. "9264"^^ . . "\u0414\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430"@ru . . "Il trattato Bowring (Bowring Treaty in inglese) fu un trattato di tipo commerciale stipulato il 18 aprile 1855 tra il Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda e il Regno del Siam. Prende il nome da Sir John Bowring, all'epoca governatore di Hong Kong ed inviato britannico. Il trattato segue e modifica il precedente trattato Burney siglato nel 1826. Per via delle clausole nettamente a favore del Regno Unito, \u00E8 da includersi tra i cosiddetti trattati ineguali stipulati nella seconda met\u00E0 del XIX secolo tra le potenze occidentali ed i paesi asiatici come Cina, Giappone e Corea."@it . . . . . "1102354557"^^ . . . "Bowring-Vertrag"@de . . "\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6"@zh . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Bowring Treaty), \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0414\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u043E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam) \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 18 \u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F 1855 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043D\u044F\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044E \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u041F\u043E\u0434\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u043E \u043F\u044F\u0442\u044C\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0413\u043E\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0433\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0411\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043C. \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0451\u043D \u0432 1826 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0411\u0451\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u041D\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u0441\u043C\u044F\u0433\u0447\u0438\u043B \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0438 \u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . "Trattato Bowring"@it . . . . . . . . . . "\u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u662F1855\u5E744\u670818\u65E5\u82F1\u56FD\u4E0E\u66B9\u7F57\u738B\u56FD\u4E4B\u95F4\u7B7E\u8BA2\u7684\u689D\u7D04\uFF0C\u65E8\u5728\u4EE4\u66B9\u7F57\u5BF9\u5916\u8D38\u6613\u81EA\u7531\u5316\u3002 \u7B7E\u8BA2\u6761\u7EA6\u7684\u662F\u4E94\u4F4D\u66B9\u7F57\u3001\u9999\u6E2F\u603B\u7763\u53CA\u82F1\u56FD\u5168\u6743\u516C\u4F7F\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u5B9D\u5B81\u7235\u58EB\u3002 \u4E4B\u524D\u57281826\u5E74\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u4E0E\u82F1\u56FD\u95F4\u66FE\u7B7E\u8BA2\u8FC7\u53E6\u4E00\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u2014\u2014\u4F2F\u5C3C\u689D\u7D04\uFF0C\u800C\u8FD9\u4EFD\u65B0\u6761\u7EA6\u8BE6\u5C3D\u9610\u8FF0\u4E86\u8D38\u6613\u7684\u89C4\u5219\u4E0E\u89C4\u7AE0\uFF0C\u5E76\u901A\u8FC7\u521B\u5EFA\u4E00\u4E2A\u65B0\u7684\u8FDB\u51FA\u53E3\u7CFB\u7EDF\u800C\u4F7F\u8D38\u6613\u81EA\u7531\u5316\u3002 \u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u5141\u8BB8\u66FC\u8C37\u7684\u5916\u56FD\u4EBA\u8FDB\u884C\u81EA\u7531\u8D38\u6613\uFF0C\u800C\u5BF9\u5916\u8D38\u6613\u5728\u4E4B\u524D\u66FE\u662F\u4ECE\u91CD\u5F81\u6536\u7684\u7687\u5BB6\u7A0E\u52A1\u8AB2\u7A05\u5BF9\u8C61\u3002\u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u8FD8\u5141\u8BB8\u4E86\u82F1\u56FD\u5728\u66FC\u8C37\u8BBE\u7ACB\u9886\u4E8B\u9986\uFF0C\u4FDD\u969C\u5176\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u6CBB\u5916\u6CD5\u6743\uFF0C\u5E76\u5141\u8BB8\u82F1\u56FD\u4EBA\u5728\u66B9\u7F57\u62E5\u6709\u571F\u5730\u3002\u7B80\u8A00\u4E4B\uFF0C\u5176\u89C4\u7AE0\u4E3A\uFF1A \u5C3D\u7BA1\u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u5728\u5B98\u65B9\u8BF4\u6CD5\u4E0A\u662F\u4E00\u4EFD\u53CB\u597D\u4E0E\u5546\u8D38\u6761\u7EA6\uFF0C\u7136\u800C\u5B83\u5374\u88AB\u5BA3\u79F0\u4E3A\u662F\u4E00\u4EFD\u4E0D\u5E73\u7B49\u6761\u7EA6\uFF0C\u8FD9\u662F\u56E0\u4E3A\u8003\u8651\u5230\u82F1\u56FD\u5DF2\u5728\u4E0E\u4E2D\u56FD\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u9E26\u7247\u6218\u4E89\u671F\u95F4\u8BC1\u5B9E\u4E86\u5B83\u7684\u6B66\u529B\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u56E0\u6B64\u6253\u6D88\u4E86\u4EFB\u4F55\u963B\u6B62\u897F\u65B9\u8D38\u6613\u7684\u4F01\u56FE\u3002\u800C\u5728\u4E94\u5E74\u524D\uFF0C\u7802\u62C9\u8D8A\u7684\u53CA\u82F1\u56FD\u5168\u6743\u516C\u4F7F\u8A79\u59C6\u65AF\u00B7\u5E03\u9C81\u514B\u7235\u58EB\u4E0E\u66B9\u7F57\u56FD\u738B\u5583\u683C\u52B3\u8C08\u5224\u5931\u8D25\uFF0C\u5BFC\u81F4\u4E86\u5E03\u9C81\u514B\u4EE5\u82F1\u56FD\u7684\u201C\u70AE\u8230\u653F\u7B56\u201D\u6765\u5A01\u80C1\u66B9\u7F57\u3002\u8FD9\u6837\u7684\u4E8B\u5B9E\u8FDB\u4E00\u6B65\u52A0\u5267\u4E86\u66B9\u7F57\u7684\u6050\u60E7\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\u5BF9\u4E8E\u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u7684\u7B7E\u8BA2\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u5E76\u672A\u5904\u5728\u4E00\u4E2A\u8C08\u5224\u7684\u4F4D\u7F6E\u4E0A\u3002 \u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u4E5F\u6700\u7EC8\u5BFC\u81F4\u4E86\u5176\u4ED6\u7684\u5916\u56FD\u52BF\u529B\u6765\u4EE5\u5B83\u8BBE\u7F6E\u7684\u89C4\u5219\u4E3A\u57FA\u7840\uFF0C\u7B7E\u8BA2\u4ED6\u4EEC\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u53CC\u8FB9\u6761\u7EA6\u3002\u6BD4\u5982\uFF0C\u7F8E\u56FD\u5916\u4EA4\u4F7F\u8282\u6C64\u68EE\u00B7\u54C8\u91CC\u65AF\u5728\u53BB\u65E5\u672C\u65F6\uFF0C\u66FE\u5728\u66FC\u8C37\u5EF6\u8FDF\u4E86\u4E00\u4E2A\u6708\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u56E0\u4E3A\u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u6B63\u597D\u5B8C\u7A3F\u4E86\u3002\u800C\u4E4B\u540E\u4ED6\u53EA\u5728\u4E00\u4E9B\u5C0F\u95EE\u9898\u4E0A\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u8C08\u5224\uFF0C\u5C31\u5C06\u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u8F6C\u6362\u4E3A\u4E86\u300A1856\u5E74\u7F8E\u66B9\u4EB2\u5584\u3001\u5546\u8D38\u53CA\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u3002"@zh . "Thai version of the Treaty, written on Thai black books, prior to being sent to Great Britain to be affixed with the Royal seal."