America fu una campagna di riforma sociale svolta principalmente dal 1914 al 1945 in vaste regioni del paese; uno dei suoi obiettivi primari mir\u00F2 ad aumentare la disponibilit\u00E0 della contraccezione (soprattutto femminile) attraverso l'educazione sessuale e la pubblicit\u00E0 ad essa connessa e a fare opera di pressione per la sua legalizzazione a livello federale."@it . "in New York in 1917"@en . . . . "El movimiento del control de la natalidad en los Estados Unidos fue una campa\u00F1a de reforma social que se extendi\u00F3 desde 1914 a 1945 aproximadamente, y que tuvo como objetivo aumentar la disponibilidad de la anticoncepci\u00F3n en los Estados Unidos por medio de la educaci\u00F3n y la legalizaci\u00F3n. El movimiento comenz\u00F3 en 1914 cuando un grupo de radicales pol\u00EDticos de la ciudad de Nueva York, dirigido por Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett y Margaret Sanger, empez\u00F3 a preocuparse por las dificultades que ocasionaban el parto y el aborto autoinducido a las mujeres de bajos ingresos. En aquel entonces dar informaci\u00F3n acerca de la anticoncepci\u00F3n se consideraba como algo obsceno, por lo que los activistas arremetieron contra las leyes de Comstock que prohib\u00EDan la distribuci\u00F3n de cualquier material obsceno y/o la"@es . . . . . "Description"@en . "Birth control movement in the United States"@en . . . "Movimiento de control de la natalidad en los Estados Unidos"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Court cases"@en . . . . . . . "R\u00F6relsen f\u00F6r f\u00F6delsekontroll i USA (engelska: Birth control movement in the United States) var en kampanj och r\u00F6relse f\u00F6r f\u00F6rb\u00E4ttrad f\u00F6delsekontroll och preventivmedelstillg\u00E5ng i USA som var aktiv fr\u00E5n 1914 till omkring 1945. R\u00F6relsen startades av en grupp politiskt radikala feminister, ledda av Emma Goldman, och Margaret Sanger, vilka var starkt bekymrade \u00F6ver de problem som framf\u00F6rallt drabbade fattiga kvinnor i samband med f\u00F6delser och aborter."@sv . . . . . . . "\u7F8E\u56FD\u7684\u8282\u80B2\u8FD0\u52A8\u662F\u59CB\u4E8E1914\u5E74\u7684\uFF0C\u901A\u8FC7\u5C0D\u5927\u773E\u7684\u6559\u80B2\u548C\u907F\u5B55\u5408\u6CD5\u5316\uFF0C\u5E0C\u671B\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u666E\u53CA\u907F\u5B55\u63AA\u65BD\u30021914\u5E74\uFF0C\u7531\u57C3\u739B\u00B7\u6208\u5C14\u5FB7\u66FC\uFF0C\u548C\u739B\u683C\u4E3D\u7279\u00B7\u6851\u683C\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u6D3E\u56E2\u4F53\u5F00\u59CB\u5173\u6CE8\u5206\u5A29\u4E0E\u81EA\u4E3B\u5F15\u4EA7\u5815\u80CE\u65B9\u5F0F\u5C0D\u4F4E\u6536\u5165\u5987\u5973\u9020\u6210\u7684\u56F0\u5883\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u5F53\u65F6\u907F\u5B55\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u6DEB\u79FD\u7684\uFF0C\u6D3B\u52A8\u5BB6\u4EEC\u5C06\u77DB\u5934\u6307\u5411\u4E86\uFF08\u5176\u4E2D\u7981\u6B62\u7528\u90AE\u4EF6\u5206\u53D1\u201C\u7C97\u4FD7\u3001\u7325\u4EB5\u548C/\u6216\u6DEB\u79FD\u7684\u201D\u6750\u6599\uFF09\u3002\u4E3A\u5F15\u51FA\u6709\u76CA\u65BC\u7ACB\u6CD5\u7684\u51B3\u7B56\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u523B\u610F\u4F20\u64AD\u8BA8\u8BBA\u907F\u5B55\u7684\u7C21\u5831\u300A\u53DB\u9006\u5987\u5973\u300B\uFF08The Woman Rebel\uFF09\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u89E6\u72AF\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3002\u6851\u683C\u57281916\u5E74\u5F00\u8BBE\u4E86\u7F8E\u56FD\u7B2C\u4E00\u5BB6\u8282\u80B2\u8A3A\u6240\uFF0C\u4F46\u8BE5\u8BCA\u6240\u5373\u523B\u88AB\u8B66\u5BDF\u5173\u95ED\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u4E5F\u88AB\u5224\u5165\u72F130\u5929\u3002 \u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u8BB8\u591A\u7F8E\u56FD\u519B\u4EBA\u88AB\u8BCA\u65AD\u51FA\u60A3\u6709\u6027\u75C5\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8FD0\u52A8\u5C31\u6B64\u8FCE\u6765\u4E86\u5B83\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u8F6C\u6298\u70B9\u3002\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u5E94\u5BF9\u63AA\u65BD\u4E2D\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u4E00\u573A\u53CD\u6027\u75C5\u8FD0\u52A8\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8FD0\u52A8\u5C06\u6027\u4EA4\u548C\u907F\u5B55\u5217\u4E3A\u516C\u5171\u536B\u751F\u548C\u79D1\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u5408\u6CD5\u8BDD\u9898\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u653F\u5E9C\u673A\u6784\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5C31\u6709\u95DC\u6027\u7684\u95EE\u9898\u8FDB\u884C\u6301\u7EED\u7684\u516C\u5F00\u8BA8\u8BBA\u3002\u6700\u7EC8\uFF0C\u907F\u5B55\u4ECE\u9053\u5FB7\u95EE\u9898\u8F6C\u53D8\u4E3A\u516C\u5171\u536B\u751F\u95EE\u9898\u3002 \u968F\u7740\u5927\u4F17\u5BF9\u907F\u5B55\u6001\u5EA6\u7684\u8F6C\u53D8\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u53D7\u5230\u9F13\u821E\uFF0C\u57281923\u5E74\u5F00\u8BBE\u4E86\u7B2C\u4E8C\u5BB6\u8282\u80B2\u8BCA\u6240\uFF0C\u8FD9\u6B21\u6CA1\u6709\u906D\u5230\u902E\u6355\u6216\u9762\u4E34\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4E2A1920\u5E74\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6709\u5173\u907F\u5B55\u7684\u516C\u5F00\u8BA8\u8BBA\u53D8\u5F97\u8D8A\u6765\u8D8A\u666E\u904D\uFF0C\u201C\u8282\u80B2\u201D\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u56FD\u5185\u5DF2\u6210\u4E3A\u666E\u901A\u7684\u540D\u8BCD\u3002\u907F\u5B55\u624B\u6BB5\u7684\u5E7F\u6CDB\u666E\u53CA\uFF0C\u6807\u5FD7\u7740\u59CB\u4E8E\u7EF4\u591A\u5229\u4E9A\u65F6\u4EE3\u7684\u4E25\u82DB\u6027\u502B\u7406\u5411\u66F4\u52A0\u6027\u5BBD\u5BB9\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u8FC7\u6E21\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . "85221"^^ . . . . . "Birth control"@en . . . . . "O movimento pelo controle de natalidade nos Estados Unidos foi uma campanha de reforma social de 1914 at\u00E9 cerca de 1945 que visava a aumentar a disponibilidade de contracep\u00E7\u00E3o nos Estados Unidos atrav\u00E9s da educa\u00E7\u00E3o e legaliza\u00E7\u00E3o. O movimento come\u00E7ou em 1914, quando um grupo de radicais pol\u00EDticos na cidade de Nova Iorque, liderado por Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett e Margaret Sanger, ficou preocupado com as dificuldades que o parto e os abortos autoinduzidos geravam para as mulheres de baixa renda. Naquele momento, as informa\u00E7\u00F5es sobre contracep\u00E7\u00E3o eram consideradas obscenas, de modo que os ativistas focaram nas leis de Comstock, que proibiam a distribui\u00E7\u00E3o de qualquer material \"obsceno, indecente e/ou lascivo\" pelo correio. Com a esperan\u00E7a de provocar uma decis\u00E3o judicial favor\u00E1vel, Sanger del"@pt . . . . . . . . . "1914"^^ . . . "R\u00F6relsen f\u00F6r f\u00F6delsekontroll i USA (engelska: Birth control movement in the United States) var en kampanj och r\u00F6relse f\u00F6r f\u00F6rb\u00E4ttrad f\u00F6delsekontroll och preventivmedelstillg\u00E5ng i USA som var aktiv fr\u00E5n 1914 till omkring 1945. R\u00F6relsen startades av en grupp politiskt radikala feminister, ledda av Emma Goldman, och Margaret Sanger, vilka var starkt bekymrade \u00F6ver de problem som framf\u00F6rallt drabbade fattiga kvinnor i samband med f\u00F6delser och aborter."@sv . . . . . . . "33286807"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014American Birth Control League founding statement"@en . "Medicine"@en . . . . . . . . "Le mouvement de contr\u00F4le des naissances aux \u00C9tats-Unis a \u00E9t\u00E9 une campagne de r\u00E9formes sociales qui a d\u00E9but\u00E9 en 1914. Ce mouvement visait \u00E0 accro\u00EEtre la disponibilit\u00E9 de la contraception pour les femmes am\u00E9ricaines par les voies de l'\u00E9ducation et de la l\u00E9galisation."