. . "La Dispute sur le sel et le fer (chinois traditionnel : \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6 ; pinyin : Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) est un recueil de textes historiques qui retrace le d\u00E9bat qui s'est tenu en 81 av. J.-C. au sein de la Cour imp\u00E9riale de Chine sur le r\u00F4le et la politique de l'\u00C9tat sous la Dynastie Han. L'empereur pr\u00E9c\u00E9dent, l'empereur Wu, avait renonc\u00E9 aux politiques de laisser-faire ou de Wuwei de ses pr\u00E9d\u00E9cesseurs et impos\u00E9 une politique interventionniste mettant en \u0153uvre de nombreuses mesures, telles que l'instauration d'un monopole d'\u00C9tat de l'exploitation du sel et de fer, des syst\u00E8mes de stabilisation des prix, et des imp\u00F4ts sur le capital, qui avaient suscit\u00E9 un d\u00E9bat f\u00E9roce. Apr\u00E8s sa mort, pendant le r\u00E8gne de l'empereur Zhao, le r\u00E9gent Huo Guang avait appel\u00E9 tous les savants de l'empire \u00E0 venir dans la capitale, C"@fr . "12858"^^ . . . "\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043E"@uk . "Dispute sur le sel et le fer"@fr . . . "The Discourses on Salt and Iron (Chinese: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) was a debate held at the imperial court in 81 BCE on state policy during the Han dynasty in China. The previous emperor, Emperor Wu, had reversed the laissez-faire policies of his predecessors and imposed a wide variety of state interventions, such as creating monopolies on China's salt and iron enterprises, price stabilization schemes, and taxes on capital. These actions sparked a fierce debate as to the policies of the Emperor. After his death, during the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, the regent Huo Guang called on all the scholars of the empire to come to the capital, Chang'an, to debate the government's economic policies. The debate was characterized by two opposing factions, the reformists and the modernists. The reformists were largely Confucian scholars who opposed the policies of Emperor Wu and demanded the abolition of the monopolies on salt and iron, an end to the state price stabilization schemes, and huge cuts in government expenditures to reduce the burden on the citizenry. The Modernists supported the continuation of Emperor Wu's policies in order to appropriate the profits of private merchants into state coffers to fund the government's military and colonization campaigns in the north and west. The results of these debates were mixed. Although the Modernists were largely successful and their policies were followed through most of the Western Han after Emperor Wu, the Reformists repealed these policies in Eastern Han, save for the government monopoly on minting coins."@en . . . "The Discourses on Salt and Iron (Chinese: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) was a debate held at the imperial court in 81 BCE on state policy during the Han dynasty in China. The previous emperor, Emperor Wu, had reversed the laissez-faire policies of his predecessors and imposed a wide variety of state interventions, such as creating monopolies on China's salt and iron enterprises, price stabilization schemes, and taxes on capital. These actions sparked a fierce debate as to the policies of the Emperor. After his death, during the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, the regent Huo Guang called on all the scholars of the empire to come to the capital, Chang'an, to debate the government's economic policies."@en . "\u300A\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u300B\uFF0C\u4E2D\u570B\u897F\u6F22\u300C\u9E7D\u9435\u6703\u8B70\u300D\u7684\u8A18\u9304\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5C0D\u8A71\u9AD4\u64B0\u5BEB\uFF0C10\u537760\u7BC7\uFF0C\u4F5C\u8005\u6853\u5BEC\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u8A18\u8F09\u7684\u662F\u8CE2\u826F\u6587\u5B78\uFF08\u7531\u5730\u65B9\u63A8\u8209\u7684\u5B98\u54E1\uFF09\u8207\u4E1E\u76F8\u3001\u5FA1\u53F2\u5927\u592B\uFF08\u591A\u6578\u70BA\u540D\u9580\u5B50\u5F1F\uFF09\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u8FAF\u8AD6\u3002 \u300A\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u300B\u662F\u4E86\u89E3\u897F\u6F22\u5F8C\u671F\u653F\u6CBB\u3001\u7D93\u6FDF\u3001\u793E\u6703\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u8207\u5730\u65B9\u5C0D\u7ACB\u60C5\u6CC1\u7684\u91CD\u8981\u6587\u737B\u3002\u738B\u5148\u8B19\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u6853\u5BEC\u7684\u6587\u7B46\uFF0C\u53EF\u8207\u897F\u6F22\u7684\u891A\u5C11\u5B6B\u3001\u56B4\u9075\u76F8\u6BD4\u3002"@zh . "I Discorsi sul sale e sul ferro (cinese: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6T, Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9nP) sono una raccolta di testi storici relativi al dibattito sulla politica di Stato, tenutosi alla corte imperiale cinese sotto la Dinastia Han nell'81 a.C. L'Imperatore Wu aveva sovvertito le politiche del laissez-faire dei suoi predecessori ed imposto un'ampia variet\u00E0 di interventi statali come l'applicazione di monopolio alle imprese del sale e del ferro, schemi di stabilizzazione del prezzo (calmiere) e tasse sul capitale. Queste azioni avevano scatenato un acceso dibattito sulle politiche seguite dall'imperatore. Dopo la sua morte, durante il regno di Zhao of Han, il reggente Huo Guang convocava tutti gli studiosi dell'impero a riunirsi nella capitale, Chang'an, per discutere le politiche economiche che lo Stato avrebbe dovuto seguire. Caratterizzarono il dibattito due fazioni contrapposte, riformisti e modernisti. I riformisti erano per lo pi\u00F9 studiosi confuciani antagonisti delle politiche dell'imperatore Wu; volevano l'abolizione dei monopoli su sale e ferro, l'interruzione del calmieraggio e un taglio sulla spesa pubblica per ridurre la pressione sui cittadini. I modernisti appoggiavano il perpetrare delle politiche dell'imperatore Wu in modo che i proventi di scambi privati si riversassero nelle casse statali per finanziare una campagna di colonizzazione/espansione a Nord ed Ovest. I risultati di queste discussioni non diedero ragione assoluta a nessuna delle due fazioni infatti, sebbene le idee moderniste vennero seguite dalla maggioranza degli Han Occidentali dopo l'imperatore Wu, i riformisti abrogarono alcune leggi sotto la dinastia Han Orientale, per esempio salvando dalla morsa del monopolio statale il conio della moneta."@it . "\u5869\u9244\u8AD6\uFF08\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u3001\u3048\u3093\u3066\u3064\u308D\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u524D\u6F22\u306E\u59CB\u51436\u5E74\uFF08\u7D00\u5143\u524D81\u5E74\uFF09\u306B\u5F53\u6642\u306E\u671D\u5EF7\u3067\u958B\u304B\u308C\u305F\u5869\u3084\u9244\u306E\u5C02\u58F2\u5236\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5DE1\u308B\u8A0E\u8AD6\u4F1A\uFF08\u5869\u9244\u4F1A\u8B70\uFF09\u306E\u8A18\u9332\u3092\u3001\u5F8C\u65E5\u306B\u304C60\u7BC7\u306B\u307E\u3068\u3081\u305F\u8457\u4F5C\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Os Debates sobre o Sal e o Ferro (chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6, pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) foram uma s\u00E9rie de debates ocorridos em 81 aEC na corte imperial da dinastia Han, sobre quest\u00F5es econ\u00F4micas e a devida pol\u00EDtica estatal. O \u00FAltimo imperador, Wu de Han, havia desfeito as pol\u00EDticas laissez-faire de seus predecessores, intervindo diretamente nas quest\u00F5es econ\u00F4micas, como ao estabelecer modelos de estabiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de pre\u00E7os, impostos sobre o capital e impondo um monop\u00F3lio estatal na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de sal e de ferro chinesa. Depois de sua morte, durante o reinado do imperador Zhao de Han, o regente convocou todos os intelectuais do imp\u00E9rio \u00E0 capital, Chang'an, para que debatessem as pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F4micas do governo."@pt . . "\u76D0\u94C1\u8BBA"@zh . "\u300A\uC5FC\uCCA0\uB860\u300B(\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6)\uC740 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 81\uB144 \uC911\uAD6D \uC804\uD55C \uC870\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uC788\uC5C8\uB358 \uB17C\uC7C1\uC744 \uAE30\uB85D\uD55C \uCC45\uC73C\uB85C, 10\uAD8C 60\uCC45\uC774\uBA70, \uC800\uC790\uB294 \uD658\uAD00(\u6853\u5BEC)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC5FC\uCCA0\uB860\uC774 \uC800\uC220\uB418\uAE30 \uC804\uC758 \uD669\uC81C\uC778 \uD55C\uBB34\uC81C\uB294 \uCCA0\uACFC \uC18C\uAE08\uC744 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uC810\uD558\uB294 \uC5FC\uCCA0\uC804\uB9E4(\u9E7D\u9435\u5C08\u8CE3) \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB294\uB370, \uC774 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uACC4\uC18D\uD560 \uAC83\uC778\uC9C0\uAC00 \uB17C\uC7C1\uC758 \uC8FC\uC81C\uC600\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC81C\uAC00 \uC8FD\uACE0 \uB098\uC11C \uC18C\uC81C\uC758 \uC12D\uC815\uC778 \uACFD\uAD11\uC740 \uC804\uAD6D\uC758 \uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC218\uB3C4 \uC7A5\uC548\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB7EC\uBAA8\uC544 \uACBD\uC81C\uC815\uCC45\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD1A0\uB860\uC744 \uD558\uAC8C \uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . "Samtalen om salt och j\u00E4rn (kinesiska: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6, pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) var en debatt som h\u00F6lls vid det kejserliga hovet \u00E5r 81 f.Kr. om den statliga politiken under Handynastin i Kina. Den tidigare kejsaren, Han Wudi, hade upph\u00E4vt laissez faire-politiken som hans f\u00F6retr\u00E4dare hade inf\u00F6rt och utf\u00E4rdade en m\u00E4ngd statliga dekret. Han inf\u00F6rde monopol f\u00F6r Kinas salt- och j\u00E4rnf\u00F6retag, prisstabilitetssystem, och skatter p\u00E5 kapital. Dessa \u00E5tg\u00E4rder utl\u00F6ste en h\u00E4ftig debatt om kejsarens politik. Efter hans d\u00F6d, under barnkejsaren Han Zhaodis regeringstid, sammankallade f\u00F6rmyndarregenten alla forskare i kejsard\u00F6met till huvudstaden, f\u00F6r att debattera regeringens ekonomiska politik."@sv . . "\u5869\u9244\u8AD6\uFF08\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u3001\u3048\u3093\u3066\u3064\u308D\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u524D\u6F22\u306E\u59CB\u51436\u5E74\uFF08\u7D00\u5143\u524D81\u5E74\uFF09\u306B\u5F53\u6642\u306E\u671D\u5EF7\u3067\u958B\u304B\u308C\u305F\u5869\u3084\u9244\u306E\u5C02\u58F2\u5236\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5DE1\u308B\u8A0E\u8AD6\u4F1A\uFF08\u5869\u9244\u4F1A\u8B70\uFF09\u306E\u8A18\u9332\u3092\u3001\u5F8C\u65E5\u306B\u304C60\u7BC7\u306B\u307E\u3068\u3081\u305F\u8457\u4F5C\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043E (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434.: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456 \u0443 81 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435., \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0425\u0430\u043D\u044C. \u041F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440, \u041B\u044E \u0427\u0435, \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0443 laissez-faire \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0457\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0432\u0432\u0456\u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0430\u0457\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u043A: \u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0443 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0456 \u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0446\u0456\u043D \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043A \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043B. \u0426\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0430\u043B\u043A\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430. \u041F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456, \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041B\u044E \u0424\u0443\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0456, \u0427\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043D\u044F, \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438."@uk . . "I Discorsi sul sale e sul ferro (cinese: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6T, Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9nP) sono una raccolta di testi storici relativi al dibattito sulla politica di Stato, tenutosi alla corte imperiale cinese sotto la Dinastia Han nell'81 a.C. I risultati di queste discussioni non diedero ragione assoluta a nessuna delle due fazioni infatti, sebbene le idee moderniste vennero seguite dalla maggioranza degli Han Occidentali dopo l'imperatore Wu, i riformisti abrogarono alcune leggi sotto la dinastia Han Orientale, per esempio salvando dalla morsa del monopolio statale il conio della moneta."