. . . . . "Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is \"the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals\". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through societal institutions including schools, the family, and the criminal justice system."@en . . . "Kriminalisering inneb\u00E4r att n\u00E5gonting som tidigare har varit lagligt blir olaglig; en g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara p\u00E5f\u00F6rs ett i enlighet med en klar och otvetydig lagtext. \u00C4r lagtexten oklar eller tvetydig, s\u00E5 ligger ansvarsb\u00F6rdan p\u00E5 lagstiftaren som inte har uttryckt sig tillr\u00E4ckligt klart och otvetydigt, till f\u00F6rm\u00E5n f\u00F6r den misst\u00E4nkte (latin: in dubio pro reo). Den omv\u00E4nda processen, att en g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara som inte l\u00E4ngre anses vara straffv\u00E4rd medf\u00F6r inte l\u00E4ngre n\u00E5got straffansvar, och kallas f\u00F6r avkriminalisering. En g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara kan \u00E4ven legaliseras."@sv . . . "24260"^^ . "Als Kriminalisierung wird in der Kriminologie der Prozess bezeichnet, mit dem Verhaltensweisen zu Kriminalit\u00E4t und die aus\u00FCbenden Personen zu Kriminellen gemacht werden. Ein vorher legales Verhalten wird durch Gesetzgebung oder ver\u00E4nderte Anwendung bestehender Gesetze zu einem illegalen Akt. Eine solche \u00C4nderung wird im Normalfall durch das R\u00FCckwirkungsverbot in der zeitlichen Anwendbarkeit eingeschr\u00E4nkt. Das Antonym zur Kriminalisierung ist die Entkriminalisierung. Auch die unverh\u00E4ltnism\u00E4\u00DFige Verfolgung und Einordnung von subversiven Bagatelldelikten wie Adbusting durch staatliche Beh\u00F6rden, wie bspw. dem Verfassungsschutz, wird von Autoren der taz sowie von Netzpolitik.org als Kriminalisierung angesehen. Ein Beispiel f\u00FCr die Kriminalisierung war 2015 der in \u00A7 217 StGB eingef\u00FChrte Tatbestand der gesch\u00E4ftsm\u00E4\u00DFigen Beihilfe zur Selbstt\u00F6tung. Nach der strafrechtlichen Systematik war die Beihilfe zu einem nicht strafbaren Sachverhalt auch stets straflos. Am 26. Februar 2020 erkl\u00E4rte das Bundesverfassungsgericht den 2015 eingef\u00FChrten \u00A7 217 StGB f\u00FCr verfassungswidrig und somit nichtig."@de . . . "\u0641\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062C\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0646\u00BB. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062F\u0648\u0631 \u062A\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064A \u064A\u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0628\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u0648\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A \u064A\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0639\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628\u0647 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u062F\u062D\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u064F\u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062C\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062E\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0639\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0627\u062A. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062D\u064B\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0628\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062C\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064B\u0627. \u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0644\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . "Criminalisering"@nl . . . . "Kriminalisierung"@de . . "\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645"@ar . . . . . . . "Pemenjahatan atau kriminalisasi (bahasa Inggris: criminalization) dalam ilmu kriminologi adalah sebuah proses saat sebuah perilaku/tindakan atau individu tertentu dijadikan sebagai kejahatan atau pelaku kejahatan."@in . . "Kriminalisering"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1079159470"^^ . "Criminalisering is in de criminologie \"het proces waardoor bepaalde gedragingen strafbaar worden, en de daders misdadigers, of minstens overtreders\". Handelingen die voordien legaal waren, kunnen strafbaar gesteld worden door wetgeving of rechterlijke beslissingen. Doorgaans wordt echter aangenomen dat wetgeving en vonnissen geen terugwerkende kracht mogen hebben, tenzij een uitdrukkelijke wettekst dat voorziet."@nl . "Pemenjahatan atau kriminalisasi (bahasa Inggris: criminalization) dalam ilmu kriminologi adalah sebuah proses saat sebuah perilaku/tindakan atau individu tertentu dijadikan sebagai kejahatan atau pelaku kejahatan."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . "Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is \"the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals\". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through so"@en . . "Kriminalisasi"@in . . . . . . . . "1997407"^^ . . . . . "La criminalizzazione in criminologia \u00E8 il processo mediante il quale i comportamenti individuali sono trasformati in atti criminali. Anteriormente il procedimento di trasformazione avveniva grazie alla legge e al sistema giurisdizionale. Il potere dei giudizi di promulgare nuove leggi e criminalizzare i comportamenti \u00E8 attualmente deprecato. In modo altrettanto ambiguo, dove le leggi non hanno attecchito, certi comportamenti possono subire una sorta di criminalizzazione de facto attraverso un'azione pi\u00F9 incisiva delle forze dell'ordine."