. "66402"^^ . . . "\uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uB300 \uD1A0\uD53C\uCE74 \uAD50\uC721\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C \uC7AC\uD310"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . "347"^^ . . . . . . "Brown, 347 U.S. at 494."@en . . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954), adalah putusan Mahkamah Agung AS yang menyatakan bahwa undang-undang negara bagian AS yang menetapkan segregasi rasial di sekolah umum adalah tidak konstitusional, bahkan jika sekolah yang dipisahkan memiliki fasilitas dengan kualitas yang sama. Putusan Pengadilan ini sebagian menolak putusan Mahkamah Agung AS pada tahun 1896 dalam perkara Plessy v. Ferguson dengan menyatakan bahwa doktrin hukum \"terpisah tetapi setara\" adalah tidak konstitusional untuk sekolah umum dan fasilitas pendidikan Amerika. Putusan ini membuka jalan bagi dan merupakan kemenangan besar gerakan hak-hak sipil, dan menjadi model untuk banyak kasus di masa depan."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka (Brown mot Topekas skolstyrelse) \u00E4r ett domstolsavg\u00F6rande (347 U.S. 483) fr\u00E5n den 17 maj 1954 i USA:s h\u00F6gsta domstol, som etablerade ett f\u00F6rbud mot separata skolor f\u00F6r svarta och vita i USA. Domen upph\u00E4vde formellt ras\u00E5tskillnaden i det amerikanska utbildningsv\u00E4sendet, men det skulle \u00E4nnu ta ett tag innan reell ras\u00E5tskillnad hade upph\u00E4vts, s\u00E4rskilt vid universiteten. Likav\u00E4l blev domen mycket viktig f\u00F6r integreringen i grundskolor och p\u00E5 collegeniv\u00E5, och banade v\u00E4g f\u00F6r den svarta medborgarr\u00E4ttsr\u00F6relsen i USA."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education was een rechtszaak die werd uitgevochten voor het Hooggerechtshof van de Verenigde Staten in 1954; de rechters beslisten uiteindelijk dat de wettelijk vastgelegde rassenscheiding op openbare scholen niet mocht worden toegepast, omdat er geen sprake van kon zijn dat zwarten onderwijs van hetzelfde niveau zouden krijgen als de blanken wanneer zij naar speciale 'zwarte' scholen moesten. In datzelfde jaar werd hetzelfde bepaald in de zaak met betrekking tot Washington D.C., dat geen staat is en dus niet onder dezelfde wetgeving valt. In 1951 werd het schoolbestuur van Topeka in Kansas aangeklaagd door de ACLU, in naam van de zwarte scholiere Linda Brown, die anderhalve kilometer naar haar school moest lopen, terwijl zich een paar straten verderop een blanke school bevond. Haar zaak werd gesteund door de NAACP, wiens werknemer Thurgood Marshall als advocaat voor Brown optrad. De districtsrechtbank stelde de schoolcommissie in het gelijk; bij het vonnis werd verwezen naar een federale uitspraak uit , waarin werd besloten dat de rassenscheiding toegestaan was. Het proces uit 1954 bestond in feite uit vier verschillende aanklachten, alle gesteund door de NAACP: \n* Brown vs. Board of Education (Kansas) \n* Briggs v. Elliott (South Carolina) \n* Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (Virginia) \n* (Delaware) Het vonnis werd op 17 mei van dat jaar uitgesproken. Alle negen rechters waren het eens dat uit de rassenscheiding zonder twijfel ongelijkheid voortvloeide, en dus in strijd was met het veertiende amendement van de Amerikaanse Grondwet. Deze beslissing herriep een vonnis uit 1899, toen werd besloten dat segregratie w\u00E9l grondwettelijk was. Ondanks de uitkomst van de rechtszaak leidde dit niet meteen tot desegregatie van openbare scholen of 'gemengde' restaurants of toiletten. Dit werd pas verplicht toen in 1964, oftewel nog eens tien jaar later, de Civil Rights Act werd getekend. Het vonnis betekende echter wel dat de desegregatie-beweging de steun had gekregen van de rechterlijke macht."@nl . . . . "We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other \"tangible\" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities?"@en . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954), adalah putusan Mahkamah Agung AS yang menyatakan bahwa undang-undang negara bagian AS yang menetapkan segregasi rasial di sekolah umum adalah tidak konstitusional, bahkan jika sekolah yang dipisahkan memiliki fasilitas dengan kualitas yang sama. Putusan Pengadilan ini sebagian menolak putusan Mahkamah Agung AS pada tahun 1896 dalam perkara Plessy v. Ferguson dengan menyatakan bahwa doktrin hukum \"terpisah tetapi setara\" adalah tidak konstitusional untuk sekolah umum dan fasilitas pendidikan Amerika. Putusan ini membuka jalan bagi dan merupakan kemenangan besar gerakan hak-hak sipil, dan menjadi model untuk banyak kasus di masa depan. Perkara ini bermula pada tahun 1951 ketika sebuah sekolah publik di Topeka, Kansas, menolak untuk menerima putri penduduk kulit hitam lokal di sekolah dasar yang paling dekat dengan rumah mereka. Sekolah itu malah meminta putri Brown untuk naik bus ke sekolah kulit hitam terpisah yang lebih jauh. Keluarga Brown dan dua belas keluarga kulit hitam lokal lainnya yang berada dalam situasi yang sama mengajukan gugatan class action di pengadilan federal AS terhadap Board of Education of Topeka (Dewan Pendidikan Topeka) dan berargumen bahwa kebijakan segregasi rasial ini adalah tidak konstitusional. Sebuah panel tiga hakim dari memutuskan perkara ini dengan merujuk pada preseden Plessy v. Ferguson, sebuah putusan Mahkamah Agung yang menyatakan bahwa segregasi rasial itu sendiri bukanlah pelanggaran Klausul Perlindungan Setara Amandemen Keempat Belas jika fasilitas yang disediakan adalah setara. Ini kemudian dikenal sebagai doktrin hukum \"terpisah tetapi setara\". Keluarga Brown, yang kemudian diwakili oleh kepala penasihat Thurgood Marshall, mengajukan banding atas keputusan tersebut langsung ke Mahkamah Agung. Pada tanggal 17 Mei 1954, Mahkamah Agung mengeluarkan putusan bulat 9\u20130 untuk pihak Brown. Pengadilan memutuskan bahwa \"fasilitas pendidikan yang terpisah secara inheren adalah tidak setara\". Oleh karena itu, undang-undang yang memberlakukannya melanggar Klausul Perlindungan Setara dari Amandemen Keempat Belas Konstitusi AS. Namun, putusan 14 halaman itu tidak