@it . "Samtalen om salt och j\u00E4rn (kinesiska: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6, pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) var en debatt som h\u00F6lls vid det kejserliga hovet \u00E5r 81 f.Kr. om den statliga politiken under Handynastin i Kina. Den tidigare kejsaren, Han Wudi, hade upph\u00E4vt laissez faire-politiken som hans f\u00F6retr\u00E4dare hade inf\u00F6rt och utf\u00E4rdade en m\u00E4ngd statliga dekret. Han inf\u00F6rde monopol f\u00F6r Kinas salt- och j\u00E4rnf\u00F6retag, prisstabilitetssystem, och skatter p\u00E5 kapital. Dessa \u00E5tg\u00E4rder utl\u00F6ste en h\u00E4ftig debatt om kejsarens politik. Efter hans d\u00F6d, under barnkejsaren Han Zhaodis regeringstid, sammankallade f\u00F6rmyndarregenten alla forskare i kejsard\u00F6met till huvudstaden, f\u00F6r att debattera regeringens ekonomiska politik. Debatten karakteriserades av tv\u00E5 motsatta grupper, reformisterna och modernisterna. De flesta av reformisterna var konfucianska forskare som motsatte kejsaren Han Wudis politik och kr\u00E4vde ett avskaffande av monopolet p\u00E5 salt och j\u00E4rn, ett slut p\u00E5 statens prisstabilitetssystem, och enorma nedsk\u00E4rningar p\u00E5 regeringens utgifter f\u00F6r att minska b\u00F6rdan hos befolkningen. Modernisterna st\u00F6dde forts\u00E4ttandet av kejsaren Han Wudis politik f\u00F6r att kunna bevilja vinster hos privata k\u00F6pm\u00E4n till statskassan f\u00F6r att finansiera regeringens milit\u00E4r- och kolonisationskampanjer i norr och v\u00E4ster. Resultaten av dessa debatter var blandade. \u00C4ven om modernisterna var mestadels framg\u00E5ngsrika och deras politik gick igenom i v\u00E4stra Han efter kejsaren Han Wudi, upph\u00E4vde reformisterna denna politik i \u00F6stra Han, med undantag f\u00F6r regeringens monopol p\u00E5 pr\u00E4gling av mynt."@sv . . . "28202862"^^ . . "Debates sobre o Sal e o Ferro"@pt . "Discorsi sul sale e sul ferro"@it . . . "\u300A\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u300B\uFF0C\u4E2D\u570B\u897F\u6F22\u300C\u9E7D\u9435\u6703\u8B70\u300D\u7684\u8A18\u9304\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5C0D\u8A71\u9AD4\u64B0\u5BEB\uFF0C10\u537760\u7BC7\uFF0C\u4F5C\u8005\u6853\u5BEC\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u8A18\u8F09\u7684\u662F\u8CE2\u826F\u6587\u5B78\uFF08\u7531\u5730\u65B9\u63A8\u8209\u7684\u5B98\u54E1\uFF09\u8207\u4E1E\u76F8\u3001\u5FA1\u53F2\u5927\u592B\uFF08\u591A\u6578\u70BA\u540D\u9580\u5B50\u5F1F\uFF09\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u8FAF\u8AD6\u3002 \u300A\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6\u300B\u662F\u4E86\u89E3\u897F\u6F22\u5F8C\u671F\u653F\u6CBB\u3001\u7D93\u6FDF\u3001\u793E\u6703\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u8207\u5730\u65B9\u5C0D\u7ACB\u60C5\u6CC1\u7684\u91CD\u8981\u6587\u737B\u3002\u738B\u5148\u8B19\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u6853\u5BEC\u7684\u6587\u7B46\uFF0C\u53EF\u8207\u897F\u6F22\u7684\u891A\u5C11\u5B6B\u3001\u56B4\u9075\u76F8\u6BD4\u3002"@zh . "Discursos sobre la sal y el hierro"@es . "\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6"@en . . . . . "Se denominan Discursos sobre la sal y el hierro (en chino tradicional, \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; pinyin, Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) a un debate que tuvo lugar en la corte imperial en el a\u00F1o 81 a. C. sobre pol\u00EDticas p\u00FAblicas durante la dinast\u00EDa Han en China. El emperador precedente, Emperador Wu, hab\u00EDa revertido las pol\u00EDticas de laissez-faire de sus predecesores e impuesto un amplio espectro de intervenciones estatales, tales como crear , esquemas para estabilizar precios, e impuestos sobre el capital. Estas acciones desataron un feroz debate sobre las pol\u00EDticas del Emperador. Luego de su muerte, durante el reinado del Emperador Zhao de Han, el regente Huo Guang convoc\u00F3 a todos los estudiosos del reino a la capital Chang'an, para debatir sobre las pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F3micas del gobierno. El debate se caracteriz\u00F3 por contar con dos fracciones enfrentadas, los reformistas y los modernistas. Los reformistas eran en su mayor\u00EDa estudiosos confucionistas que se opon\u00EDan a las pol\u00EDticas del Emperador Wu y exig\u00EDan la abolici\u00F3n de los monopolios sobre la sal y el hierro, poner fin a los esquemas para estabilizar los precios, y llevar a cabo grandes recortes en los gastos del estado para reducir el agobio impositivo sobre la ciudadan\u00EDa. Los modernistas en cambio apoyaban continuar con las pol\u00EDticas del Emperador Wu para que las ganancias de los mercaderes privados fueran transferidas a las arcas del estado y as\u00ED poder financiar las campa\u00F1as militares y de colonizaci\u00F3n en el norte y en el oeste. Los resultados de los debates fueron variados. Si bien los modernistas en general triunfaron y sus pol\u00EDticas se impusieron a lo largo de casi todo el Imperio Han Occidental luego del Emperador Wu, los reformistas se resistieron a estas pol\u00EDticas en el Imperio Han Oriental, excepto al monopolio gubernamental sobre el acu\u00F1ado de monedas.