. . . 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"Die Wirtschaftspolitik der neu gegr\u00FCndeten Volksrepublik China unter Mao Zedong setzte auf Planwirtschaft mit m\u00F6glichst hohem Wirtschaftswachstum. China war zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein Agrarstaat. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wuchs 1952 bis 1975 um j\u00E4hrlich mehr als 5 Prozent, allerdings unter extremer Bevorzugung des Investitionsg\u00FCtersektors und unter Vernachl\u00E4ssigung der Bed\u00FCrfnisse der Bev\u00F6lkerung. Die Folge des gescheiterten gro\u00DFen Sprunges nach vorn waren massive Hungersn\u00F6te mit Millionen Toten. Unter Deng Xiaoping wurde die kollektivierte Landwirtschaft allm\u00E4hlich im Pachtweg reprivatisiert. Seit 1979 gibt es Sonderwirtschaftszonen. Mit der Entwicklung von Privatwirtschaft kam es zu einem Kader-Kapitalismus, der die Familien wichtiger Funktion\u00E4re der Kommunistischen Partei (KPCh) bevorzugte. Die Armut der Dorfbev\u00F6lkerung und die daraus resultierende Landflucht in die Megast\u00E4dte teilt China mit anderen Schwellenl\u00E4ndern, jedoch ist der Hunger in China landesweit \u00FCberwunden und die medizinische Versorgung ist zumindest auf niedrigem Niveau fl\u00E4chendeckend. Daraus resultiert in China inzwischen (Stand 2017) eine Lebenserwartung von \u00FCber 76 Jahren. Ein schneller Ausbau der Infrastruktur ist n\u00F6tig, um dem Smog in vielen St\u00E4dten entgegenzuwirken, der durch die Kohlekraftwerke entstanden ist. Auch Gew\u00E4sser und B\u00F6den sind betroffen. Gro\u00DFe Staus in Ballungsr\u00E4umen aufgrund des Umstiegs vom Fahrrad auf das Auto bilden eine weitere Herausforderung. Heute hat China einen bedeutenden \u00DCberschuss der Handelsbilanz und hohe Devisenreserven."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. China has been the fastest growing economy in the world since the 1980s, with an average annual growth rate of 10% from 1978 to 2005, based on government statistics. Its GDP reached $USD 2.286 trillion in 2005. Since the end of the Maoist period in 1978, China has been transitioning from a state dominated planned socialist economy to a mixed economy. This transformation required a complex number of reforms in China's fiscal, financial, enterprise, governance and legal systems and the ability for the government to be able to flexibly respond to the unintended consequences of these changes. This transformation has been accompanied by high levels of industrialization and urbanization, a process that has influenced every aspect of China's society, culture and economy. The large size of China means there are major regional variations in living standards that can vary from extreme poverty to relative prosperity. In much of rural China, peasants live off the land, while in major cities like Shanghai and Beijing a modern service-based economy is forming. Since the PRC was founded in 1949, China has experienced a surprising and turbulent economic development process. It has experienced revolution, socialism, Maoism, and finally the gradual economic reform and fast economic growth that has characterised the post-Maoist period. The period of the Great Leap Forward famine and the chaos of the Cultural Revolution negatively impacted the economy. However, since the period of economic reform began in 1978, China has seen major improvements in average living standards and has experienced relative social stability. In that period, China has evolved from an isolated socialist state into a backbone of the world economy. The high growth rates of the reform period were caused by the massive mobilization of resources, and the shift of control of those resources from public to private ownership which allowed for improved efficiency in the management of those resources. The benefits reaped from this era of massive resource mobilization are now coming to an end and China must rely more on efficiency improvements in the future to further grow its economy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gambaran sejarah ekonomi di Tiongkok dari pendirian Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRC) pada tahun 1949 hingga saat ini."@in . . . . . . . . "Sejarah ekonomi Tiongkok (1949\u2013sekarang)"@in . . . . . . . . . . . "\u4E2D\u83EF\u4EBA\u6C11\u5171\u548C\u570B\u7D93\u6FDF\u53F2"@zh . . . "China"@en . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646 (1949-\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646)"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1123209828"^^ . . . . . . . . . "The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. China has been the fastest growing economy in the world since the 1980s, with an average annual growth rate of 10% from 1978 to 2005, based on government statistics. Its GDP reached $USD 2.286 trillion in 2005. Since the end of the Maoist period in 1978, China has been transitioning from a state dominated planned socialist economy to a mixed economy. This transformation required a complex number of reforms in China's fiscal, financial, enterprise, governance and legal systems and the ability for the government to be able to flexibly respond to the unintended consequences of these changes. This transformation has been a"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "116111"^^ . . . . . . "4407188"^^ . . . . . "Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Volksrepublik China"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Wirtschaftspolitik der neu gegr\u00FCndeten Volksrepublik China unter Mao Zedong setzte auf Planwirtschaft mit m\u00F6glichst hohem Wirtschaftswachstum. China war zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein Agrarstaat. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wuchs 1952 bis 1975 um j\u00E4hrlich mehr als 5 Prozent, allerdings unter extremer Bevorzugung des Investitionsg\u00FCtersektors und unter Vernachl\u00E4ssigung der Bed\u00FCrfnisse der Bev\u00F6lkerung. Die Folge des gescheiterten gro\u00DFen Sprunges nach vorn waren massive Hungersn\u00F6te mit Millionen Toten. Unter Deng Xiaoping wurde die kollektivierte Landwirtschaft allm\u00E4hlich im Pachtweg reprivatisiert. Seit 1979 gibt es Sonderwirtschaftszonen. Mit der Entwicklung von Privatwirtschaft kam es zu einem Kader-Kapitalismus, der die Familien wichtiger Funktion\u00E4re der Kommunistischen Partei (KPCh) bevorzugte."@de . . . . . 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"\u4E2D\u534E\u4EBA\u6C11\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5386\u53F2\u6307\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9646\u81EA\u4E2D\u534E\u4EBA\u6C11\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u6210\u7ACB\u5F8C\u81F3\u76EE\u524D\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u53D1\u5C55\u8FC7\u7A0B\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u6210\u4E3A\u56FD\u5185\u5916\u53D1\u5C55\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u70ED\u70B9\u3002\u4E3B\u8981\u7814\u7A76\u8BBA\u8FF0\u6709\u4E8C\u5143\u7ECF\u6D4E\u8BBA\u3001\u65F6\u95F4\u5E8F\u5217\u5206\u6790\u6CD5\u53CA\u7B49\u3002 1949\u5E74\u4E2D\u534E\u4EBA\u6C11\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u6210\u7ACB\u524D\u540E\uFF0C\u65B0\u7684\u4E2D\u592E\u653F\u5E9C\u901A\u8FC7\u4E00\u7CFB\u624B\u6BB5\uFF0C\u7ED3\u675F\u4E86\u957F\u671F\u4EE5\u6765\u7684\u6076\u6027\u901A\u8D27\u81A8\u80C0\uFF0C\u7EDF\u4E00\u5168\u56FD\u8D27\u5E01\uFF0C\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u8D22\u653F\u4F53\u7CFB\uFF0C\u5F3A\u6709\u529B\u7684\u63A7\u5236\u4E86\u56FD\u5BB6\u7ECF\u6D4E\u30021953\u5E74\u5F00\u59CB\uFF0C\u5728\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9646\u5B9E\u884C\u4E86\u7C7B\u4F3C\u4E8E\u82CF\u8054\u5217\u5B81\u65F6\u671F\u7684\u65B0\u7ECF\u6D4E\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C\u88AB\u79F0\u4F5C\u8FC7\u6E21\u65F6\u671F\u603B\u8DEF\u7EBF\u30021956\u5E74\u793E\u4F1A\u4E3B\u4E49\u6539\u9020\u5B8C\u6210\u540E\u5B9E\u884C\u82CF\u8054\u5F0F\u7684\u9AD8\u5EA6\u96C6\u4E2D\u7684\u8BA1\u5212\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\uFF0C\u8BE5\u4F53\u5236\u7684\u5F0A\u7AEF\u968F\u7740\u7ECF\u6D4E\u53D1\u5C55\u4E0D\u65AD\u8D8B\u5411\u4E25\u91CD\u3002 \u81EA1978\u5E74\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9646\u5B9E\u884C\u6539\u9769\u5F00\u653E\u653F\u7B56\u540E\uFF0C\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\u7531\u65E7\u6709\u7684\u4E0D\u9002\u5E94\u7ECF\u6D4E\u8FDB\u4E00\u6B65\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u7684\u82CF\u8054\u5F0F\u8BA1\u5212\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\u9010\u6B65\u8F6C\u5411\u4EE5\u5E02\u573A\u4E3A\u5BFC\u5411\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\uFF0C\u653F\u5E9C\u5BF9\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F9D\u7136\u6709\u67D0\u79CD\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u7684\u4E3B\u5BFC\u4F5C\u7528\uFF0C\u4E0E\u76F8\u4F3C\u3002\u5728\u8FD9\u79CD\u6539\u9769\u4E0B\uFF0C\u5728\u519C\u6751\u5B9E\u73B0\u4E86\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u571F\u5730\u6539\u9769\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5BB6\u5EAD\u8054\u4EA7\u627F\u5305\u8D23\u4EFB\u5236\u9010\u6E10\u53D6\u4EE3\u4E86\u519C\u4E1A\u5408\u4F5C\u793E\uFF0C\u5DE5\u4E1A\u4F01\u4E1A\u4E2D\u7684\u4F01\u4E1A\u9886\u5BFC\u5C42\u62E5\u6709\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u81EA\u4E3B\u6743\uFF0C\u56FD\u6709\u4F01\u4E1A\u9010\u6E10\u6210\u4E3A\u72EC\u7ACB\u6838\u7B97\u7684\uFF0C\u5141\u8BB8\u79C1\u4EBA\u7ECF\u8425\u670D\u52A1\u4E1A\u4EE5\u53CA\u8F7B\u5DE5\u4E1A\uFF0C\u5E76\u6253\u5F00\u56FD\u95E8\uFF0C\u5927\u91CF\u5F15\u8FDB\u3002\u8FD9\u79CD\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\u57281992\u5E74\u540E\u88AB\u4E2D\u56FD\u653F\u5E9C\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u4E2D\u56FD\u7279\u8272\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u4E3B\u4E49\u5E02\u573A\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u5236\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . "Quando o Partido Comunista da China chegou ao poder em 1949, os objetivos fundamentais de seus l\u00EDderes eram transformar a nova Rep\u00FAblica Popular da China em uma na\u00E7\u00E3o moderna, poderosa e socialista. Em termos econ\u00F4micos, esses objetivos significavam industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o, melhoria dos padr\u00F5es de vida, diminui\u00E7\u00E3o da desigualdade e produ\u00E7\u00E3o de equipamentos militares modernos. Com o passar dos anos, a lideran\u00E7a do partido continuou a se comprometer com essas metas, por\u00E9m as pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F4micas formuladas para alcan\u00E7\u00E1-las foram alteradas em v\u00E1rias ocasi\u00F5es em resposta a mudan\u00E7as na economia e na pol\u00EDtica interna, bem como nos desenvolvimentos pol\u00EDticos e econ\u00F4micos internacionais. Uma importante distin\u00E7\u00E3o emergiu entre os l\u00EDderes que defendiam que os objetivos de igualdade de renda e maior consci\u00EAncia pol\u00EDtica deveriam ter prioridade e aqueles que acreditavam que a industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o e moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o econ\u00F4mica geral eram pr\u00E9-requisitos para a obten\u00E7\u00E3o de uma ordem socialista bem-sucedida. Entre os l\u00EDderes proeminentes do primeiro grupo pode-se destacar Mao Zedong, Lin Biao e os membros da \u201CGangue dos Quatro\u201D. Os l\u00EDderes que enfatizavam considera\u00E7\u00F5es econ\u00F4micas pr\u00E1ticas inclu\u00EDam Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai e Deng Xiaoping. Em sua maioria, importantes mudan\u00E7as pol\u00EDticas refletiram a \u00EAnfase alternada entre metas pol\u00EDticas e econ\u00F4micas e foram acompanhadas por grandes mudan\u00E7as nas posi\u00E7\u00F5es dos indiv\u00EDduos na estrutura do poder pol\u00EDtico."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria econ\u00F4mica da Rep\u00FAblica Popular da China"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gambaran sejarah ekonomi di Tiongkok dari pendirian Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRC) pada tahun 1949 hingga saat ini."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Economic history of China (1949\u2013present)"@en . "Quando o Partido Comunista da China chegou ao poder em 1949, os objetivos fundamentais de seus l\u00EDderes eram transformar a nova Rep\u00FAblica Popular da China em uma na\u00E7\u00E3o moderna, poderosa e socialista. Em termos econ\u00F4micos, esses objetivos significavam industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o, melhoria dos padr\u00F5es de vida, diminui\u00E7\u00E3o da desigualdade e produ\u00E7\u00E3o de equipamentos militares modernos. Com o passar dos anos, a lideran\u00E7a do partido continuou a se comprometer com essas metas, por\u00E9m as pol\u00EDticas econ\u00F4micas formuladas para alcan\u00E7\u00E1-las foram alteradas em v\u00E1rias ocasi\u00F5es em resposta a mudan\u00E7as na economia e na pol\u00EDtica interna, bem como nos desenvolvimentos pol\u00EDticos e econ\u00F4micos internacionais."@pt . . . . .