@fr . . . . . . . . . "History"@en . . . "1"^^ . . . . "Motherhood in Bondage"@en . . "The birth control movement in the United States was a social reform campaign beginning in 1914 that aimed to increase the availability of contraception in the U.S. through education and legalization. The movement began in 1914 when a group of political radicals in New York City, led by Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett, and Margaret Sanger, became concerned about the hardships that childbirth and self-induced abortions brought to low-income women. Since contraception was considered to be obscene at the time, the activists targeted the Comstock laws, which prohibited distribution of any \"obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious\" materials through the mail. Hoping to provoke a favorable legal decision, Sanger deliberately broke the law by distributing The Woman Rebel, a newsletter containing a discussion of contraception. In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, but the clinic was immediately shut down by police, and Sanger was sentenced to 30 days in jail. A major turning point for the movement came during World War I, when many U.S. servicemen were diagnosed with venereal diseases. The government's response included an anti-venereal disease campaign that framed sexual intercourse and contraception as issues of public health and legitimate topics of scientific research. This was the first time a U.S. government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters; as a consequence, contraception transformed from an issue of morals to an issue of public health. Encouraged by the public's changing attitudes towards birth control, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic in 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. Throughout the 1920s, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term \"birth control\" became firmly established in the nation's vernacular. The widespread availability of contraception signaled a transition from the stricter sexual mores of the Victorian era to a more sexually permissive society. Legal victories in the 1930s continued to weaken anti-contraception laws. The court victories motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to adopt contraception as a core component of medical school curricula, but the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources. In 1942, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America was formed, creating a nationwide network of birth control clinics. After World War II, the movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion, as birth control was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the remaining anti-contraception laws were no longer enforced."@en . . "What Every Girl Should Know"@en . . . . . . . . . "Birth control movement"@en . . . "Margaret Sanger leaving a courthouse"@en . . . . . . . . . . "30"^^ . . "R\u00F6relsen f\u00F6r f\u00F6delsekontroll i USA"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "background-color: #99BADD"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rights"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "United States"@en . . . "We hold that children should be Conceived in love; Born of the mother's conscious desire; And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore, we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Griswold v. Connecticut"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . "The birth control movement in the United States was a social reform campaign beginning in 1914 that aimed to increase the availability of contraception in the U.S. through education and legalization. The movement began in 1914 when a group of