. . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D"@ru . "\u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30AA\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3"@ja . . "\u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30AA\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u306F\u8D85\u4F1D\u5C0E\u3092\u4F7F\u7528\u3057\u305F\u30B9\u30A4\u30C3\u30C1\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3002 \u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30AA\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u306F\u8D85\u4F1D\u5C0E\u4F53\u306F\u5916\u90E8\u78C1\u5834\u304C\u81E8\u754C\u78C1\u5834\u3092\u8D85\u3048\u308B\u3068\u5E38\u4F1D\u5C0E\u72B6\u614B\u306B\u8EE2\u79FB\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539F\u7406\u306B\u57FA\u3044\u3066\u52D5\u4F5C\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3053\u308C\u306F\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u5358\u7D14\u306A\u69CB\u9020\u3067\u3001\u81E8\u754C\u6E29\u5EA6 (Tc) \u306E\u7570\u306A\u308B\u4E8C\u672C\u306E\u8D85\u4F1D\u5C0E\u30EF\u30A4\u30E4\u304B\u3089\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30AA\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u306F\u30DE\u30B5\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30BB\u30C3\u30C4\u5DE5\u79D1\u5927\u5B66\u30EA\u30F3\u30AB\u30FC\u30F3\u7814\u7A76\u6240\u306E \u30C0\u30C9\u30EA\u30FC\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30F3\u30FB\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u306B\u3088\u308A\u767A\u660E\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . 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\u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F. \u041A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043D\u044F (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E), \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0433\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u043C\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u043D\u0438\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0439). 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\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041D\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0433\u043B\u0443\u0431\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043E\u0445\u043B\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043C\u043E\u0449\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u0411\u043B\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044F \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 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"Ein Kryotron (kryos (griech.) = Frost, tron (griech.) = Vorrichtung) oder Supraleiterschaltelement ist ein Schalter, dessen Wirkungsweise auf dem Prinzip beruht, dass sich Supraleitung durch magnetische Felder unterdr\u00FCcken l\u00E4sst. Das Kryotron besteht aus einem St\u00FCck Tantal, das mit einer Spule aus Niob umwickelt ist und bei Temperaturen von fl\u00FCssigem Helium betrieben wird. Aufgrund der Supraleitung flie\u00DFt Strom widerstandsfrei durch das Tantal hindurch. Wird jedoch Strom durch die Niobspule geleitet, bricht aufgrund des induzierten Magnetfeldes die Supraleitung im Tantal zusammen, wodurch der Strom abgeschw\u00E4cht oder unterbrochen wird."@de . . "\u041A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D \u2014 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0435 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043E\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044B \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F. \u041A\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043D\u044F (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E), \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0433\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u043C\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u043D\u0438\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0439). \u041F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043C\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0442\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E, \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0435\u0439\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C."@ru . . "Kriotron \u2013 uk\u0142ad prze\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105cy, zbudowany w oparciu o zjawisko nadprzewodnictwa. Poprzez pewn\u0105 zmian\u0119 w polu magnetycznym, uzyskuje si\u0119 zanik nadprzewodnictwa w przewodniku. W wyniku czego op\u00F3r (rezystancja) ro\u015Bnie od zera do du\u017Cych warto\u015Bci. Kriotrony pier\u015Bcieniowe mog\u0105 by\u0107 wykorzystane do tworzenia doskona\u0142ych urz\u0105dze\u0144 pami\u0119ciowych, dzi\u0119ki utrzymywaniu obiegu pr\u0105du teoretycznie w niesko\u0144czono\u015B\u0107. Urz\u0105dzenia te wykazuj\u0105 znikomo ma\u0142y pob\u00F3r mocy."