menjelaskan metode yang diperlukan untuk mengakhiri segregasi rasial di sekolah, dan keputusan kedua Pengadilan di Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 (1955) ) hanya memerintahkan negara bagian untuk melakukan desegregasi secepatnya. Di Amerika Serikat bagian Selatan, khususnya \"\", tempat segregasi rasial telah mengakar kuat, reaksi terhadap Brown di antara kebanyakan orang kulit putih adalah menolaknya dengan keras kepala. Banyak pemimpin-pemimpin politik di lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan dan kelompok politik Selatan yang membuat rencana yang dikenal sebagai \"\", yang dibuat oleh Senator Virginia , untuk menggagalkan upaya untuk melakukan desegregasi sistem sekolah publik. Empat tahun kemudian, dalam kasus Cooper v. Aaron, Pengadilan menegaskan kembali pendiriannya dalam Brown, dan secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa pejabat negara dan legislator tidak memiliki kekuasaan untuk membatalkan putusan Mahkamah Agung."@in . . . . . . "\u5E03\u6717\u8A34\u6258\u76AE\u5361\u6559\u80B2\u5C40\u6848\uFF08Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, U.S. 483 (1954)\uFF0C\u5168\u540DOliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0B\u7C21\u7A31\u5E03\u6717\u6848\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u4EF6\u7F8E\u56FD\u5386\u53F2\u4E0A\u975E\u5E38\u91CD\u8981\u3001\u5177\u6709\u6307\u6A19\u610F\u7FA9\u7684\u8A34\u8A1F\u6848\u3002\u8A72\u6848\u65BC1954\u5E745\u670817\u65E5\u7531\u7F8E\u570B\u6700\u9AD8\u6CD5\u9662\u505A\u51FA\u6C7A\u5B9A\uFF0C\u5224\u6C7A\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u672C\u8CEA\u4E0A\u5C31\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u4E0D\u5E73\u7B49\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u539F\u544A\u8207\u88AB\u544A\u96D9\u65B9\u6240\u722D\u57F7\u7684\u300C\u9ED1\u4EBA\u8207\u767D\u4EBA\u5B78\u7AE5\u4E0D\u5F97\u9032\u5165\u540C\u4E00\u6240\u5B78\u6821\u5C31\u8B80\u300D\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5FC5\u9808\u6392\u9664\u300C\u9694\u96E2\u4F46\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u5148\u4F8B\u7684\u9069\u7528\uFF08\u8A72\u5148\u4F8B\u7531\u666E\u840A\u897F\u8A34\u5F17\u683C\u68EE\u6848\u2500\u2500\u7C21\u7A31\u666E\u840A\u897F\u6848\u2500\u2500\u6240\u5EFA\u7ACB\uFF09\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u56E0\u70BA\u525D\u596A\u4E86\u9ED1\u4EBA\u5B78\u7AE5\u7684\u5165\u5B78\u6B0A\u5229\u800C\u9055\u53CD\u4E86\u7F8E\u570B\u61B2\u6CD5\u7B2C\u5341\u56DB\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u4E2D\u6240\u4FDD\u969C\u7684\u5E73\u7B49\u6B0A\u800C\u9055\u61B2\uFF0C\u8A72\u6CD5\u5F8B\u56E0\u800C\u4E0D\u5F97\u5728\u500B\u6848\u4E2D\u9069\u7528\uFF0C\u5B78\u7AE5\u4E0D\u5F97\u57FA\u65BC\u7A2E\u65CF\u56E0\u7D20\u88AB\u62D2\u7D55\u5165\u5B78\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u672C\u5224\u6C7A\u7684\u7DE3\u6545\uFF0C\u7D42\u6B62\u4E86\u7F8E\u570B\u793E\u6703\u4E2D\u5B58\u5728\u5DF2\u4E45\u767D\u4EBA\u548C\u9ED1\u4EBA\u5FC5\u9808\u5206\u5225\u5C31\u8B80\u4E0D\u540C\u516C\u7ACB\u5B78\u6821\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u73FE\u8C61\u3002\u5F9E\u672C\u5224\u6C7A\u5F8C\u300C\u9694\u96E2\u4F46\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u539F\u5247\u88AB\u63A8\u7FFB\uFF0C\u4EFB\u4F55\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u96A8\u5F8C\u90FD\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u9055\u53CD\u61B2\u6CD5\u6240\u4FDD\u969C\u7684\u5E73\u7B49\u6B0A\u800C\u88AB\u5224\u6C7A\u9055\u61B2\uFF1B\u540C\u6642\u672C\u6848\u4E5F\u958B\u555F\u4E86\u63A5\u4E0B\u4F86\u6578\u5E74\u4E2D\u7F8E\u570B\u958B\u59CB\u5EE2\u6B62\u4E00\u5207\u6709\u95DC\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u7684\u63AA\u65BD\uFF1B\u7F8E\u570B\u7684\u6C11\u6B0A\u904B\u52D5\u4E5F\u56E0\u70BA\u672C\u6848\u9081\u9032\u4E00\u5927\u6B65\uFF0C\u6B64\u5F8C\u6578\u5E74\u4E2D\u7F8E\u570B\u793E\u6703\u7684\u8207\u6C11\u6B0A\u64F4\u5F35\u7B49\u793E\u6703\u4E0A\u7684\u6539\u8B8A\u958B\u59CB\u8208\u8D77\u4E14\u65B9\u8208\u672A\u827E\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Brown v. \u0161koln\u00ED rada Topeky (anglicky: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka), 347 U.S. 483, je p\u0159\u00EDpad Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00EDho soudu Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F americk\u00FDch z roku 1954, kter\u00FD prohl\u00E1sil st\u00E1tn\u00ED z\u00E1kony zakl\u00E1daj\u00EDc\u00ED samostatn\u00E9 ve\u0159ejn\u00E9 \u0161koly pro \u010Dern\u00E9 a b\u00EDl\u00E9 studenty za proti\u00FAstavn\u00ED. Toto rozhodnut\u00ED zm\u011Bnilo p\u0159\u00EDstup soudu z p\u0159\u00EDpadu Plessy vs. Ferguson z roku 1896, kter\u00FD umo\u017E\u0148oval st\u00E1tem podporovanou segregaci (\u201Eseparated but equal\u201C). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED soud pod veden\u00EDm p\u0159edsedy Earla Warrena vynesl verdikt jednomysln\u011B 17. kv\u011Btna 1954 a ve sv\u00E9m rozhodnut\u00ED mimo jin\u00E9 uvedl, \u017Ee \u201Eodd\u011Blen\u00E1 vzd\u011Bl\u00E1vac\u00ED za\u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED jsou z\u00E1konit\u011B nerovn\u00E1.\u201C V d\u016Fsledku tohoto p\u0159\u00EDpadu byla rasov\u00E1 segregace ozna\u010Dena za poru\u0161en\u00ED \u010Dl\u00E1nku o rovnosti p\u0159ed z\u00E1konem (Equal Protection Clause), zaru\u010Den\u00E9 14. dodatkem \u00DAstavy Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F americk\u00FDch. Toto rozhodnut\u00ED p\u0159ipravilo cestu pro a hnut\u00ED za ob\u010Dansk\u00E1 pr\u00E1va Afroameri\u010Dan\u016F. , \u010Derno\u0161sk\u00FD profesor na University of Virginia, uv\u00E1d\u00ED, \u017Ee toto rozhodnut\u00ED bylo chybou, kter\u00E1 zni\u010Dila \u010Derno\u0161skou kulturn\u00ED komunitu."@cs . . . "Brown v. Board of Education was een rechtszaak die werd uitgevochten voor het Hooggerechtshof van de Verenigde Staten in 1954; de rechters beslisten uiteindelijk dat de wettelijk vastgelegde rassenscheiding op openbare scholen niet mocht worden toegepast, omdat er geen sprake van kon zijn dat zwarten onderwijs van hetzelfde niveau zouden krijgen als de blanken wanneer zij naar speciale 'zwarte' scholen moesten. In datzelfde jaar werd hetzelfde bepaald in de zaak met betrekking tot Washington D.C., dat geen staat is en dus niet onder dezelfde wetgeving valt."