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bowring Treaty"@en . "\u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u662F1855\u5E744\u670818\u65E5\u82F1\u56FD\u4E0E\u66B9\u7F57\u738B\u56FD\u4E4B\u95F4\u7B7E\u8BA2\u7684\u689D\u7D04\uFF0C\u65E8\u5728\u4EE4\u66B9\u7F57\u5BF9\u5916\u8D38\u6613\u81EA\u7531\u5316\u3002 \u7B7E\u8BA2\u6761\u7EA6\u7684\u662F\u4E94\u4F4D\u66B9\u7F57\u3001\u9999\u6E2F\u603B\u7763\u53CA\u82F1\u56FD\u5168\u6743\u516C\u4F7F\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u5B9D\u5B81\u7235\u58EB\u3002 \u4E4B\u524D\u57281826\u5E74\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u4E0E\u82F1\u56FD\u95F4\u66FE\u7B7E\u8BA2\u8FC7\u53E6\u4E00\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u2014\u2014\u4F2F\u5C3C\u689D\u7D04\uFF0C\u800C\u8FD9\u4EFD\u65B0\u6761\u7EA6\u8BE6\u5C3D\u9610\u8FF0\u4E86\u8D38\u6613\u7684\u89C4\u5219\u4E0E\u89C4\u7AE0\uFF0C\u5E76\u901A\u8FC7\u521B\u5EFA\u4E00\u4E2A\u65B0\u7684\u8FDB\u51FA\u53E3\u7CFB\u7EDF\u800C\u4F7F\u8D38\u6613\u81EA\u7531\u5316\u3002 \u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u5141\u8BB8\u66FC\u8C37\u7684\u5916\u56FD\u4EBA\u8FDB\u884C\u81EA\u7531\u8D38\u6613\uFF0C\u800C\u5BF9\u5916\u8D38\u6613\u5728\u4E4B\u524D\u66FE\u662F\u4ECE\u91CD\u5F81\u6536\u7684\u7687\u5BB6\u7A0E\u52A1\u8AB2\u7A05\u5BF9\u8C61\u3002\u8FD9\u4EFD\u6761\u7EA6\u8FD8\u5141\u8BB8\u4E86\u82F1\u56FD\u5728\u66FC\u8C37\u8BBE\u7ACB\u9886\u4E8B\u9986\uFF0C\u4FDD\u969C\u5176\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u6CBB\u5916\u6CD5\u6743\uFF0C\u5E76\u5141\u8BB8\u82F1\u56FD\u4EBA\u5728\u66B9\u7F57\u62E5\u6709\u571F\u5730\u3002\u7B80\u8A00\u4E4B\uFF0C\u5176\u89C4\u7AE0\u4E3A\uFF1A 1. \n* \u7F6E\u82F1\u56FD\u56FD\u6C11\u4E8E\u9886\u4E8B\u88C1\u5224\u6743\u4E4B\u4E0B\u3002\u7531\u6B64\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u9996\u6B21\u6388\u4E88\u4E86\u5916\u56FD\u4FA8\u6C11\u6CBB\u5916\u6CD5\u6743\u3002 2. \n* \u7D66\u4E88\u82F1\u56FD\u56FD\u6C11\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6D77\u6E2F\u81EA\u7531\u8D38\u6613\u4EE5\u53CA\u6C38\u4E45\u5C45\u4F4F\u4E8E\u66FC\u8C37\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7372\u51C6\u8D2D\u4E70\u4E0E\u79DF\u7528\u66FC\u8C37\u9644\u8FD1\u5730\u65B9\u7684\u623F\u5730\u4EA7\uFF1B\u5373\u8DDD\u79BB\u57CE\u5899\u56DB\u82F1\u91CC\u4EE5\u4E0A\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u5728\u8DDD\u79BB\u57CE\u5E02\u4E8C\u5341\u56DB\u5C0F\u65F6\u884C\u7A0B\u4EE5\u4E0B\uFF08\u4EE5\u672C\u5730\u7684\u5C0F\u8239\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u800C\u7B97\uFF09\u7684\u5730\u533A\u3002\u82F1\u56FD\u56FD\u6C11\u8FD8\u7372\u51C6\u51ED\u9886\u4E8B\u63D0\u4F9B\u7684\u901A\u884C\u8BC1\u800C\u81EA\u7531\u65C5\u884C\u4E8E\u66B9\u7F57\u5185\u5730\u3002 3. \n* \u5EE2\u9664\u8BA1\u91CF\u7A0E\uFF0C\u4FEE\u8A02\u8FDB\u51FA\u53E3\u7A0E\u3002 4. 