\u200B"@es . "Os Debates sobre o Sal e o Ferro (chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6, pinyin: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) foram uma s\u00E9rie de debates ocorridos em 81 aEC na corte imperial da dinastia Han, sobre quest\u00F5es econ\u00F4micas e a devida pol\u00EDtica estatal. O \u00FAltimo imperador, Wu de Han, havia desfeito as pol\u00EDticas laissez-faire de seus predecessores, intervindo diretamente nas quest\u00F5es econ\u00F4micas, como ao estabelecer modelos de estabiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de pre\u00E7os, impostos sobre o capital e impondo um monop\u00F3lio estatal na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de sal e de ferro chinesa. Depois de sua morte, durante o reinado do imperador Zhao de Han, o regente convocou todos os intelectuais do imp\u00E9rio \u00E0 capital, Chang'an, para que debatessem as pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F4micas do governo. O debate foi dominado por dois partidos opostos, os reformistas e os modernistas. Em sua maioria eruditos confucionistas, os reformistas opunham-se as pol\u00EDticas do imperador Wu e exigiam a aboli\u00E7\u00E3o dos monop\u00F3lios sobre o sal e o ferro, o fim dos esquemas de estabiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de pre\u00E7os estatais e grandes cortes no or\u00E7amento do governo, de modo a reduzir o fardo sobre os cidad\u00E3os. No outro lado, os modernistas defendiam a continua\u00E7\u00E3o das pol\u00EDticas do imperador Wu, a fim de apropriar os lucros dos comerciantes privados para os cofres estatais, para assim financiar as campanhas militares e de coloniza\u00E7\u00E3o do governo no norte e no oeste. Os resultados desses debates foram mistos. Apesar dos modernistas terem sa\u00EDdo em geral vencedores, sendo que as pol\u00EDticas por ele defendidas foram implementadas na dinastia Han Anterior depois do imperador Wu, os reformistas as revogaram na dinastia Han Posterior, exceto pelo monop\u00F3lio governamental na cunhagem de moedas."@pt . . . . "Se denominan Discursos sobre la sal y el hierro (en chino tradicional, \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; pinyin, Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) a un debate que tuvo lugar en la corte imperial en el a\u00F1o 81 a. C. sobre pol\u00EDticas p\u00FAblicas durante la dinast\u00EDa Han en China. El emperador precedente, Emperador Wu, hab\u00EDa revertido las pol\u00EDticas de laissez-faire de sus predecesores e impuesto un amplio espectro de intervenciones estatales, tales como crear , esquemas para estabilizar precios, e impuestos sobre el capital. Estas acciones desataron un feroz debate sobre las pol\u00EDticas del Emperador. Luego de su muerte, durante el reinado del Emperador Zhao de Han, el regente Huo Guang convoc\u00F3 a todos los estudiosos del reino a la capital Chang'an, para debatir sobre las pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F3micas del gobierno."@es . "\u300A\uC5FC\uCCA0\uB860\u300B(\u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6)\uC740 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 81\uB144 \uC911\uAD6D \uC804\uD55C \uC870\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uC788\uC5C8\uB358 \uB17C\uC7C1\uC744 \uAE30\uB85D\uD55C \uCC45\uC73C\uB85C, 10\uAD8C 60\uCC45\uC774\uBA70, \uC800\uC790\uB294 \uD658\uAD00(\u6853\u5BEC)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC5FC\uCCA0\uB860\uC774 \uC800\uC220\uB418\uAE30 \uC804\uC758 \uD669\uC81C\uC778 \uD55C\uBB34\uC81C\uB294 \uCCA0\uACFC \uC18C\uAE08\uC744 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uC810\uD558\uB294 \uC5FC\uCCA0\uC804\uB9E4(\u9E7D\u9435\u5C08\u8CE3) \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB294\uB370, \uC774 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uACC4\uC18D\uD560 \uAC83\uC778\uC9C0\uAC00 \uB17C\uC7C1\uC758 \uC8FC\uC81C\uC600\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC81C\uAC00 \uC8FD\uACE0 \uB098\uC11C \uC18C\uC81C\uC758 \uC12D\uC815\uC778 \uACFD\uAD11\uC740 \uC804\uAD6D\uC758 \uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC218\uB3C4 \uC7A5\uC548\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB7EC\uBAA8\uC544 \uACBD\uC81C\uC815\uCC45\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD1A0\uB860\uC744 \uD558\uAC8C \uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . "\u5869\u9244\u8AD6"@ja . . . . . "La Dispute sur le sel et le fer (chinois traditionnel : \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6 ; pinyin : Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) est un recueil de textes historiques qui retrace le d\u00E9bat qui s'est tenu en 81 av. J.-C. au sein de la Cour imp\u00E9riale de Chine sur le r\u00F4le et la politique de l'\u00C9tat sous la Dynastie Han. L'empereur pr\u00E9c\u00E9dent, l'empereur Wu, avait renonc\u00E9 aux politiques de laisser-faire ou de Wuwei de ses pr\u00E9d\u00E9cesseurs et impos\u00E9 une politique interventionniste mettant en \u0153uvre de nombreuses mesures, telles que l'instauration d'un monopole d'\u00C9tat de l'exploitation du sel et de fer, des syst\u00E8mes de stabilisation des prix, et des imp\u00F4ts sur le capital, qui avaient suscit\u00E9 un d\u00E9bat f\u00E9roce. Apr\u00E8s sa mort, pendant le r\u00E8gne de l'empereur Zhao, le r\u00E9gent Huo Guang avait appel\u00E9 tous les savants de l'empire \u00E0 venir dans la capitale, Chang'an, pour d\u00E9battre de la politique \u00E9conomique du gouvernement. Le d\u00E9bat opposait deux factions, les r\u00E9formistes et les modernistes. Les r\u00E9formistes \u00E9taient en grande partie des \u00E9rudits confuc\u00E9ens qui \u00E9taient oppos\u00E9s \u00E0 la politique de l'empereur Wu, et qui exigeaient l'abolition des monopoles sur le sel et le fer, la fin des syst\u00E8mes de stabilisation des prix par l'\u00C9tat, et d'\u00E9normes coupes dans les d\u00E9penses publiques pour r\u00E9duire les imp\u00F4ts pesant sur les citoyens. Les modernistes \u00E9taient favorable \u00E0 la poursuite des politiques de l'empereur Wu, afin de pr\u00E9lever les profits des marchands priv\u00E9s pour les affecter aux finances publiques et financer les campagnes militaires et de colonisation du gouvernement dans le Nord et l'Ouest de la Chine. Les r\u00E9sultats de ces d\u00E9bats furent mitig\u00E9s. Bien que les modernistes l'aient emport\u00E9 et que leurs politiques aient \u00E9t\u00E9 suivies par la plupart des Han occidentaux post\u00E9rieurement au r\u00E8gne de l'empereur Wu, les R\u00E9formistes abrog\u00E8rent ces politiques post\u00E9rieurement \u00E0 l'an 25 apr. J.-C. sous la p\u00E9riode des Han orientaux, \u00E0 l'exception du monopole gouvernemental sur la frappe des pi\u00E8ces d'or."@fr . . "Discourses on Salt and Iron"@en . . "1073696140"^^ . . . "\uC5FC\uCCA0\uB860"@ko . . . "Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n"@en . . . . . "Samtal om salt och j\u00E4rn"@sv . "\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043E (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434.: \u9E7D\u9435\u8AD6; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Y\u00E1n Ti\u011B L\u00F9n) \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456 \u0443 81 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435., \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0425\u0430\u043D\u044C. \u041F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440, \u041B\u044E \u0427\u0435, \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0443 laissez-faire \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0457\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0432\u0432\u0456\u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0430\u0457\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u043A: \u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0443 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0456 \u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0446\u0456\u043D \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043A \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043B. \u0426\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0430\u043B\u043A\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430. \u041F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456, \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041B\u044E \u0424\u0443\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043E 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