political radicals in New York City, led by Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett, and Margaret Sanger, became concerned about the hardships that childbirth and self-induced abortions brought to low-income women. Since contraception was considered to be obscene at the time, the activists targeted the Comstock laws, which prohibited distribution of any \"obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious\" materials through the mail. Hoping to provoke a favorable legal decision, Sanger deliberately broke the law by distributing The Woman Rebel, a newsletter containing a discussion o"@en . . . . "background-color: #99BADD"@en . . . . "Leaders"@en . . . . . . . . "Early texts"@en . "right"@en . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1115884855"^^ . . . . . . . "Mouvement de contr\u00F4le des naissances aux \u00C9tats-Unis"@fr . . "The Woman Rebel"@en . . . . "One Package"@en . . . . . . . . "\u7F8E\u56FD\u7684\u8282\u80B2\u8FD0\u52A8\u662F\u59CB\u4E8E1914\u5E74\u7684\uFF0C\u901A\u8FC7\u5C0D\u5927\u773E\u7684\u6559\u80B2\u548C\u907F\u5B55\u5408\u6CD5\u5316\uFF0C\u5E0C\u671B\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u666E\u53CA\u907F\u5B55\u63AA\u65BD\u30021914\u5E74\uFF0C\u7531\u57C3\u739B\u00B7\u6208\u5C14\u5FB7\u66FC\uFF0C\u548C\u739B\u683C\u4E3D\u7279\u00B7\u6851\u683C\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u6D3E\u56E2\u4F53\u5F00\u59CB\u5173\u6CE8\u5206\u5A29\u4E0E\u81EA\u4E3B\u5F15\u4EA7\u5815\u80CE\u65B9\u5F0F\u5C0D\u4F4E\u6536\u5165\u5987\u5973\u9020\u6210\u7684\u56F0\u5883\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u5F53\u65F6\u907F\u5B55\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u6DEB\u79FD\u7684\uFF0C\u6D3B\u52A8\u5BB6\u4EEC\u5C06\u77DB\u5934\u6307\u5411\u4E86\uFF08\u5176\u4E2D\u7981\u6B62\u7528\u90AE\u4EF6\u5206\u53D1\u201C\u7C97\u4FD7\u3001\u7325\u4EB5\u548C/\u6216\u6DEB\u79FD\u7684\u201D\u6750\u6599\uFF09\u3002\u4E3A\u5F15\u51FA\u6709\u76CA\u65BC\u7ACB\u6CD5\u7684\u51B3\u7B56\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u523B\u610F\u4F20\u64AD\u8BA8\u8BBA\u907F\u5B55\u7684\u7C21\u5831\u300A\u53DB\u9006\u5987\u5973\u300B\uFF08The Woman Rebel\uFF09\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u89E6\u72AF\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3002\u6851\u683C\u57281916\u5E74\u5F00\u8BBE\u4E86\u7F8E\u56FD\u7B2C\u4E00\u5BB6\u8282\u80B2\u8A3A\u6240\uFF0C\u4F46\u8BE5\u8BCA\u6240\u5373\u523B\u88AB\u8B66\u5BDF\u5173\u95ED\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u4E5F\u88AB\u5224\u5165\u72F130\u5929\u3002 \u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u8BB8\u591A\u7F8E\u56FD\u519B\u4EBA\u88AB\u8BCA\u65AD\u51FA\u60A3\u6709\u6027\u75C5\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8FD0\u52A8\u5C31\u6B64\u8FCE\u6765\u4E86\u5B83\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u8F6C\u6298\u70B9\u3002\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u5E94\u5BF9\u63AA\u65BD\u4E2D\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u4E00\u573A\u53CD\u6027\u75C5\u8FD0\u52A8\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8FD0\u52A8\u5C06\u6027\u4EA4\u548C\u907F\u5B55\u5217\u4E3A\u516C\u5171\u536B\u751F\u548C\u79D1\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u5408\u6CD5\u8BDD\u9898\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u653F\u5E9C\u673A\u6784\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5C31\u6709\u95DC\u6027\u7684\u95EE\u9898\u8FDB\u884C\u6301\u7EED\u7684\u516C\u5F00\u8BA8\u8BBA\u3002\u6700\u7EC8\uFF0C\u907F\u5B55\u4ECE\u9053\u5FB7\u95EE\u9898\u8F6C\u53D8\u4E3A\u516C\u5171\u536B\u751F\u95EE\u9898\u3002 \u968F\u7740\u5927\u4F17\u5BF9\u907F\u5B55\u6001\u5EA6\u7684\u8F6C\u53D8\uFF0C\u6851\u683C\u53D7\u5230\u9F13\u821E\uFF0C\u57281923\u5E74\u5F00\u8BBE\u4E86\u7B2C\u4E8C\u5BB6\u8282\u80B2\u8BCA\u6240\uFF0C\u8FD9\u6B21\u6CA1\u6709\u906D\u5230\u902E\u6355\u6216\u9762\u4E34\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4E2A1920\u5E74\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6709\u5173\u907F\u5B55\u7684\u516C\u5F00\u8BA8\u8BBA\u53D8\u5F97\u8D8A\u6765\u8D8A\u666E\u904D\uFF0C\u201C\u8282\u80B2\u201D\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u56FD\u5185\u5DF2\u6210\u4E3A\u666E\u901A\u7684\u540D\u8BCD\u3002\u907F\u5B55\u624B\u6BB5\u7684\u5E7F\u6CDB\u666E\u53CA\uFF0C\u6807\u5FD7\u7740\u59CB\u4E8E\u7EF4\u591A\u5229\u4E9A\u65F6\u4EE3\u7684\u4E25\u82DB\u6027\u502B\u7406\u5411\u66F4\u52A0\u6027\u5BBD\u5BB9\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u8FC7\u6E21\u3002 1930\u5E74\u4EE3\u5728\u7ACB\u6CD5\u4E0A\u7684\u80DC\u5229\u7EE7\u7EED\u524A\u5F31\u4E86\u53CD\u907F\u5B55\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\u3002\u6CD5\u5EAD\u4E0A\u7684\u80DC\u5229\u4FC3\u4F7F\u7F8E\u56FD\u533B\u5B66\u4F1A\u4E8E1937\u5E74\u5C06\u907F\u5B55\u4F5C\u4E3A\u533B\u5B66\u9662\u8BFE\u7A0B\u7684\u6838\u5FC3\u7EC4\u6210\u90E8\u5206\uFF0C\u4F46\u533B\u5B66\u754C\u5E76\u672A\u8FC5\u901F\u8CA0\u8D77\u8FD9\u500B\u65B0\u7684\u804C\u8D23\uFF0C\u5987\u5973\u4ECD\u9700\u4F9D\u8D56\u4F86\u81EA\u4E0D\u53EF\u9760\u6765\u6E90\uFF0C\u5371\u9669\u65E0\u6548\u7684\u907F\u5B55\u5EFA\u8BAE\u3002\u7F8E\u56FD\u8BA1\u5212\u751F\u80B2\u8054\u5408\u4F1A\u57281942\u5E74\u6210\u7ACB\uFF0C\u5728\u5168\u56FD\u8303\u56F4\u5185\u7CFB\u7EDF\u5730\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E86\u8282\u80B2\u8BCA\u6240\u3002\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u540E\uFF0C\u8282\u80B2\u5B8C\u5168\u4E3A\u533B\u5B66\u754C\u6240\u63A5\u53D7\uFF0C\u5269\u4F59\u7684\u53CD\u8282\u80B2\u6CD5\u4E5F\u4E0D\u518D\u88AB\u6267\u884C\uFF0C\u8FD9\u573A\u8FD0\u52A8\u7EC8\u4E8E\u7F13\u7F13\u843D\u4E0B\u5E37\u5E55\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Il movimento per il controllo delle nascite negli Stati Uniti d'America fu una campagna di riforma sociale svolta principalmente dal 1914 al 1945 in vaste regioni del paese; uno dei suoi obiettivi primari mir\u00F2 ad aumentare la disponibilit\u00E0 della contraccezione (soprattutto femminile) attraverso l'educazione sessuale e la pubblicit\u00E0 ad essa connessa e a fare opera di pressione per la sua legalizzazione a livello federale. Il movimento ebbe il suo inizio organizzativo nel 1914 quando un gruppo di esponenti del radicalismo politico di New York guidati dall'attivista dell'anarco-femminismo Emma Goldmann, e Margaret Sanger, inizi\u00F2 a preoccuparsi delle difficolt\u00E0 che il parto e l'aborto auto-indotto potevano portare alle donne a basso reddito della classe operaia, con conseguenze talvolta anche assai gravi per la loro stessa incolumit\u00E0 fisica. Sanger in particolare cerc\u00F2 contemporaneamente di connettere il controllo delle nascite al movimento organizzato dell'eugenetica negli Stati Uniti d'America, appellandosi regolarmente all'autorit\u00E0 degli studiosi come Karl Pearson, Charles Davenport e altri nel suo Birth Control Review fin dagli inizi degli anni 1920. Tali figure di ricercatori cercarono di prevenire l'esistenza di alcuni segmenti di popolazione che ritennero geneticamente \"indesiderati\", impedendo la riproduzione di alcune specifiche categorie. Mentre stava cercando una legittimit\u00E0 autorevole per il movimento, in parte attraverso l'approvazione dell'eugenetica organizzata, Sanger assieme ad altri attivisti lavorarono anche sul fronte politico. Dal momento che qualsiasi tipo di educazione o pratica (o anche solo riferimento) volti alla contraccezione veniva in quel periodo storico considerato come semplicemente criminalizzato in quanto \"oscenit\u00E0\", gli attivisti mirarono all'abrogazione delle cosiddette Leggi Comstock le quali proibivano ogni distribuzione di materiale informativo