1. \n* \u51E0\u4E4E\u6240\u6709\u5546\u54C1\u7684\u8FDB\u53E3\u7A0E\u90FD\u4FEE\u8BA2\u4E3A\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u4E09\uFF0C\u53EA\u6709\u4E24\u9879\u4F8B\u5916\uFF1A\u9E26\u7247\u514D\u7A0E\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u5B83\u4EEC\u4E0D\u5F97\u552E\u5356\u7ED9\u9E26\u7247\u519C\u573A\u7ECF\u8425\u8005\uFF1B\u91D1\u94F6\u952D\u4E5F\u514D\u7A0E\u3002 5. 2. \n* \u65E0\u8BBA\u8BE5\u7A0E\u662F\u53EB\u56FD\u5185\u7A0E\u3001\u8FD0\u8F93\u7A0E\uFF0C\u6216\u51FA\u53E3\u7A0E\uFF0C\u51FA\u53E3\u5546\u54C1\u53EA\u5F81\u4E00\u6B21\u7A0E\u3002 6. \n* \u5141\u8A31\u82F1\u56FD\u5546\u4EBA\u4E0E\u66B9\u7F57\u4EBA\u4E2A\u4F53\u8FDB\u884C\u76F4\u63A5\u4E70\u5356\uFF0C\u4EFB\u4F55\u7B2C\u4E09\u4EBA\u4E0D\u5F97\u5E72\u6270\u3002 7. \n* \u65E0\u8BBA\u76D0\u3001\u7C73\u3001\u9C7C\u5728\u4EC0\u4E48\u65F6\u5019\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u7A00\u6709\u7269\u54C1\uFF0C\u66B9\u7F57\u653F\u5E9C\u90FD\u4FDD\u7559\u7981\u6B62\u8FD9\u4E9B\u5546\u54C1\u51FA\u53E3\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002 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\u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u7279\u522B\u4FDD\u8BC1\u4E86\u5916\u56FD\u52BF\u529B\u4E0D\u4F1A\u5E72\u6D89\u66B9\u7F57\u7684\u56FD\u5185\u4E8B\u52A1\uFF0C\u5E76\u5141\u8BB8\u66B9\u7F57\u7EE7\u7EED\u4FDD\u6301\u72EC\u7ACB\u3002\u73B0\u5728\uFF0C\u300A\u5B9D\u5B81\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5177\u6709\u5BFC\u81F4\u4E86\u66FC\u8C37\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u6210\u5C31\uFF0C\u56E0\u4E3A\u5B83\u521B\u9020\u4E86\u4E00\u79CD\u80FD\u8BA9\u591A\u8FB9\u8D38\u6613\u5728\u4E1C\u5357\u4E9A\u81EA\u7531\u8FD0\u4F5C\u7684\u6784\u67B6\uFF0C\u8FD9\u6837\u7684\u8D38\u6613\u5C24\u4EE5\u4E2D\u56FD\u3001\u65B0\u52A0\u5761\u53CA\u66B9\u7F57\u95F4\u7684\u4E3A\u663E\u8457\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam"@en . . "Der Bowring-Vertrag (englisch Bowring Treaty) ist ein Abkommen, welches am 18. April 1855 zwischen dem Vereinigten K\u00F6nigreich und dem K\u00F6nigreich von Siam abgeschlossen wurde und Siam f\u00FCr den Welthandel \u00F6ffnete. Der Vertrag wurde von Siams K\u00F6nig Mongkut (Rama IV.) und dem britischen Diplomaten und Gouverneur von Hongkong Sir John Bowring unterzeichnet."@de . . . . . . . . . "250"^^ . . "10872739"^^ . . . . . . "Bowring Treaty"@en . "Treaty"@en . . "Der Bowring-Vertrag (englisch Bowring Treaty) ist ein Abkommen, welches am 18. April 1855 zwischen dem Vereinigten K\u00F6nigreich und dem K\u00F6nigreich von Siam abgeschlossen wurde und Siam f\u00FCr den Welthandel \u00F6ffnete. Der Vertrag wurde von Siams K\u00F6nig Mongkut (Rama IV.) und dem britischen Diplomaten und Gouverneur von Hongkong Sir John Bowring unterzeichnet."@de . . "Bowring Treaty"@en . . "1855-04-18"^^ . "\u30DC\u30A6\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u6761\u7D04"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "The Bowring Treaty was a treaty signed between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam on 18 April 1855. The treaty had the primary effect of liberalizing foreign trade in Siam, and was signed by five Siamese plenipotentiaries (among them Wongsa Dhiraj Snid, one of the King's half-brothers) and Sir John Bowring, the British envoy and colonial governor of Hong Kong."