. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Una discusi\u00F3n muy com\u00FAn en la cultura occidental es la de si el budismo es o no una religi\u00F3n. El budismo es considerado de manera general por la pr\u00E1ctica totalidad de la literatura occidental como una religi\u00F3n que afirma una v\u00EDa de liberaci\u00F3n espiritual al sufrimiento. No obstante, Buda Gautama refuta la existencia de deidades, rechazando tanto el dogmatismo como la fe. El nirvana no es debido a una revelaci\u00F3n divina, sino que se produce como un descubrimiento directo y personal de la realidad \u00FAltima. Un buda no es un dios, ni un mes\u00EDas, ni un profeta. El budismo no afirma la existencia de un creador del universo como causa \u00FAltima de la realidad, y sus ense\u00F1anzas no son percibidas por sus seguidores como dogmas. Seg\u00FAn modelos adoptados por los estudiosos occidentales de las religiones, como por ejemplo el que usa Ninian Smart,\u200B los aspectos religiosos del budismo son entre otros: \n* Por experiencia propia y emotivo: esto se observa en el \u00E9nfasis que pone el budismo en el valor de la propia experiencia personal directa y en una b\u00FAsqueda de conexi\u00F3n emocional con algo m\u00E1s grande que el s\u00ED-mismo, a lo que Myokyo-Ni se refiri\u00F3 como \"religarse\" a la existencia, la vida o a la \"base del ser\".\u200B \n* Pr\u00E1ctica ritual y devocional: aunque el \u00E9nfasis de las escuelas budistas en la devoci\u00F3n y la pr\u00E1ctica de rituales es muy variable, todas ellas las llevan a cabo. \n* Narrativas y mitos: el budismo utiliza innumerables historias y par\u00E1bolas edificantes e instructivas. La misma historia de Siddhartha Gautama se ofrece como un modelo de vida y contiene elementos claramente fant\u00E1sticos y simb\u00F3licos. Aparte de estas tres caracter\u00EDsticas, este modelo tambi\u00E9n incluye otras cuatro dimensiones adicionales: \"Doctrinal/Filos\u00F3fica\", \"\u00C9tica/Legal\", \"Social/Organizativa\" y \"Material/Objetos\" todas ellas tambi\u00E9n presentes en el budismo. El motivo que genera dificultades en la mente de muchos occidentales para poder calificar el budismo como religi\u00F3n es su car\u00E1cter no te\u00EDsta. Al \"heredar\" la cosmolog\u00EDa del brahmanismo, el budismo menciona devas (\u00E1ngeles o deidades), pero niega que estas deidades tengan una esencia eterna; no se conciben como una realidad independiente del sujeto que las percibe y no pueden afectar o interceder en la liberaci\u00F3n de la persona. Otra complicaci\u00F3n a\u00FAn mayor lo constituye el hecho de que el budismo rechaza la existencia del alma o esp\u00EDritu, si bien no puede ser considerado nihilista (v\u00E9ase \u0100tman). En Occidente se suele asociar la religi\u00F3n con la conexi\u00F3n del alma con la divinidad. Esto es un cultural influenciado por las religiones abrah\u00E1micas pero no es universal aunque haga que muchas personas vean el budismo como una filosof\u00EDa o solo un modo de vida y pr\u00E1ctica o incluso \u00FAnicamente una t\u00E9cnica de mejoramiento personal. De hecho, aparte de no afirmar la existencia de un dios como \u00FAltima explicaci\u00F3n de la realidad, el budismo realiza adem\u00E1s indagaciones muy elaboradas sobre las caracter\u00EDsticas y la naturaleza fundamental del ser humano, la mente y la realidad. Sin embargo el budismo no es considerado en Occidente como una filosof\u00EDa ya que no es solo un mero cultivo intelectual o personal, sino tambi\u00E9n social, moral y contradictoriamente espiritual."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Buddhism in the West"@en . . 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"Le bouddhisme en Occident est la r\u00E9sultante de flux d'\u00E9crits, d'id\u00E9es, et de personnes qui ont permis \u00E0 la doctrine du Bouddha Shakyamuni et aux diff\u00E9rents courants religieux qui s'en r\u00E9clament de se diffuser en dehors de leur cadre d'origine qu'est l'Asie. Bouddhisme est un terme forg\u00E9 par les Occidentaux au d\u00E9but du XIXe si\u00E8cle pour d\u00E9signer les enseignements du Bouddha et les croyances ainsi que les pratiques qui en sont issues. C'est au cours de ce si\u00E8cle que le bouddhisme devient connu en Occident, d'abord dans les milieux universitaires (avec ce qui deviendra la \u00AB bouddhologie \u00BB), avant d'\u00EAtre progressivement popularis\u00E9 par des auteurs qui sont souvent des semi-scientifiques, et de s'implanter de fa\u00E7on significative durant la deuxi\u00E8me moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle, notamment dans plusieurs pays d'Europe, aux \u00C9tats-Unis et en Australie."