ritenuto \"osceno, immorale e/o lascivo\" tramite il servizio postale. Sperando in tal modo di provocare una decisione legale favorevole Sanger deliberatamente viol\u00F2 la legge in vigore facendo distribuire pubblicamente The Woman Rebel, una newsletter contenente varie discussioni inerenti alla contraccezione e alla prevenzione della gravidanza. Nel 1916 apr\u00EC la prima clinica per il controllo delle nascite negli Stati Uniti; ma questa venne immediatamente fatta chiudere dalla polizia e Sanger condannata a 30 giorni di prigione. Un importante punto di svolta per il movimento giunse nel corso della prima guerra mondiale, quando a molti militari vennero diagnosticate tutta una serie di malattie sessualmente trasmissibili; la risposta federale incluse una campagna di salute pubblica che venne a considerare il rapporto sessuale e i metodi contraccettivi come questioni sociali rilevanti e argomenti legittimi di ricerca scientifica. Questa fu la prima volta che un'istituzione governativa statunitense s'impegn\u00F2 in una discussione pubblica e sostanziale sulle questioni sessuali; come sua diretta conseguenza la contraccezione si trasform\u00F2 da una questione ancorata al discrimine \"morale\" ad un problema inerente al benessere della generalit\u00E0 della popolazione. Incoraggiata dal graduale mutamento di atteggiamenti da parte della societ\u00E0 civile e dell'opinione pubblica Sanger contribu\u00EC a fondare una seconda clinica nel 1923: in quest'occasione non vi furono n\u00E9 arresti n\u00E9 controversie. Nel corso degli anni 1920 la discussione e il dibattito pubblico sui metodi contraccettivi si fece via via pi\u00F9 comune ed il termine \"controllo delle nascite\" si venne saldamente a stabilire all'interno del linguaggio della nazione. La sempre pi\u00F9 diffusa disponibilit\u00E0 della contraccezione segn\u00F2 la transizione e il punto di svolta nel passaggio dalle pi\u00F9 severe e represse abitudini sessuali dell'era vittoriana ad una societ\u00E0 maggiormente permissiva nelle materie sessuali. Le vittorie legali ottenute durante gli anni 1930 continuarono ad indebolire sempre pi\u00F9 il fronte arroccato sulle legislazioni anticoncezionali. I successi realizzati grazie alle sentenze giudiziarie favorevoli motivarono l'American Medical Association nel 1937 ad adottare la contraccezione come componente fondamentale dei curricula scolastici medici; ma la comunit\u00E0 nella sua generalit\u00E0 si dimostr\u00F2 assai lenta ad accettare questa nuova responsabilit\u00E0 tanto che le donne continuarono a contare su consigli contraccettivi non sicuri e inefficaci provenienti da fonti mal informate. Nel 1942 sar\u00E0 costituita la Planned Parenthood, portando alla creazione di una rete nazionale di cliniche per il controllo delle nascite. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale il movimento per la legalizzazione della contraccezione giunse ad una sua graduale conclusione, dal momento che l'argomento del controllo delle nascite fu completamente abbracciato dalla classe professionale medica e le rimanenti leggi anticoncezionali non vennero pi\u00F9 applicate."@it . . . . "A reform movement to overturn anti-contraception laws"@en . . . . . 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"Birth control"@en . . . . "Organizations"@en . . . "Movimento per il controllo delle nascite negli Stati Uniti d'America"@it . "Movimento pelo controle de natalidade nos Estados Unidos"@pt . . "Le mouvement de contr\u00F4le des naissances aux \u00C9tats-Unis a \u00E9t\u00E9 une campagne de r\u00E9formes sociales qui a d\u00E9but\u00E9 en 1914. Ce mouvement visait \u00E0 accro\u00EEtre la disponibilit\u00E9 de la contraception pour les femmes am\u00E9ricaines par les voies de l'\u00E9ducation et de la l\u00E9galisation."