@nl . . . . . . . "Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. (en fran\u00E7ais : Brown et autres contre le Bureau de l'\u00E9ducation de Topeka et autres), g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement appel\u00E9 simplement Brown v. Board of Education (Brown contre le Bureau de l'\u00E9ducation), d\u00E9signe deux arr\u00EAts de la Cour supr\u00EAme des \u00C9tats-Unis, rendus successivement le 17 mai 1954 (arr\u00EAt 347 U.S. 483), et le 31 mai 1955 (arr\u00EAt 349 U.S. 294) qui d\u00E9clarent la s\u00E9gr\u00E9gation raciale inconstitutionnelle dans les \u00E9coles publiques m\u00EAme si le service rendu y est pr\u00E9tendu de \u00AB qualit\u00E9 \u00E9gale \u00BB. Ces arr\u00EAts suivis de l'arr\u00EAt Browder v. Gayle du 5 juin 1956 mettent \u00E0 mal la port\u00E9e de l'arr\u00EAt Plessy v. Ferguson qui \u00E9tait la pierre de vo\u00FBte des lois s\u00E9gr\u00E9gatives des \u00C9tats du Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis et de la doctrine appel\u00E9e \u00AB separate but equal \u00BB (s\u00E9par\u00E9s mais \u00E9gaux) et qui sera d\u00E9finitivement r\u00E9voqu\u00E9e par le Civil Rights Act de 1957 et le Civil Rights Act de 1964. Cet arr\u00EAt est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme une \u00E9tape d\u00E9cisive du mouvement am\u00E9ricain des droits civiques pour obtenir l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 citoyenne des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "unanimous"@en . . . . . . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3\u5BFE\u30C8\u30D4\u30AB\u6559\u80B2\u59D4\u54E1\u4F1A\u88C1\u5224\uFF08\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3 \u305F\u3044 \u30C8\u30D4\u30AB\u304D\u3087\u3046\u3044\u304F\u3044\u3044\u3093\u304B\u3044 \u3055\u3044\u3070\u3093\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5206\u96E2\u653F\u7B56\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30011954\u5E74\u306B\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u6700\u9AD8\u88C1\u5224\u6240\u304C\u884C\u3063\u305F\u88C1\u5224\u3002\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3\u5224\u6C7A\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u3002 1954\u5E745\u670817\u65E5\u306B\u8A00\u3044\u6E21\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5224\u6C7A\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30FC\u30EB\u30FB\u30A6\u30A9\u30FC\u30EC\u30F3\u9996\u5E2D\u88C1\u5224\u5B98\u306E\u6CD5\u5EF7\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6E80\u5834\u4E00\u81F4\uFF089-0\uFF09\u3067\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u9ED2\u4EBA\u3068\u767D\u4EBA\u306E\u5B66\u751F\u3092\u5206\u96E2\u3057\u305F\u516C\u7ACB\u5B66\u6821\u306E\u8A2D\u7ACB\u3092\u5B9A\u3081\u305F\u30AB\u30F3\u30B6\u30B9\u5DDE\u306E\u5DDE\u6CD5\u306F\u3001\u9ED2\u4EBA(\u53CA\u3073\u6709\u8272\u4EBA\u7A2E)\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306E\u5E73\u7B49\u306A\u6559\u80B2\u306E\u6A5F\u4F1A\u3092\u5426\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u5BA3\u8A00\u3057\u3001\u5358\u5200\u76F4\u5165\u306B\u300C\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5206\u96E2\u3057\u305F\u6559\u80B2\u6A5F\u95A2\u306F\u672C\u6765\u4E0D\u5E73\u7B49\u3067\u3042\u308B\u300D\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u305F\u3002 \u305D\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u3001\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u306E\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5DEE\u5225\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u61B2\u6CD5\u4FEE\u6B63\u7B2C14\u6761\uFF08\u6CD5\u306E\u4E0B\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5E73\u7B49\u4FDD\u8B77\u6761\u9805\uFF09\u306B\u9055\u53CD\u3059\u308B\u3068\u306E\u5224\u4F8B\u304C\u78BA\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u30011896\u5E74\u306E\u30D7\u30EC\u30C3\u30B7\u30FC\u5BFE\u30D5\u30A1\u30FC\u30AC\u30BD\u30F3\u88C1\u5224\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u300C\u5206\u96E2\u3059\u308C\u3069\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5148\u4F8B\u3092\u8986\u3057\u305F\u3002\u3053\u306E\u52DD\u5229\u306F\u4EBA\u7A2E\u7D71\u5408\u3068\u516C\u6C11\u6A29\u904B\u52D5\u3078\u306E\u9053\u3092\u958B\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@de . . . . . . . "Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, et al."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown contro l'ufficio scolastico di Topeka (noto anche come Brown contro l'ufficio scolastico) \u00E8 una sentenza della Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti, pubblicata il 17 maggio 1954 (sentenza 347 U.S. 483). La sentenza ha dichiarato incostituzionale la segregazione razziale nelle scuole pubbliche. Una sentenza complementare sullo stesso caso fu pubblicata il 31 maggio 1955 (349 U.S. 294): le due sentenze sono, per questo motivo, anche citate come Brown I e Brown II. Questa sentenza \u00E8 senza dubbio la pi\u00F9 importante delle decisioni della corte Warren. Da un punto di vista tecnico la sentenza Brown \u00E8 applicabile solamente al sistema di educazione pubblica degli Stati; tuttavia la sentenza Bolling v. Sharpe 349 U.S. 497 (1954), meno conosciuta e pubblicata lo stesso giorno della precedente, esten"@it . . "Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. (en fran\u00E7ais : Brown et autres contre le Bureau de l'\u00E9ducation de Topeka et autres), g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement appel\u00E9 simplement Brown v. Board of Education (Brown contre le Bureau de l'\u00E9ducation), d\u00E9signe deux arr\u00EAts de la Cour supr\u00EAme des \u00C9tats-Unis, rendus successivement le 17 mai 1954 (arr\u00EAt 347 U.S. 483), et le 31 mai 1955 (arr\u00EAt 349 U.S. 294) qui d\u00E9clarent la s\u00E9gr\u00E9gation raciale inconstitutionnelle dans les \u00E9coles publiques m\u00EAme si le service rendu y est pr\u00E9tendu de \u00AB qualit\u00E9 \u00E9gale \u00BB. Ces arr\u00EAts suivis de l'arr\u00EAt Browder v. Gayle du 5 juin 1956 mettent \u00E0 mal la port\u00E9e de l'arr\u00EAt Plessy v. Ferguson qui \u00E9tait la pierre de vo\u00FBte des lois s\u00E9gr\u00E9gatives des \u00C9tats du Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis et de la doctrine appel\u00E9e \u00AB separate but equal \u00BB (s\u00E9par\u00E9s mais \u00E9gau"@fr . "Judgment for defendants, 98 F. Supp. 797 ; probable jurisdiction noted, ."@en . . "17280.0"^^ . . . . . . . "Brown, 397 U.S. at 495."@en . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3\u5BFE\u30C8\u30D4\u30AB\u6559\u80B2\u59D4\u54E1\u4F1A\u88C1\u5224\uFF08\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3 \u305F\u3044 \u30C8\u30D4\u30AB\u304D\u3087\u3046\u3044\u304F\u3044\u3044\u3093\u304B\u3044 \u3055\u3044\u3070\u3093\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5206\u96E2\u653F\u7B56\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30011954\u5E74\u306B\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u6700\u9AD8\u88C1\u5224\u6240\u304C\u884C\u3063\u305F\u88C1\u5224\u3002\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3\u5224\u6C7A\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u3002 1954\u5E745\u670817\u65E5\u306B\u8A00\u3044\u6E21\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5224\u6C7A\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30FC\u30EB\u30FB\u30A6\u30A9\u30FC\u30EC\u30F3\u9996\u5E2D\u88C1\u5224\u5B98\u306E\u6CD5\u5EF7\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6E80\u5834\u4E00\u81F4\uFF089-0\uFF09\u3067\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u9ED2\u4EBA\u3068\u767D\u4EBA\u306E\u5B66\u751F\u3092\u5206\u96E2\u3057\u305F\u516C\u7ACB\u5B66\u6821\u306E\u8A2D\u7ACB\u3092\u5B9A\u3081\u305F\u30AB\u30F3\u30B6\u30B9\u5DDE\u306E\u5DDE\u6CD5\u306F\u3001\u9ED2\u4EBA(\u53CA\u3073\u6709\u8272\u4EBA\u7A2E)\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306E\u5E73\u7B49\u306A\u6559\u80B2\u306E\u6A5F\u4F1A\u3092\u5426\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u5BA3\u8A00\u3057\u3001\u5358\u5200\u76F4\u5165\u306B\u300C\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5206\u96E2\u3057\u305F\u6559\u80B2\u6A5F\u95A2\u306F\u672C\u6765\u4E0D\u5E73\u7B49\u3067\u3042\u308B\u300D\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u305F\u3002 \u305D\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u3001\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u306E\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5DEE\u5225\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u61B2\u6CD5\u4FEE\u6B63\u7B2C14\u6761\uFF08\u6CD5\u306E\u4E0B\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5E73\u7B49\u4FDD\u8B77\u6761\u9805\uFF09\u306B\u9055\u53CD\u3059\u308B\u3068\u306E\u5224\u4F8B\u304C\u78BA\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u30011896\u5E74\u306E\u30D7\u30EC\u30C3\u30B7\u30FC\u5BFE\u30D5\u30A1\u30FC\u30AC\u30BD\u30F3\u88C1\u5224\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u300C\u5206\u96E2\u3059\u308C\u3069\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5148\u4F8B\u3092\u8986\u3057\u305F\u3002\u3053\u306E\u52DD\u5229\u306F\u4EBA\u7A2E\u7D71\u5408\u3068\u516C\u6C11\u6A29\u904B\u52D5\u3078\u306E\u9053\u3092\u958B\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which had held that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that had come to be known as \"separate but equal\". The Court's decision in Brown paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases."@en . . . . . . . . . . "El cas Brown contra el Consell d'Educaci\u00F3 de Topeka, 347 O.S. 483 (1954) \u00E9s una sent\u00E8ncia judicial hist\u00F2rica del Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units, car va declarar que les lleis estatals que establien escoles separades per a estudiants afroamericans i blancs negaven la igualtat d'oportunitats educatives. El cas es va originar el 1951, quan el districte escolar p\u00FAblic de Topeka, es va negar a inscriure la filla (Linda Brown) del resident negre local Oliver Brown a l'escola m\u00E9s propera a la seva llar, instant a que an\u00E9s amb l'autob\u00FAs cap a una escola prim\u00E0ria negra segregada m\u00E9s llunyana. Els Browns i altres dotze fam\u00EDlies negres locals en situacions semblants van presentar una demanda judicial a un tribunal federal dels Estats Units contra el Consell d'Educaci\u00F3 de Topeka, al\u00B7legant que la seva pol\u00EDtica de segregaci\u00F3 era inconstitucional. Un tribunal de tres jutges del Tribunal de Districte va pronunciar un veredicte contra els Browns, basant-se en el precedent de la decisi\u00F3 del Tribunal Suprem de 1896 al cas Plessy contra Ferguson, en qu\u00E8 el Tribunal havia dictaminat que la segregaci\u00F3 racial no era en si mateixa, una violaci\u00F3 de la cl\u00E0usula de la Catorzena Esmena de la Constituci\u00F3 per a la igualtat de protecci\u00F3 si les instal\u00B7lacions en q\u00FCesti\u00F3 eren iguals, una doctrina que es coneixia com a \u00ABseparats, per\u00F2 iguals\u00BB. La sent\u00E8ncia Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units va ser dictada el 17 de maig de 1954, de forma un\u00E0nime (9-0), per la Cort Warren, i va establir que les \u00ABinstal\u00B7lacions escolars separades s\u00F3n \"inherentment desiguals\" i argumentava que \"separar-los d'altres nens de la mateixa edat i qualificaci\u00F3 \u00FAnicament per motiu de ra\u00E7a, genera un sentiment d'inferioritat quant a la seva posici\u00F3 a la comunitat que pot afectar els cors i les ments d'una manera improbable de revertir\". Amb aix\u00F2, el Tribunal Suprem va revocar els precedents existents des del cas Plessy contra Ferguson de 1896. Com a resultat d'aquesta sent\u00E8ncia, la segregaci\u00F3 racial va passar a ser considerada com una violaci\u00F3 de la Cl\u00E0usula sobre Protecci\u00F3 Igualit\u00E0ria de la Catorzena esmena de la Constituci\u00F3. Aquesta sent\u00E8ncia va obrir el cam\u00ED per a la integraci\u00F3 racial i per al reconeixement dels drets civils per a les persones afroamericanes."@ca . . . . "2019-05-02"^^ . . . . . "Brown v. \u0161koln\u00ED rada Topeky (anglicky: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka), 347 U.S. 483, je p\u0159\u00EDpad Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00EDho soudu Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F americk\u00FDch z roku 1954, kter\u00FD prohl\u00E1sil st\u00E1tn\u00ED z\u00E1kony zakl\u00E1daj\u00EDc\u00ED samostatn\u00E9 ve\u0159ejn\u00E9 \u0161koly pro \u010Dern\u00E9 a b\u00EDl\u00E9 studenty za proti\u00FAstavn\u00ED. Toto rozhodnut\u00ED zm\u011Bnilo p\u0159\u00EDstup soudu z p\u0159\u00EDpadu Plessy vs. Ferguson z roku 1896, kter\u00FD umo\u017E\u0148oval st\u00E1tem podporovanou segregaci (\u201Eseparated but equal\u201C). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED soud pod veden\u00EDm p\u0159edsedy Earla Warrena vynesl verdikt jednomysln\u011B 17. kv\u011Btna 1954 a ve sv\u00E9m rozhodnut\u00ED mimo jin\u00E9 uvedl, \u017Ee \u201Eodd\u011Blen\u00E1 vzd\u011Bl\u00E1vac\u00ED za\u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED jsou z\u00E1konit\u011B nerovn\u00E1.\u201C V d\u016Fsledku tohoto p\u0159\u00EDpadu byla rasov\u00E1 segregace ozna\u010Dena za poru\u0161en\u00ED \u010Dl\u00E1nku o rovnosti p\u0159ed z\u00E1konem (Equal Protection Clause), zaru\u010Den\u00E9 14. dodatkem \u00DAstavy Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F americk\u00FDch. Toto ro"@cs . . . . "Brown, 347 U.S. at 489."@en . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@nl . . "\u00AB\u041E\u0301\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0443\u043D \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0301\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0422\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0438\u00BB (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.) 347 U.S. 483 (1954) \u2014 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 1954 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0448\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@ru . . . . . . . . "\uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uB300 \uAD50\uC721\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C \uC7AC\uD310(Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 1954\uB144)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5F0\uBC29 \uB300\uBC95\uC6D0\uC758 \uD68D\uAE30\uC801 \uD310\uB840\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD310\uB840\uB294 \uB2F9\uC2DC \uB0A8\uCABD 17\uC8FC(states)\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC31\uC778\uACFC \uC720\uC0C9\uC778\uC885\uC774 \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uB9BD\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0 \uB2E4\uB2D0\uC218 \uC5C6\uAC8C \uD558\uB294 \uC8FC(state)\uBC95\uC744 \uBD88\uBC95\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD310\uC815\uD588\uB2E4. \uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uB300 \uAD50\uC721\uC704, \uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uC0AC\uAC74\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uBD88\uB9AC\uB294 \uC774 \uD310\uB840\uB85C \"\uBD84\uB9AC\uD558\uB418 \uD3C9\uB4F1\"\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC778\uC885\uCC28\uBCC4 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uC815\uB2F9\uD654 \uD558\uAC8C \uB41C \uD50C\uB808\uC2DC \uB300 \uD37C\uAC70\uC2A8 (1896\uB144)\uC774 58\uB144 \uB9CC\uC5D0 \uB4A4\uC9D1\uD788\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education,"@en . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@in . . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@en . . . . . . "1954"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Berea College v. Kentucky"@en . . . . "Brown mot skolstyrelsen"@sv . "To separate [black children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone."@en . . . "\u5E03\u6717\u8A34\u6258\u76AE\u5361\u6559\u80B2\u5C40\u6848\uFF08Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, U.S. 483 (1954)\uFF0C\u5168\u540DOliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0B\u7C21\u7A31\u5E03\u6717\u6848\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u4EF6\u7F8E\u56FD\u5386\u53F2\u4E0A\u975E\u5E38\u91CD\u8981\u3001\u5177\u6709\u6307\u6A19\u610F\u7FA9\u7684\u8A34\u8A1F\u6848\u3002\u8A72\u6848\u65BC1954\u5E745\u670817\u65E5\u7531\u7F8E\u570B\u6700\u9AD8\u6CD5\u9662\u505A\u51FA\u6C7A\u5B9A\uFF0C\u5224\u6C7A\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u672C\u8CEA\u4E0A\u5C31\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u4E0D\u5E73\u7B49\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u539F\u544A\u8207\u88AB\u544A\u96D9\u65B9\u6240\u722D\u57F7\u7684\u300C\u9ED1\u4EBA\u8207\u767D\u4EBA\u5B78\u7AE5\u4E0D\u5F97\u9032\u5165\u540C\u4E00\u6240\u5B78\u6821\u5C31\u8B80\u300D\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5FC5\u9808\u6392\u9664\u300C\u9694\u96E2\u4F46\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u5148\u4F8B\u7684\u9069\u7528\uFF08\u8A72\u5148\u4F8B\u7531\u666E\u840A\u897F\u8A34\u5F17\u683C\u68EE\u6848\u2500\u2500\u7C21\u7A31\u666E\u840A\u897F\u6848\u2500\u2500\u6240\u5EFA\u7ACB\uFF09\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u56E0\u70BA\u525D\u596A\u4E86\u9ED1\u4EBA\u5B78\u7AE5\u7684\u5165\u5B78\u6B0A\u5229\u800C\u9055\u53CD\u4E86\u7F8E\u570B\u61B2\u6CD5\u7B2C\u5341\u56DB\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u4E2D\u6240\u4FDD\u969C\u7684\u5E73\u7B49\u6B0A\u800C\u9055\u61B2\uFF0C\u8A72\u6CD5\u5F8B\u56E0\u800C\u4E0D\u5F97\u5728\u500B\u6848\u4E2D\u9069\u7528\uFF0C\u5B78\u7AE5\u4E0D\u5F97\u57FA\u65BC\u7A2E\u65CF\u56E0\u7D20\u88AB\u62D2\u7D55\u5165\u5B78\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u672C\u5224\u6C7A\u7684\u7DE3\u6545\uFF0C\u7D42\u6B62\u4E86\u7F8E\u570B\u793E\u6703\u4E2D\u5B58\u5728\u5DF2\u4E45\u767D\u4EBA\u548C\u9ED1\u4EBA\u5FC5\u9808\u5206\u5225\u5C31\u8B80\u4E0D\u540C\u516C\u7ACB\u5B78\u6821\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u73FE\u8C61\u3002\u5F9E\u672C\u5224\u6C7A\u5F8C\u300C\u9694\u96E2\u4F46\u5E73\u7B49\u300D\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u539F\u5247\u88AB\u63A8\u7FFB\uFF0C\u4EFB\u4F55\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u7684\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u96A8\u5F8C\u90FD\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u9055\u53CD\u61B2\u6CD5\u6240\u4FDD\u969C\u7684\u5E73\u7B49\u6B0A\u800C\u88AB\u5224\u6C7A\u9055\u61B2\uFF1B\u540C\u6642\u672C\u6848\u4E5F\u958B\u555F\u4E86\u63A5\u4E0B\u4F86\u6578\u5E74\u4E2D\u7F8E\u570B\u958B\u59CB\u5EE2\u6B62\u4E00\u5207\u6709\u95DC\u7A2E\u65CF\u9694\u96E2\u7684\u63AA\u65BD\uFF1B\u7F8E\u570B\u7684\u6C11\u6B0A\u904B\u52D5\u4E5F\u56E0\u70BA\u672C\u6848\u9081\u9032\u4E00\u5927\u6B65\uFF0C\u6B64\u5F8C\u6578\u5E74\u4E2D\u7F8E\u570B\u793E\u6703\u7684\u8207\u6C11\u6B0A\u64F4\u5F35\u7B49\u793E\u6703\u4E0A\u7684\u6539\u8B8A\u958B\u59CB\u8208\u8D77\u4E14\u65B9\u8208\u672A\u827E\u3002"@zh . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which had held that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that had come to be known as \"separate but equal\". The Court's decision in Brown paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases. The underlying case began in 1951 when the public school system in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll local black resident Oliver Brown's daughter at the elementary school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black school farther away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations filed a class-action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A special three-judge court of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson and its \"separate but equal\" doctrine. The Browns, represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, then appealed the ruling directly to the Supreme Court. In May 1954, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9\u20130 decision in favor of the Browns. The Court ruled that \"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal\", and therefore laws that impose them violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\". In the Southern United States, especially the \"Deep South\", where racial segregation was deeply entrenched, the reaction to Brown among most white people was \"noisy and stubborn\". Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as \"Massive Resistance\", created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems. Four years later, in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown, and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling."@en . . . "Plessy v. Ferguson"@en . . . . . "Caso Brown v. Board of Education"@pt . . "--12-09"^^ . . "210"^^ . . . . . . . . . "1123031864"^^ . . . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (de 1954) foi um caso marcante julgado na Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos onde foi decidido ser inconstitucional as divis\u00F5es raciais entre estudantes brancos e negros em escolas p\u00FAblicas pelo pa\u00EDs. Este parecer reverteu a decis\u00E3o tomada pela Corte no caso Plessy v. Ferguson de 1896, que havia se tornado a base jur\u00EDdica para validar a segrega\u00E7\u00E3o racial pelos Estados Unidos (especialmente no sul) em locais p\u00FAblicos, tais como escolas, hospitais, pra\u00E7as e paradas de \u00F4nibus e trem."@pt . . . . . . "--05-17"^^ . "Brown vs. \u0161koln\u00ED rada Topeky"@cs . "172800.0"^^ . . "Warren"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, et al."@en . "Brown contra el Consell d'Educaci\u00F3"@ca . . . . . . . . "Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education"@en . . . . . "\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043D \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E"@ru . . . . . "1952"^^ . "\u00AB\u041E\u0301\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0443\u043D \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0301\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0422\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0438\u00BB (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.) 347 U.S. 483 (1954) \u2014 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 1954 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0448\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@ru . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education ist die Sammelbezeichnung f\u00FCr f\u00FCnf von 1952 bis 1954 vor dem Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten verhandelte F\u00E4lle zum Thema der Rassentrennung an \u00F6ffentlichen Schulen. Die von betroffenen Eltern eingebrachten Sammelklagen gegen vier Bundesstaaten und den Bundesdistrikt vertraten die Position, dass separate Einrichtungen f\u00FCr Sch\u00FCler getrennt nach Hautfarbe den Gleichheitsgrundsatz der Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten verletzen. Der Oberste Gerichtshof schloss sich dieser Argumentation mit seinem Grundsatzurteil vom 17. Mai 1954 einstimmig an und hob damit die sp\u00E4testens seit Plessy v. Ferguson geltende Rechtsprechung (\u201Cseparate but equal\u201D) auf. Die Entscheidung markierte das Ende der rechtlich sanktionierten Rassentrennung an staatlichen Schulen in den Vereinigten Staaten."@de . . . . . . . . . . "Caso Brown contra Consejo de Educaci\u00F3n de Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),\u200B fue una decisi\u00F3n hist\u00F3rica de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, en cual la Corte dictamin\u00F3 que las leyes estatales de los Estados Unidos que establecen la segregaci\u00F3n racial en las escuelas p\u00FAblicas son inconstitucionales, incluso si las escuelas segregadas son iguales. La decisi\u00F3n de la Corte anul\u00F3 parcialmente su decisi\u00F3n de 1896 Plessy contra Ferguson, declarando que la noci\u00F3n de \"separados pero iguales\" era inconstitucional para las escuelas p\u00FAblicas y las instalaciones educativas estadounidenses. Allan\u00F3 el camino para la integraci\u00F3n y fue una gran victoria para el movimiento de derechos civiles, y es un modelo para muchos casos de litigio de impacto en el futuro. El caso subyacente comenz\u00F3 en 1951, cuando el sistema de escuelas p\u00FAblicas en Topeka, Kansas, se neg\u00F3 a inscribir a la hija del residente negro local Oliver Brown en la escuela primaria m\u00E1s cercana a su casa, y en su lugar le exigieron que viajara en autob\u00FAs a una escuela segregada m\u00E1s lejos. Los Brown y otras doce familias negras locales en situaciones similares presentaron una demanda colectiva en un Tribunal Federal de los Estados Unidos contra la Junta de Educaci\u00F3n de Topeka, alegando que su pol\u00EDtica de segregaci\u00F3n era inconstitucional. Un panel de tres jueces del Tribunal de Distrito de los Estados Unidos para el Distrito de Kansas dict\u00F3 un veredicto contra los Brown, bas\u00E1ndose en el precedente de Plessy v. Ferguson, en el que la Corte Suprema hab\u00EDa dictaminado que la segregaci\u00F3n racial no era en s\u00ED una misma violaci\u00F3n de la Cl\u00E1usula de Igual Protecci\u00F3n de la Decimocuarta Enmienda si las instalaciones en cuesti\u00F3n eran por lo d\u00E9mas iguales, una doctrina que se conoc\u00EDa \"separados pero iguales\". Los Brown, entonces representados por el abogado principal de la NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, apelaron el fallo directamente ante la Corte Suprema. El 17 de mayo de 1954, la Corte Suprema emiti\u00F3 una decisi\u00F3n un\u00E1nime (9-0) a favor de los Brown. El Tribunal dictamin\u00F3 que las instalaciones educativas separadas eran inherentemente desiguales y, por lo tanto, las leyes que la imponen violan la Cl\u00E1usula de Protecci\u00F3n Igualitaria de la Decimocuarta Enmienda de la Constituci\u00F3n de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, las 14 p\u00E1ginas de la decisi\u00F3n no detall\u00F3 ning\u00FAn tipo de m\u00E9todo para poner fin a la segregaci\u00F3n racial en las escuelas, y la segunda decisi\u00F3n de la Corte en Brown II (1955) solo orden\u00F3 a los estados eliminar la segregaci\u00F3n \"con toda la rapidez deliberada\".En el sur de los Estados Unidos, especialmente en el \"Sur Profundo\", donde la segregaci\u00F3n racial estaba profundamente arraigada, la reacci\u00F3n a Brown entre la mayor\u00EDa de los blancos fue \"ruidosa y obstinada\". Muchos l\u00EDderes gubernamentales y pol\u00EDticos del sur adoptaron un plan conocido como \"Resistencia masiva\", creado por el senador de Virginia Harry F. Byrd, para frutrar los intentos de obligarlos a eliminar la segregaci\u00F3n en sus sistemas escolares. Cuatro a\u00F1os m\u00E1s tarde, en el caso Cooper v. Aaron, la Corte reafirm\u00F3 su fallo en Brown y declar\u00F3 expl\u00EDcitamente que los funcionarios estatales y los legisladores no ten\u00EDan poder para anular su fallo.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Caso Brown contra Consejo de Educaci\u00F3n de Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),\u200B fue una decisi\u00F3n hist\u00F3rica de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, en cual la Corte dictamin\u00F3 que las leyes estatales de los Estados Unidos que establecen la segregaci\u00F3n racial en las escuelas p\u00FAblicas son inconstitucionales, incluso si las escuelas segregadas son iguales. La decisi\u00F3n de la Corte anul\u00F3 parcialmente su decisi\u00F3n de 1896 Plessy contra Ferguson, declarando que la noci\u00F3n de \"separados pero iguales\" era inconstitucional para las escuelas p\u00FAblicas y las instalaciones educativas estadounidenses. Allan\u00F3 el camino para la integraci\u00F3n y fue una gran victoria para el movimiento de derechos civiles, y es un modelo para muchos casos de litigio de impacto en el futuro."@es . . . . . "--05-09"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Brown, 397 U.S. at 493."@en . . "Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@en . . . . . . . . . "El cas Brown contra el Consell d'Educaci\u00F3 de Topeka, 347 O.S. 483 (1954) \u00E9s una sent\u00E8ncia judicial hist\u00F2rica del Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units, car va declarar que les lleis estatals que establien escoles separades per a estudiants afroamericans i blancs negaven la igualtat d'oportunitats educatives."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown v. Board of Education ,"@en . . . . "95897"^^ . . "1953"^^ . . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30A6\u30F3\u5BFE\u6559\u80B2\u59D4\u54E1\u4F1A\u88C1\u5224"@ja . . "483"^^ . . . . . . . "Brown contro l'ufficio scolastico di Topeka (noto anche come Brown contro l'ufficio scolastico) \u00E8 una sentenza della Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti, pubblicata il 17 maggio 1954 (sentenza 347 U.S. 483). La sentenza ha dichiarato incostituzionale la segregazione razziale nelle scuole pubbliche. Una sentenza complementare sullo stesso caso fu pubblicata il 31 maggio 1955 (349 U.S. 294): le due sentenze sono, per questo motivo, anche citate come Brown I e Brown II. Questa sentenza \u00E8 senza dubbio la pi\u00F9 importante delle decisioni della corte Warren. Da un punto di vista tecnico la sentenza Brown \u00E8 applicabile solamente al sistema di educazione pubblica degli Stati; tuttavia la sentenza Bolling v. Sharpe 349 U.S. 497 (1954), meno conosciuta e pubblicata lo stesso giorno della precedente, estende l'obbligo anche al governo federale."@it . . . "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (de 1954) foi um caso marcante julgado na Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos onde foi decidido ser inconstitucional as divis\u00F5es raciais entre estudantes brancos e negros em escolas p\u00FAblicas pelo pa\u00EDs. Este parecer reverteu a decis\u00E3o tomada pela Corte no caso Plessy v. Ferguson de 1896, que havia se tornado a base jur\u00EDdica para validar a segrega\u00E7\u00E3o racial pelos Estados Unidos (especialmente no sul) em locais p\u00FAblicos, tais como escolas, hospitais, pra\u00E7as e paradas de \u00F4nibus e trem. A decis\u00E3o foi tomada a 17 de maio de 1954, quando a corte, encabe\u00E7ada pelo jurista Earl Warren, votou por unanimidade (9\u20130) declarando como inconstitucional, afirmando que \"instala\u00E7\u00F5es educacionais separadas s\u00E3o inerentemente desiguais\". O resultado imediato desta decis\u00E3o foi o fim de jure da segrega\u00E7\u00E3o racial nas institui\u00E7\u00F5es de ensino p\u00FAblico americanas (embora de facto esta continuasse por mais alguns anos em v\u00E1rias localidades), quando foi determinado pelos ju\u00EDzes que a \"Cl\u00E1usula de Prote\u00E7\u00E3o de Iguais\" da 14\u00AA Emenda da Constitui\u00E7\u00E3o estava sendo violada. A decis\u00E3o abriu caminho para a dessegrega\u00E7\u00E3o nas institui\u00E7\u00F5es p\u00FAblicas do pa\u00EDs e acabou sendo um marco para o Movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos. Ainda assim, muitos pol\u00EDticos e juristas (especialmente no sul) n\u00E3o interpretaram a decis\u00E3o como \"definitiva\" e resistiram, especialmente porque a Corte n\u00E3o especificou o m\u00E9todo ou o prazo para a dessegrega\u00E7\u00E3o. Foi necess\u00E1rio uma segunda delibera\u00E7\u00E3o (a Brown II) para ordenar que a dessegrega\u00E7\u00E3o em locais p\u00FAblicos (como escolas) fosse feita de forma mais r\u00E1pida e efetiva."@pt . . . "Brown v. Board of Education ist die Sammelbezeichnung f\u00FCr f\u00FCnf von 1952 bis 1954 vor dem Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten verhandelte F\u00E4lle zum Thema der Rassentrennung an \u00F6ffentlichen Schulen. Die von betroffenen Eltern eingebrachten Sammelklagen gegen vier Bundesstaaten und den Bundesdistrikt vertraten die Position, dass separate Einrichtungen f\u00FCr Sch\u00FCler getrennt nach Hautfarbe den Gleichheitsgrundsatz der Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten verletzen. Der Oberste Gerichtshof schloss sich dieser Argumentation mit seinem Grundsatzurteil vom 17. Mai 1954 einstimmig an und hob damit die sp\u00E4testens seit Plessy v. Ferguson geltende Rechtsprechung (\u201Cseparate but equal\u201D) auf. Die Entscheidung markierte das Ende der rechtlich sanktionierten Rassentrennung an staatlichen Schulen in de"@de . "Caso Brown contra el Consejo de Educaci\u00F3n"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown contro l'ufficio scolastico di Topeka"@it . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment."@en . . "Brown v. Board of Education"@fr . "Reargument was largely devoted to the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. It covered exhaustively consideration of the Amendment in Congress, ratification by the states, then-existing practices in racial segregation, and the views of proponents and opponents of the Amendment. This discussion and our own investigation convince us that, although these sources cast some light, it is not enough to resolve the problem with which we are faced. At best, they are inconclusive."@en . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . "--12-08"^^ . . . . . . . "Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka (Brown mot Topekas skolstyrelse) \u00E4r ett domstolsavg\u00F6rande (347 U.S. 483) fr\u00E5n den 17 maj 1954 i USA:s h\u00F6gsta domstol, som etablerade ett f\u00F6rbud mot separata skolor f\u00F6r svarta och vita i USA. Domen upph\u00E4vde formellt ras\u00E5tskillnaden i det amerikanska utbildningsv\u00E4sendet, men det skulle \u00E4nnu ta ett tag innan reell ras\u00E5tskillnad hade upph\u00E4vts, s\u00E4rskilt vid universiteten. Likav\u00E4l blev domen mycket viktig f\u00F6r integreringen i grundskolor och p\u00E5 collegeniv\u00E5, och banade v\u00E4g f\u00F6r den svarta medborgarr\u00E4ttsr\u00F6relsen i USA. Domslutet i h\u00F6gsta domstolen under Earl Warrens ledning var enh\u00E4lligt (9\u20130). Det h\u00E4nvisade till r\u00E4ttigheterna i fjortonde till\u00E4gget till den amerikanska grundlagen. Domen upph\u00E4vde r\u00E4ttsregler, lagar och domar i delstaterna d\u00E4r dessa till\u00E4t rassegregerade skolor, och upph\u00E4vde fr\u00E5n 1896. Fallet startade 1951 med att den svarta familjefadern, svetsaren och pastorn f\u00F6rde grupptalan mot skolstyrelsen i staden Topeka. Saken g\u00E4llde formellt r\u00E4tten att skriva in barnen vid vita skolor som l\u00E5g n\u00E4rmare hemmet \u00E4n svarta skolor. NAACP-advokaten Thurgood Marshall f\u00F6ljde fallet genom hela \u00F6verklagandeprocessen, medan de svarta juristerna och f\u00F6rde saken i r\u00E4tten. F\u00F6rsvararna h\u00E4nvisade bland annat till Unesco-uttalandet The Race Question fr\u00E5n 1950, som en rad l\u00E4nder hade anslutit sig till. Domarna h\u00E4nvisade ocks\u00E5 till den svenske ekonomen Gunnar Myrdals bok An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944)."@sv . . "\uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uB300 \uAD50\uC721\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C \uC7AC\uD310(Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 1954\uB144)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5F0\uBC29 \uB300\uBC95\uC6D0\uC758 \uD68D\uAE30\uC801 \uD310\uB840\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD310\uB840\uB294 \uB2F9\uC2DC \uB0A8\uCABD 17\uC8FC(states)\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC31\uC778\uACFC \uC720\uC0C9\uC778\uC885\uC774 \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uB9BD\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0 \uB2E4\uB2D0\uC218 \uC5C6\uAC8C \uD558\uB294 \uC8FC(state)\uBC95\uC744 \uBD88\uBC95\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD310\uC815\uD588\uB2E4. \uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uB300 \uAD50\uC721\uC704, \uBE0C\uB77C\uC6B4 \uC0AC\uAC74\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uBD88\uB9AC\uB294 \uC774 \uD310\uB840\uB85C \"\uBD84\uB9AC\uD558\uB418 \uD3C9\uB4F1\"\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC778\uC885\uCC28\uBCC4 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uC815\uB2F9\uD654 \uD558\uAC8C \uB41C \uD50C\uB808\uC2DC \uB300 \uD37C\uAC70\uC2A8 (1896\uB144)\uC774 58\uB144 \uB9CC\uC5D0 \uB4A4\uC9D1\uD788\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . "\u5E03\u6717\u8A34\u6258\u76AE\u5361\u6559\u80B2\u5C40\u6848"@zh . .