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1116633956"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Storia del buddhismo in Occidente"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Setelah pertemuan Klasik antara agama Buddha dan Kebudayaan Barat menghasilkan Seni Buddha-Yunani, pertemuan pertama antara orang Eropa dan agama Buddha terjadi pada Abad Pertengahan ketika bruder Fransiskan Willem van Ruysbroeck dikirim sebagai duta ke istana Mongolia milik oleh Raja Prancis Santo Louis pada tahun 1253. Kontak ini terjadi di Cailac (sekarang di Kazakhstan), dan Willem pertama-tama mengira bahwa mereka adalah orang Kristen yang sudah mutakhir dan canggih (Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road)."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Buddhism in the West (or more narrowly Western Buddhism) broadly encompasses the knowledge and practice of Buddhism outside of Asia in the Western world. Occasional intersections between Western civilization and the Buddhist world have been occurring for thousands of years. The first Westerners to become Buddhists were Greeks who settled in Bactria and India during the Hellenistic period. They became influential figures during the reigns of the Indo-Greek kings, whose patronage of Buddhism led to the emergence of Greco-Buddhism and Greco-Buddhist art. There was little contact between the Western and Buddhist cultures during most of the Middle Ages but the early modern rise of global trade and mercantilism, improved navigation technology and the European colonization of Asian Buddhist countries led to increased knowledge of Buddhism among Westerners. This increased contact led to various responses from Buddhists and Westerners throughout the modern era. These include religious proselytism, religious polemics and debates (such as the Sri Lankan Panadura debate), Buddhist modernism, Western convert Buddhists and the rise of Buddhist studies in Western academia. During the 20th century, there was a growth in Western Buddhism due to various factors such as immigration, globalization, the decline of Christianity and increased interest among Westerners. The various schools of Buddhism are now established in all major Western countries making up a small minority in the United States (1% in 2017), Europe (0.2% in 2010), Australia (2.4% in 2016) and New Zealand (1.5% in 2013)."@en . . "Westers boeddhisme is een verzamelterm voor de verschillende boeddhistische stromingen die zijn ontstaan in de westerse wereld. Kenmerkend voor het boeddhisme in het Westen is de opkomst van groeperingen die, hoewel ze putten uit het traditionele boeddhisme, een eigen stijl van boeddhistische beoefening ontwikkelen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mit Buddhismus im Westen wird der religi\u00F6se und philosophische Einfluss des Buddhismus auf die Kultur der sogenannten westlichen Welt bezeichnet. Ebenso wird darunter die Verbreitung des Buddhismus im \u201EWesten\u201C sowie der zunehmende Austausch zwischen der \u201Ewestlichen\u201C Kultur und dem Buddhismus verstanden. Eine intensive Besch\u00E4ftigung mit dem Buddhismus findet in der westlichen Welt erst seit rund 100 Jahren statt."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Setelah pertemuan Klasik antara agama Buddha dan Kebudayaan Barat menghasilkan Seni Buddha-Yunani, pertemuan pertama antara orang Eropa dan agama Buddha terjadi pada Abad Pertengahan ketika bruder Fransiskan Willem van Ruysbroeck dikirim sebagai duta ke istana Mongolia milik oleh Raja Prancis Santo Louis pada tahun 1253. Kontak ini terjadi di Cailac (sekarang di Kazakhstan), dan Willem pertama-tama mengira bahwa mereka adalah orang Kristen yang sudah mutakhir dan canggih (Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road). Namun ketertarikan utama bagi agama Buddha muncul selama zaman kolonial, ketika kekuasaan Barat berada di posisi untuk menyaksikan kepercayaan dan manifestasi artistiknya secara terperinci.Filsafat Eropa dengan kuat dipengaruhi oleh penelitian