@en . . . . "Il trattato Bowring (Bowring Treaty in inglese) fu un trattato di tipo commerciale stipulato il 18 aprile 1855 tra il Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda e il Regno del Siam. Prende il nome da Sir John Bowring, all'epoca governatore di Hong Kong ed inviato britannico. Il trattato segue e modifica il precedente trattato Burney siglato nel 1826. Per via delle clausole nettamente a favore del Regno Unito, \u00E8 da includersi tra i cosiddetti trattati ineguali stipulati nella seconda met\u00E0 del XIX secolo tra le potenze occidentali ed i paesi asiatici come Cina, Giappone e Corea. Il trattato dava accesso in Siam alle compagnie straniere e limitava la tassazione per quelle britanniche. Concedeva inoltre l'istituzione di un consolato britannico a Bangkok, garantiva diritti di extraterritorialit\u00E0 in Siam ai cittadini britannici, ai quali permetteva anche di possedere terra in Siam. Tra i vari punti che il trattato concedeva vi sono: 1. \n* L'apposizione dei sudditi britannici sotto la giurisdizione consolare. Cos\u00EC, per la prima volta, il Siam concedeva l'extraterritorialit\u00E0 in materia fiscale e di giudizio a soggetti stranieri. 2. \n* Ai sudditi britannici veniva concesso diritto di commerciare liberamente in tutti i porti marittimi, e di risiedere in modo permanente a Bangkok. Era permesso anche comprare ed affittare propriet\u00E0 nei dintorni di Bangkok e viaggiare liberamente all'interno del paese mediante permessi rilasciati dal console. 3. \n* Riduzione dei dazi di importazione ed esportazione per le merci britanniche. 4. \n* Il dazio di importazione veniva fissato al tre per cento per tutti gli articoli, con due eccezioni: i lingotti d'oro e l'oppio entrambi esenti da dazio, quest'ultimo per\u00F2 poteva essere venduto soltanto ai coltivatori. Inoltre gli articoli di esportazione dovevano essere tassati solo una volta. 5. \n* Ai mercanti britannici veniva concesso di poter acquistare e vendere direttamente con i siamesi senza interferenze da parte di mediatori. Il governo siamese si riservava il diritto di vietare l'esportazione di sale, riso, pesce nel caso la produzione non fosse sufficiente."@it . . "Bangkok, Siam"@en . . . . . . . "Thai and English"@en . "* Siam\n*"@en . "The Bowring Treaty was a treaty signed between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam on 18 April 1855. The treaty had the primary effect of liberalizing foreign trade in Siam, and was signed by five Siamese plenipotentiaries (among them Wongsa Dhiraj Snid, one of the King's half-brothers) and Sir John Bowring, the British envoy and colonial governor of Hong Kong."@en . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Bowring Treaty), \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0414\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440 \u043E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. 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