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Criminalization"@en . "A criminaliza\u00E7\u00E3o, de acordo com a criminologia, \u00E9 \"o processo pelo qual comportamentos e indiv\u00EDduos s\u00E3o transformados em crime e criminosos\". Atividades anteriormente legais podem ser declaradas crimes por uma legisla\u00E7\u00E3o ou decis\u00E3o judicial. No entanto, dentro da interpreta\u00E7\u00E3o da lei, presume-se formalmente que leis n\u00E3o devem ser aplicadas retroativamente (e.g. algu\u00E9m que cometeu um ato antes de tal ato virar crime n\u00E3o deve ser punido). Tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 desencorajado que ju\u00EDzes apliquem penas retroativas. Em casos de leis que n\u00E3o s\u00E3o rigorosamente aplicadas, atos ilegais podem sofrer uma criminaliza\u00E7\u00E3o de facto, com uma aplica\u00E7\u00E3o mais efetiva e comprometida."@pt . "Kriminalisering inneb\u00E4r att n\u00E5gonting som tidigare har varit lagligt blir olaglig; en g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara p\u00E5f\u00F6rs ett i enlighet med en klar och otvetydig lagtext. \u00C4r lagtexten oklar eller tvetydig, s\u00E5 ligger ansvarsb\u00F6rdan p\u00E5 lagstiftaren som inte har uttryckt sig tillr\u00E4ckligt klart och otvetydigt, till f\u00F6rm\u00E5n f\u00F6r den misst\u00E4nkte (latin: in dubio pro reo). Den omv\u00E4nda processen, att en g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara som inte l\u00E4ngre anses vara straffv\u00E4rd medf\u00F6r inte l\u00E4ngre n\u00E5got straffansvar, och kallas f\u00F6r avkriminalisering. En g\u00E4rning, effekt eller fara kan \u00E4ven legaliseras."@sv . . . "Criminaliza\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . "\u0641\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062C\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0646\u00BB. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062F\u0648\u0631 \u062A\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064A \u064A\u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0628\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u0648\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A \u064A\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0639\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628\u0647 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u062F\u062D\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u064F\u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062C\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062E\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0639\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0627\u062A. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062D\u064B\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0628\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062C\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064B\u0627. \u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0644\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . "A criminaliza\u00E7\u00E3o, de acordo com a criminologia, \u00E9 \"o processo pelo qual comportamentos e indiv\u00EDduos s\u00E3o transformados em crime e criminosos\". Atividades anteriormente legais podem ser declaradas crimes por uma legisla\u00E7\u00E3o ou decis\u00E3o judicial. No entanto, dentro da interpreta\u00E7\u00E3o da lei, presume-se formalmente que leis n\u00E3o devem ser aplicadas retroativamente (e.g. algu\u00E9m que cometeu um ato antes de tal ato virar crime n\u00E3o deve ser punido). Tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 desencorajado que ju\u00EDzes apliquem penas retroativas. Em casos de leis que n\u00E3o s\u00E3o rigorosamente aplicadas, atos ilegais podem sofrer uma criminaliza\u00E7\u00E3o de facto, com uma aplica\u00E7\u00E3o mais efetiva e comprometida."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Criminalizzazione"@it . "Als Kriminalisierung wird in der Kriminologie der Prozess bezeichnet, mit dem Verhaltensweisen zu Kriminalit\u00E4t und die aus\u00FCbenden Personen zu Kriminellen gemacht werden. Ein vorher legales Verhalten wird durch Gesetzgebung oder ver\u00E4nderte Anwendung bestehender Gesetze zu einem illegalen Akt. Eine solche \u00C4nderung wird im Normalfall durch das R\u00FCckwirkungsverbot in der zeitlichen Anwendbarkeit eingeschr\u00E4nkt. Das Antonym zur Kriminalisierung ist die Entkriminalisierung. Auch die unverh\u00E4ltnism\u00E4\u00DFige Verfolgung und Einordnung von subversiven Bagatelldelikten wie Adbusting durch staatliche Beh\u00F6rden, wie bspw. dem Verfassungsschutz, wird von Autoren der taz sowie von Netzpolitik.org als Kriminalisierung angesehen."@de . "La criminalizzazione in criminologia \u00E8 il processo mediante il quale i comportamenti individuali sono trasformati in atti criminali. Anteriormente il procedimento di trasformazione avveniva grazie alla legge e al sistema giurisdizionale. Il potere dei giudizi di promulgare nuove leggi e criminalizzare i comportamenti \u00E8 attualmente deprecato. In modo altrettanto ambiguo, dove le leggi non hanno attecchito, certi comportamenti possono subire una sorta di criminalizzazione de facto attraverso un'azione pi\u00F9 incisiva delle forze dell'ordine."@it . . "Criminalisering is in de criminologie \"het proces waardoor bepaalde gedragingen strafbaar worden, en de daders misdadigers, of minstens overtreders\". Handelingen die voordien legaal waren, kunnen strafbaar gesteld worden door wetgeving of rechterlijke beslissingen. Doorgaans wordt echter aangenomen dat wetgeving en vonnissen geen terugwerkende kracht mogen hebben, tenzij een uitdrukkelijke wettekst dat voorziet."@nl .