@fr . . "When"@en . "Feminism"@en . . "El movimiento del control de la natalidad en los Estados Unidos fue una campa\u00F1a de reforma social que se extendi\u00F3 desde 1914 a 1945 aproximadamente, y que tuvo como objetivo aumentar la disponibilidad de la anticoncepci\u00F3n en los Estados Unidos por medio de la educaci\u00F3n y la legalizaci\u00F3n. El movimiento comenz\u00F3 en 1914 cuando un grupo de radicales pol\u00EDticos de la ciudad de Nueva York, dirigido por Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett y Margaret Sanger, empez\u00F3 a preocuparse por las dificultades que ocasionaban el parto y el aborto autoinducido a las mujeres de bajos ingresos. En aquel entonces dar informaci\u00F3n acerca de la anticoncepci\u00F3n se consideraba como algo obsceno, por lo que los activistas arremetieron contra las leyes de Comstock que prohib\u00EDan la distribuci\u00F3n de cualquier material obsceno y/o lascivo a trav\u00E9s del correo. Con la esperanza de provocar un fallo judicial favorable, Sanger rompi\u00F3 deliberadamente la ley mediante la distribuci\u00F3n de \u201CThe Woman Rebel\u201D (La mujer rebelde), un bolet\u00EDn que conten\u00EDa un an\u00E1lisis sobre la anticoncepci\u00F3n. En 1916, Sanger abri\u00F3 la primera cl\u00EDnica de control de natalidad en los Estados Unidos, pero la cl\u00EDnica fue inmediatamente cerrada por la polic\u00EDa y Sanger fue condenada a 30 d\u00EDas de c\u00E1rcel. La Primera Guerra Mundial fue un momento crucial para el movimiento ya que muchos de los soldados estadounidenses fueron diagnosticados con infecciones de transmisi\u00F3n sexual. El gobierno respondi\u00F3 a esta situaci\u00F3n lanzando una campa\u00F1a contra las enfermedades ven\u00E9reas que enmarcaba las relaciones sexuales y la anticoncepci\u00F3n como problemas de salud p\u00FAblica y temas leg\u00EDtimos de investigaci\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica. Esta fue la primera vez que una instituci\u00F3n gubernamental de los Estados Unidos participaba en un debate p\u00FAblico sobre cuestiones sexuales; como consecuencia, la anticoncepci\u00F3n pas\u00F3 de ser un problema de la moral a un problema de salud p\u00FAblica. Alentado por el cambio de actitud de la sociedad ante el control de la natalidad, Sanger abri\u00F3 una segunda cl\u00EDnica de control de la natalidad en 1923, y esta vez no hubo arrestos o controversia. A lo largo de la d\u00E9cada de 1920, el debate p\u00FAblico sobre la anticoncepci\u00F3n se convirti\u00F3 en algo com\u00FAn y el t\u00E9rmino \u201Ccontrol de natalidad\u201D qued\u00F3 firmemente establecido en la lengua vern\u00E1cula de la naci\u00F3n. Este hecho marc\u00F3 una transici\u00F3n de las estrictas costumbres sexuales de la \u00E9poca victoriana a una sociedad sexualmente m\u00E1s tolerante. En la d\u00E9cada de 1930, sucesivas victorias legales continuaron debilitando las leyes contra la anticoncepci\u00F3n. En 1937, las victorias en los tribunales motivaron a la Asociaci\u00F3n M\u00E9dica Estadounidense a adoptar la anticoncepci\u00F3n como un componente esencial en los planes de estudio de medicina. Sin embargo la comunidad m\u00E9dica tard\u00F3 en aceptar esta nueva responsabilidad y las mujeres siguieron confiando en el asesoramiento sobre m\u00E9todos anticonceptivos inseguros e ineficaces procedentes de fuentes mal informadas. En 1942 se fund\u00F3 la Federaci\u00F3n Americana para la Planificaci\u00F3n Familiar, con la creaci\u00F3n de una red nacional de cl\u00EDnicas de control de la natalidad. Despu\u00E9s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el movimiento para la legalizaci\u00F3n del control de la natalidad lleg\u00F3 a una conclusi\u00F3n gradual, fue plenamente aceptado por la profesi\u00F3n m\u00E9dica como control de la natalidad y dejaron de aplicarse las leyes que hab\u00EDa contra la anticoncepci\u00F3n."@es . . "#f0f0f0"@en . "in the United States"@en . . . . . . . . . "200"^^ . "90.0"^^ . . . . . . . . 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"\u7F8E\u56FD\u7684\u8282\u80B2\u8FD0\u52A8"@zh . "Eisenstadt v. Baird"@en . . . . . "O movimento pelo controle de natalidade nos Estados Unidos foi uma campanha de reforma social de 1914 at\u00E9 cerca de 1945 que visava a aumentar a disponibilidade de contracep\u00E7\u00E3o nos Estados Unidos atrav\u00E9s da educa\u00E7\u00E3o e legaliza\u00E7\u00E3o. O movimento come\u00E7ou em 1914, quando um grupo de radicais pol\u00EDticos na cidade de Nova Iorque, liderado por Emma Goldman, Mary Dennett e Margaret Sanger, ficou preocupado com as dificuldades que o parto e os abortos autoinduzidos geravam para as mulheres de baixa renda. Naquele momento, as informa\u00E7\u00F5es sobre contracep\u00E7\u00E3o eram consideradas obscenas, de modo que os ativistas focaram nas leis de Comstock, que proibiam a distribui\u00E7\u00E3o de qualquer material \"obsceno, indecente e/ou lascivo\" pelo correio. Com a esperan\u00E7a de provocar uma decis\u00E3o judicial favor\u00E1vel, Sanger deliberadamente violou a lei distribuindo o The Woman Rebel, um boletim contendo um debate sobre contracep\u00E7\u00E3o. Em 1916, Sanger abriu a primeira cl\u00EDnica de controle de natalidade nos Estados Unidos, mas a cl\u00EDnica foi imediatamente fechada pela pol\u00EDcia, e Sanger foi condenada a trinta dias de pris\u00E3o. Um grande momento decisivo para o movimento ocorreu durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, quando muitos militares norte-americanos foram diagnosticados com doen\u00E7as ven\u00E9reas. A resposta do governo incluiu uma campanha antiven\u00E9rea que enquadrava a rela\u00E7\u00E3o sexual e a contracep\u00E7\u00E3o como quest\u00F5es de sa\u00FAde p\u00FAblica e t\u00F3picos leg\u00EDtimos de pesquisa cient\u00EDfica. Esta foi a primeira vez que uma institui\u00E7\u00E3o do governo dos Estados Unidos participou de uma discuss\u00E3o p\u00FAblica e cont\u00EDnua de assuntos sexuais; como consequ\u00EAncia, a contracep\u00E7\u00E3o transformou-se de uma quest\u00E3o moral para uma quest\u00E3o de sa\u00FAde p\u00FAblica. Encorajada pelas mudan\u00E7as de atitudes do p\u00FAblico em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao controle de natalidade, Sanger abriu uma segunda cl\u00EDnica de controle de natalidade em 1923, mas desta vez n\u00E3o houve pris\u00F5es ou controv\u00E9rsias. Ao longo da d\u00E9cada de 1920, a discuss\u00E3o p\u00FAblica sobre a contracep\u00E7\u00E3o tornou-se mais comum, e o termo \"controle de natalidade\" foi firmemente estabelecido no vern\u00E1culo da na\u00E7\u00E3o. A ampla disponibilidade de contracep\u00E7\u00E3o sinalizou uma transi\u00E7\u00E3o dos costumes sexuais repressivos da era vitoriana para uma sociedade sexualmente mais permissiva. As vit\u00F3rias judiciais na d\u00E9cada de 1930 continuaram a enfraquecer as leis anti-contracep\u00E7\u00E3o. As vit\u00F3rias nas cortes motivaram a Associa\u00E7\u00E3o M\u00E9dica Americana a adotar em 1937 a contracep\u00E7\u00E3o como componente central dos curr\u00EDculos das faculdades de medicina, mas a comunidade m\u00E9dica demorou a aceitar essa nova responsabilidade e as mulheres continuaram a confiar em conselhos contraceptivos inseguros e ineficazes de fontes mal informadas. Em 1942, formou-se a Federa\u00E7\u00E3o de Paternidade Planejada da Am\u00E9rica, criando uma rede nacional de cl\u00EDnicas de controle de natalidade. Ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o movimento para legalizar o controle de natalidade chegou a uma conclus\u00E3o gradual, uma vez que o controle de natalidade foi plenamente aceito pela profiss\u00E3o m\u00E9dica e as demais leis anti-contracep\u00E7\u00E3o j\u00E1 n\u00E3o eram mais aplicadas."@pt .