@pl . "1102149684"^^ . . "Kryotron"@de . . . . . . . "6551"^^ . "Kriotron \u2013 uk\u0142ad prze\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105cy, zbudowany w oparciu o zjawisko nadprzewodnictwa. Poprzez pewn\u0105 zmian\u0119 w polu magnetycznym, uzyskuje si\u0119 zanik nadprzewodnictwa w przewodniku. W wyniku czego op\u00F3r (rezystancja) ro\u015Bnie od zera do du\u017Cych warto\u015Bci. Kriotrony pier\u015Bcieniowe mog\u0105 by\u0107 wykorzystane do tworzenia doskona\u0142ych urz\u0105dze\u0144 pami\u0119ciowych, dzi\u0119ki utrzymywaniu obiegu pr\u0105du teoretycznie w niesko\u0144czono\u015B\u0107. Urz\u0105dzenia te wykazuj\u0105 znikomo ma\u0142y pob\u00F3r mocy."@pl . . . . . . . . "The cryotron is a switch that operates using superconductivity. The cryotron works on the principle that magnetic fields destroy superconductivity. This simple device consists of two superconducting wires (e.g. tantalum and niobium) with different critical temperature (Tc). The cryotron was invented by Dudley Allen Buck of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory."@en . . . . "Cryotron"@en . "The cryotron is a switch that operates using superconductivity. The cryotron works on the principle that magnetic fields destroy superconductivity. This simple device consists of two superconducting wires (e.g. tantalum and niobium) with different critical temperature (Tc). The cryotron was invented by Dudley Allen Buck of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory. As described by Buck, a straight wire of tantalum (having lower Tc) is wrapped around with a wire of niobium in a single layer coil. Both wires are electrically isolated from each other. When this device is immersed in a liquid helium bath both wires become superconducting and hence offer no resistance to the passage of electric current. Tantalum in superconducting state can carry large amount of current as compared to its normal state. Now when current is passed through the niobium coil (wrapped around tantalum) it produces a magnetic field, which in turn reduces (kills) the superconductivity of the tantalum wire and hence reduces the amount of the current that can flow through the tantalum wire. Hence one can control the amount of the current that can flow in the straight wire with the help of small current in the coiled wire. We can think of the tantalum straight wire as a \"gate\" and the coiled niobium as a \"control\". The article by Buck includes descriptions of several logic circuits implemented using cryotrons, including: one stage of a binary adder, carry network, binary accumulator stage, and two stages of a cryotron stepping register. A planar cryotron using thin films of lead and tin was developed in 1957 by John Bremer at General Electric's General Engineering Lab in Schenectady, New York. This was one of the first integrated circuits, although using superconductors rather than semiconductors. In the next few years, a demonstration computer was made and arrays with 2000 devices operated. A short history of this work is in the November 2007 newsletter of the IEEE History Center. Juri Matisoo developed a version of the cryotron incorporating a Josephson junction switched by the magnetic field from a control wire. He also explained the shortcomings of traditional cryotrons in which the superconductive material must transition between superconducting and normal states to switch the device, and thus switch relatively slowly. Matisoo's cryotron switched between a conducting state in which 'pair tunneling' of electrons through the gate took place and a 'resistive' state where only single electrons were able to tunnel. The circuit was (like the traditional cryotron) capable of some amplification (i.e gain greater than unity) had a switching rate of less than 800 picoseconds. Although the requirement for cryogenic cooling limited its practicality, it wasn't until the late 2010s that commercial transistors came close to matching this performance. There have been periods of renewed interest in various types of cryotron. IBM experimented with using them for limited applications in supercomputers during the 1980s, and (as of 2020) there has been some investigation of their potential applications both to I/O and logic in prototype quantum computers."@en . . . "Kriotron"@pl . . . "Ein Kryotron (kryos (griech.) = Frost, tron (griech.) = Vorrichtung) oder Supraleiterschaltelement ist ein Schalter, dessen Wirkungsweise auf dem Prinzip beruht, dass sich Supraleitung durch magnetische Felder unterdr\u00FCcken l\u00E4sst."@de . . . . . . "220741"^^ . 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