. . . . . . . . . . . . "Mercado directo"@es . . . . "El mercado directo (del ingl\u00E9s, Direct Market o Direct Sales Market) es el sistema m\u00E1s importante de distribuci\u00F3n y venta al por menor de historietas en Estados Unidos. Se compone de varias distribuidoras y la mayor\u00EDa de las librer\u00EDas especializadas en c\u00F3mics del pa\u00EDs, as\u00ED como de otras librer\u00EDas que incluyen estos productos. El nombre ya no es una descripci\u00F3n totalmente precisa del sistema, sino que se deriva de su aplicaci\u00F3n original: Los minoristas se saltaban las distribuidoras existentes para comprar directamente a las editoriales."@es . . . . . . . . . . "3820053"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Direct market"@en . . . . "\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8 (\u82F1: direct market) \u3068\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u51FA\u7248\u3067\u4E3B\u6D41\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308B\u53D6\u6B21\u30FB\u5C0F\u58F2\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u30EF\u30FC\u30AF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u30B3\u30F3\u30BB\u30D7\u30C8\u306F1970\u5E74\u4EE3\u306B\u30D5\u30A3\u30EB\u30FB\u30B7\u30A6\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0 (Phil Seuling) \u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4F5C\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u69CB\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u306E\u306F\u3001\u72EC\u5360\u7684\u306A\u53D6\u6B21\u5E97\uFF08\uFF09\u3068\u3001\u5927\u591A\u6570\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u5C02\u9580\u5E97\u3001\u304A\u3088\u3073\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u4EE5\u5916\u306E\u95A2\u9023\u5546\u54C1\u3082\u6271\u3046\u975E\u5C02\u9580\u5E97\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u73FE\u5728\u306E\u4E8B\u696D\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3068\u6B63\u78BA\u306B\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u308F\u3051\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u304C\u3001\u300C\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u300D\u306E\u540D\u306F\u3001\u5C0F\u58F2\u5E97\u304C\u53D6\u6B21\u3092\u98DB\u3073\u8D8A\u3048\u3066\u51FA\u7248\u793E\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u4ED5\u5165\u308C\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5F53\u521D\u306E\u4E8B\u696D\u5F62\u614B\u304B\u3089\u3068\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u306E\u6700\u5927\u306E\u7279\u5FB4\u306F\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308D\u8FD4\u54C1\u304C\u4E0D\u53EF\u80FD\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70B9\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u66F8\u5E97\u3084\u3078\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u914D\u672C\u3067\u306F\u59D4\u8A17\u8CA9\u58F2\u5236 (sale-or-return model) \u304C\u53D6\u3089\u308C\u308B\u306E\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u901A\u3058\u305F\u914D\u672C\u306F\u8CB7\u3044\u5207\u308A\u5236\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u4ED5\u5165\u308C\u4FA1\u683C\u3067\u512A\u9047\u3055\u308C\u308B\u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u58F2\u308C\u6B8B\u308A\u3092\u8FD4\u54C1\u3057\u3066\u6255\u3044\u623B\u3057\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u53D6\u6B21\u3084\u5C0F\u58F2\u5E97\u306F\u9700\u8981\u3092\u6B63\u78BA\u306B\u4E88\u60F3\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u5F37\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3067\u306F\u58F2\u308C\u6B8B\u308A\u3092\u5728\u5EAB\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5F8C\u65E5\u58F2\u5374\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u305F\u305F\u3081\u300C\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u30A4\u30B7\u30E5\u30FC\u300D\u5E02\u5834\u304C\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Le Direct Market est le syst\u00E8me de distribution et de vente des comics qui s'est impos\u00E9 \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1980."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1114475347"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Le Direct Market est le syst\u00E8me de distribution et de vente des comics qui s'est impos\u00E9 \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1980."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8 (\u82F1: direct market) \u3068\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u51FA\u7248\u3067\u4E3B\u6D41\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308B\u53D6\u6B21\u30FB\u5C0F\u58F2\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u30EF\u30FC\u30AF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u30B3\u30F3\u30BB\u30D7\u30C8\u306F1970\u5E74\u4EE3\u306B\u30D5\u30A3\u30EB\u30FB\u30B7\u30A6\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0 (Phil Seuling) \u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4F5C\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u69CB\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u306E\u306F\u3001\u72EC\u5360\u7684\u306A\u53D6\u6B21\u5E97\uFF08\uFF09\u3068\u3001\u5927\u591A\u6570\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u5C02\u9580\u5E97\u3001\u304A\u3088\u3073\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u4EE5\u5916\u306E\u95A2\u9023\u5546\u54C1\u3082\u6271\u3046\u975E\u5C02\u9580\u5E97\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u73FE\u5728\u306E\u4E8B\u696D\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3068\u6B63\u78BA\u306B\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u308F\u3051\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u304C\u3001\u300C\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u300D\u306E\u540D\u306F\u3001\u5C0F\u58F2\u5E97\u304C\u53D6\u6B21\u3092\u98DB\u3073\u8D8A\u3048\u3066\u51FA\u7248\u793E\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u4ED5\u5165\u308C\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5F53\u521D\u306E\u4E8B\u696D\u5F62\u614B\u304B\u3089\u3068\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u306E\u6700\u5927\u306E\u7279\u5FB4\u306F\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308D\u8FD4\u54C1\u304C\u4E0D\u53EF\u80FD\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70B9\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u66F8\u5E97\u3084\u3078\u306E\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30D6\u30C3\u30AF\u914D\u672C\u3067\u306F\u59D4\u8A17\u8CA9\u58F2\u5236 (sale-or-return model) \u304C\u53D6\u3089\u308C\u308B\u306E\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u901A\u3058\u305F\u914D\u672C\u306F\u8CB7\u3044\u5207\u308A\u5236\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u4ED5\u5165\u308C\u4FA1\u683C\u3067\u512A\u9047\u3055\u308C\u308B\u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u58F2\u308C\u6B8B\u308A\u3092\u8FD4\u54C1\u3057\u3066\u6255\u3044\u623B\u3057\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u53D6\u6B21\u3084\u5C0F\u58F2\u5E97\u306F\u9700\u8981\u3092\u6B63\u78BA\u306B\u4E88\u60F3\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u5F37\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u3067\u306F\u58F2\u308C\u6B8B\u308A\u3092\u5728\u5EAB\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5F8C\u65E5\u58F2\u5374\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u305F\u305F\u3081\u300C\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u30A4\u30B7\u30E5\u30FC\u300D\u5E02\u5834\u304C\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u51FA\u7248\u793E\u306B\u3068\u3063\u3066\u30EA\u30B9\u30AF\u304C\u5C11\u306A\u3044\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u6D41\u901A\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30E0\u306F\u3001\u4E8C\u5927\u51FA\u7248\u793E\uFF08\u30DE\u30FC\u30D9\u30EB\u3068DC\uFF09\u306E\u7259\u57CE\u3092\u5D29\u3059\u306B\u306F\u81F3\u3089\u306A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3082\u306E\u306E\u3001\u65B0\u3057\u3044\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u51FA\u7248\u793E\u306B\u53C2\u5165\u6A5F\u4F1A\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u305F\u3068\u3082\u8A55\u4FA1\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u30021970\u5E74\u4EE3\u306E\u5F8C\u534A\u306B\u8208\u3063\u305F\u30B3\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u306E\u72EC\u7ACB\u7CFB\u51FA\u7248\u793E\u3084\u81EA\u5DF1\u51FA\u7248\u306F\u73FE\u5728\u307E\u3067\u9686\u76DB\u3092\u7D9A\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u305D\u308C\u304C\u4E8B\u696D\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53EF\u80FD\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u306E\u306F\u3001\u8FD4\u54C1\u3092\u524D\u63D0\u3068\u3057\u305F\u7121\u4F5C\u70BA\u9673\u5217\u578B\u306E\u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30B9\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C9\u65B9\u5F0F\u306B\u66FF\u308F\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9867\u5BA2\u306E\u30BF\u30FC\u30B2\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u7D5E\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u30C0\u30A4\u30EC\u30AF\u30C8\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B1\u30C3\u30C8\u304C\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u3053\u3068\u304C\u5927\u304D\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "45449"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El mercado directo (del ingl\u00E9s, Direct Market o Direct Sales Market) es el sistema m\u00E1s importante de distribuci\u00F3n y venta al por menor de historietas en Estados Unidos. Se compone de varias distribuidoras y la mayor\u00EDa de las librer\u00EDas especializadas en c\u00F3mics del pa\u00EDs, as\u00ED como de otras librer\u00EDas que incluyen estos productos. El nombre ya no es una descripci\u00F3n totalmente precisa del sistema, sino que se deriva de su aplicaci\u00F3n original: Los minoristas se saltaban las distribuidoras existentes para comprar directamente a las editoriales. La caracter\u00EDstica definitoria del sistema es la no retornabilidad, dado que proh\u00EDbe a distribuidores y minoristas devolver la mercanc\u00EDa no vendida, a diferencia de la venta en quioscos de peri\u00F3dicos y librer\u00EDas tradicionales."@es . . . . . . "Direct market"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "The direct market is the dominant distribution and retail network for American comic books. The concept of the direct market was created in the 1970s by Phil Seuling. The network currently consists of:"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The direct market is the dominant distribution and retail network for American comic books. The concept of the direct market was created in the 1970s by Phil Seuling. The network currently consists of: \n* four major comic distributors: \n* Lunar Distribution and UCS Comic Distributors (which distribute DC Comics since 2020), \n* Penguin Random House Publisher Services (the distribution arm of the publishing company), which since 1 October 2021 distributes Marvel Comics and since 1 June 2022 distributes IDW Publishing (with Diamond switching to a Marvel and IDW wholesaler), and \n* Diamond Comic Distributors, which distributes most, if not all, non-DC/Marvel/IDW comics (having exclusive deals with those publishers) \n* the majority of comics specialty stores, and \n* other retailers of comic books and related merchandise. The name is no longer a fully accurate description of the model by which it operates, but derives from its original implementation: retailers bypassing existing distributors to make \"direct\" purchases from publishers. The defining characteristic of the direct market however is non-returnability: unlike book store and news stand distribution, which operate on a sale-or-return model, direct market distribution prohibits distributors and retailers from returning their unsold merchandise for refunds. In exchange for more favorable ordering terms, retailers and distributors must gamble that they can accurately predict their customers' demand for products. Each month's surplus inventory, meanwhile, could be archived and sold later, driving the development of an organized market for \"back issues.\" The emergence of this lower-risk distribution system is also credited with providing an opportunity for new comics publishers to enter the business, despite the two bigger publishers Marvel and DC Comics still having the largest share. The establishment and growth of independent publishers and self-publishers, beginning in the late 1970s and continuing to the present, was made economically possible by the existence of a system that targets its retail audience, rather than relying on the scattershot approach embodied in the returnable newsstand system."@en . . . . . . . .