agama Timur saat itu. Dibukanya Jepang untuk orang asing pada tahun 1853 juga membuat minat untuk meneliti sastra dan kebudayaan Jepang berkembang, dan merupakan akses yang sangat baik kepada salah satu kebudayaan Buddha yang terbesar di dunia. Agama Buddha mulai menikmati minat kuat dari penduduk umum di belahan barat dunia selama abad ke-20, mengikuti kegagalan utopia sosial yang terlihat, dari Fasisme ke Marxisme. Sesudah Perang Dunia II, fokus kemajuan cenderung bergeser ke perkembangan pribadi, baik pada sisi rohani maupun jasmani. Dalam konteks ini, agama Buddha sudah menunjukkan daya tarik kuat, karena toleransinya, ketiadaan konsep autoritas Ketuhanan dan determinisme, dan fokusnya terhadap perkembangan jalan-jalan pribadi menuju penerangan (dan keselamatan)."@in . . . . "Il buddhismo in Occidente accoglie ampiamente le conoscenze e pratiche presenti anche nel continente asiatico, ci\u00F2 in seguito a contatti, susseguitesi nei secoli, tra le dottrine buddhiste e alcune delle civilt\u00E0 del mondo occidentale che si sono via via succedute nel tempo."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Buddhism in the West (or more narrowly Western Buddhism) broadly encompasses the knowledge and practice of Buddhism outside of Asia in the Western world. Occasional intersections between Western civilization and the Buddhist world have been occurring for thousands of years. The first Westerners to become Buddhists were Greeks who settled in Bactria and India during the Hellenistic period. They became influential figures during the reigns of the Indo-Greek kings, whose patronage of Buddhism led to the emergence of Greco-Buddhism and Greco-Buddhist art. There was little contact between the Western and Buddhist cultures during most of the Middle Ages but the early modern rise of global trade and mercantilism, improved navigation technology and the European colonization of Asian Buddhist count"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bouddhisme en Occident"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Una discusi\u00F3n muy com\u00FAn en la cultura occidental es la de si el budismo es o no una religi\u00F3n. El budismo es considerado de manera general por la pr\u00E1ctica totalidad de la literatura occidental como una religi\u00F3n que afirma una v\u00EDa de liberaci\u00F3n espiritual al sufrimiento. No obstante, Buda Gautama refuta la existencia de deidades, rechazando tanto el dogmatismo como la fe. Seg\u00FAn modelos adoptados por los estudiosos occidentales de las religiones, como por ejemplo el que usa Ninian Smart,\u200B los aspectos religiosos del budismo son entre otros:"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "297223"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Westers boeddhisme is een verzamelterm voor de verschillende boeddhistische stromingen die zijn ontstaan in de westerse wereld. Kenmerkend voor het boeddhisme in het Westen is de opkomst van groeperingen die, hoewel ze putten uit het traditionele boeddhisme, een eigen stijl van boeddhistische beoefening ontwikkelen."@nl . . . . "86996"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Dificultades occidentales para definir el budismo"@es . "Mit Buddhismus im Westen wird der religi\u00F6se und philosophische Einfluss des Buddhismus auf die Kultur der sogenannten westlichen Welt bezeichnet. Ebenso wird darunter die Verbreitung des Buddhismus im \u201EWesten\u201C sowie der zunehmende Austausch zwischen der \u201Ewestlichen\u201C Kultur und dem Buddhismus verstanden. Eine intensive Besch\u00E4ftigung mit dem Buddhismus findet in der westlichen Welt erst seit rund 100 Jahren statt."@de . . . . . . . "Il buddhismo in Occidente accoglie ampiamente le conoscenze e pratiche presenti anche nel continente asiatico, ci\u00F2 in seguito a contatti, susseguitesi nei secoli, tra le dottrine buddhiste e alcune delle civilt\u00E0 del mondo occidentale che si sono via via succedute nel tempo."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le bouddhisme en Occident est la r\u00E9sultante de flux d'\u00E9crits, d'id\u00E9es, et de personnes qui ont permis \u00E0 la doctrine du Bouddha Shakyamuni et aux diff\u00E9rents courants religieux qui s'en r\u00E9clament de se diffuser en dehors de leur cadre d'origine qu'est l'Asie."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .