. . "\u0415\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0422\u043E\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Edward Chace Tolman, 14 \u043A\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044F 1886 - 19 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 1959) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0445\u0435\u0432\u0456\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u00AB \u043A\u043E\u0433\u043D\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u00BB, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (1937)."@uk . . . . . "\u7231\u5FB7\u534E\u00B7\u6258\u5C14\u66FC\uFF08Edward Chace Tolman\uFF0C1886\u5E74\uFF0D1959\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u7F8E\u56FD\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6\u3001\u7F8E\u56FD\u52A0\u5DDE\u5927\u5B66\u4F2F\u514B\u5229\u5206\u6821\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u4EE5\u7814\u7A76\u884C\u4E3A\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8457\u79F0\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (n\u00E9 le 14 avril 1886 \u00E0 Newton (Massachusetts), mort le 19 novembre 1959), est un psychologue am\u00E9ricain. Il s'int\u00E9ressa essentiellement aux probl\u00E8mes de l'apprentissage dans le cadre du b\u00E9haviorisme.Le comportement, soutient Tolman, ne peut \u00EAtre r\u00E9duit au sch\u00E9ma \u00AB stimulus-r\u00E9ponse \u00BB. L'organisme n'est pas seulement \u00AB r\u00E9actionnel \u00BB ; il agit en fonction d'une vis\u00E9e qui lui est propre.Dans sa th\u00E9orie, Tolman tient compte du b\u00E9haviorisme, du fonctionnalisme (cf John Dewey) et de la psychologie de la forme. Son id\u00E9e, c'est que l'on ne peut se passer de la notion de \u00AB dessein \u00BB, de \u00AB but poursuivi \u00BB, ni chez l'homme ni chez l'animal."@fr . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (Newton, 14 de abril de 1886 \u2013 Berkeley, 19 de novembro de 1959) foi um psic\u00F3logo norte-americano. Tolman tamb\u00E9m promoveu o conceito conhecido como primeiro cunhado por Blodgett (1929). Uma pesquisa da , publicada em 2002, classificou Tolman como o 45\u00BA psic\u00F3logo mais citado do s\u00E9culo XX."@pt . . . . . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (14. dubna 1886, \u2013 19. listopadu 1959, Berkeley) byl americk\u00FD psycholog, v\u00FDznamn\u00FD p\u0159edstavitel behaviorismu, 45. nejcitovan\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED psycholog ve 20. stolet\u00ED. Zaob\u00EDral se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm u\u010Den\u00EDm, zn\u00E1m\u00E9 jsou jeho pokusy na krys\u00E1ch. N\u011Bkdy b\u00FDv\u00E1 ozna\u010Dov\u00E1n za neobehavioristu, nebo\u0165 redukoval p\u0159\u00EDsn\u00E1 skinnerovsk\u00E1 pravidla a hl\u00E1sil se i k ovlivn\u011Bn\u00ED jin\u00FDmi sm\u011Bry, zejm\u00E9na gestaltismem (zejm. Kurtem Lewinem a Kurtem Koffkou). Tradi\u010Dn\u00ED behavioristick\u00FD model S-R (stimulus-response) zam\u011Bnil za model S-S (stimulus-stimulus), kdy\u017E tvrdil, \u017Ee zv\u00ED\u0159ata nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ED ud\u00E1lost k u\u010Den\u00ED, ale jsou schopna tzv. skryt\u00E9ho u\u010Den\u00ED. To dokazoval zejm\u00E9na zn\u00E1m\u00FDm pokusem s krysami, kdy hladov\u00E9 krysy se v labyrintu s j\u00EDdlem u\u010Dily stejn\u011B efektivn\u011B jako krysy syt\u00E9. V behaviorismu Tolmanov\u00FDm z\u00E1v\u011Br\u016Fm oponovoval zejm\u00E9na Clark Leonard Hull. Tolman t\u00E9\u017E nastolil koncept tzv. kognitivn\u00ED mapy, \u0161iroce citovan\u00FD nap\u0159\u00ED\u010D psychologick\u00FDmi \u0161kolami a vysv\u011Btluj\u00EDc\u00ED, jak \u010Dlov\u011Bk nakl\u00E1d\u00E1 ve sv\u00E9 mysli s prostorem a prost\u0159ed\u00EDm, kter\u00FD byl v\u0161ak rovn\u011B\u017E p\u016Fvodn\u011B definov\u00E1n pro pokusn\u00E9 krysy."@cs . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (Newton, 14 de abril de 1886 \u2013 Berkeley, 19 de novembro de 1959) foi um psic\u00F3logo norte-americano. Tolman tamb\u00E9m promoveu o conceito conhecido como primeiro cunhado por Blodgett (1929). Uma pesquisa da , publicada em 2002, classificou Tolman como o 45\u00BA psic\u00F3logo mais citado do s\u00E9culo XX."@pt . . 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"Edward Chace Tolman (April 14, 1886 \u2013 November 19, 1959) was an American psychologist and a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Through Tolman's theories and works, he founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism. Tolman also promoted the concept known as latent learning first coined by Blodgett (1929). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Tolman as the 45th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Tolman was one of the leading figures in protecting academic freedom during the McCarthy era in early 1950s. In recognition of Tolman's contributions to both the development of psychology and academic freedom, the Education and Psychology building on Berkeley campus, the \"Tolman Hall\", was named after him."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "American"@en . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (14 de abril de 1886-19 de diciembre de 1959) fue un psic\u00F3logo estadounidense notable por sus estudios sobre la cognici\u00F3n en el contexto de la psicolog\u00EDa del comportamiento."@es . . "Edward Chace Tolman (* 14. April 1886 in , Massachusetts; \u2020 19. November 1959 in Berkeley, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychologe. Er wurde bekannt durch seine Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Lerntheorie und gilt als ein Wegbereiter vom Neobehaviorismus zum Kognitivismus."@de . "\uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC \uCCB4\uC774\uC2A4 \uD1A8\uBA3C(Edward C. Tolman)(1886\uB144 4\uC6D4 14\uC77C ~ 1959\uB144 11\uC6D4 19\uC77C)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uBC84\uD074\uB9AC \uCE98\uB9AC\uD3EC\uB2C8\uC544 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC758 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uB2E4. \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC758 \uC774\uB860\uACFC \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC791\uC5C5\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uD604\uC7AC \uD589\uB3D9\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uD615\uC131\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC740 \uB610\uD55C \uBE14\uB85C\uC81C\uD2B8(Blodgett)\uAC00 \uCC98\uC74C \uACE0\uC548 \uD55C \uC7A0\uC7AC\uD559\uC2B5(Latent Learning)\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uAC1C\uB150\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uC2DD\uD588\uB2E4. 2002\uB144\uC5D0 \uBC1C\uAC04\uB41C \uC77C\uBC18 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559 \uB9AC\uBDF0\uB294 \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC744 20\uC138\uAE30\uC758 45\uBC88\uC9F8\uB85C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB9CE\uC774 \uC778\uC6A9\uB41C \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uB85C \uC120\uC815\uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Harvard University"@en . . "Studies in Memory"@en . "Edward Chace Tolman adalah seorang psikolog asal Amerika Serikat yang mengemukakan konsep psikologi pusposif dalam behaviorisme. ia lahir pada 14 April 14 1886 di Massachusetts, Amerika dan meninggal pada 19 November 1959 di Berkeley, California, ia adalah psikolog Amerika yang mengembangkan sistem psikologi yang mencoba untuk menjelajahi seluruh tindakan organisme. Ia menghasilkan teori mengenai behaviorisme operasional yang dalam perkembangannya cukup dikenal dan mempengaruhi perkembangan juga di dalam ilmu psikologi"@in . . "1915"^^ . . "\uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC \uCCB4\uC774\uC2A4 \uD1A8\uBA3C(Edward C. Tolman)(1886\uB144 4\uC6D4 14\uC77C ~ 1959\uB144 11\uC6D4 19\uC77C)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uBC84\uD074\uB9AC \uCE98\uB9AC\uD3EC\uB2C8\uC544 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC758 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uB2E4. \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC758 \uC774\uB860\uACFC \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC791\uC5C5\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uD604\uC7AC \uD589\uB3D9\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uD615\uC131\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC740 \uB610\uD55C \uBE14\uB85C\uC81C\uD2B8(Blodgett)\uAC00 \uCC98\uC74C \uACE0\uC548 \uD55C \uC7A0\uC7AC\uD559\uC2B5(Latent Learning)\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uAC1C\uB150\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uC2DD\uD588\uB2E4. 2002\uB144\uC5D0 \uBC1C\uAC04\uB41C \uC77C\uBC18 \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559 \uB9AC\uBDF0\uB294 \uD1A8\uBA3C(Tolman)\uC744 20\uC138\uAE30\uC758 45\uBC88\uC9F8\uB85C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB9CE\uC774 \uC778\uC6A9\uB41C \uC2EC\uB9AC\uD559\uC790\uB85C \uC120\uC815\uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . "1097425951"^^ . . . . . . "Edward Tolman"@pl . "Edward Tolman"@fr . "Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) fou un psic\u00F2leg nord-americ\u00E0 notable pels seus estudis sobre la cognici\u00F3 dins de la psicologia del comportament."@ca . . . . "\u7231\u5FB7\u534E\u00B7\u6258\u5C14\u66FC"@zh . "442101"^^ . "Edward Chace Tolman (n\u00E9 le 14 avril 1886 \u00E0 Newton (Massachusetts), mort le 19 novembre 1959), est un psychologue am\u00E9ricain. Il s'int\u00E9ressa essentiellement aux probl\u00E8mes de l'apprentissage dans le cadre du b\u00E9haviorisme.Le comportement, soutient Tolman, ne peut \u00EAtre r\u00E9duit au sch\u00E9ma \u00AB stimulus-r\u00E9ponse \u00BB. L'organisme n'est pas seulement \u00AB r\u00E9actionnel \u00BB ; il agit en fonction d'une vis\u00E9e qui lui est propre.Dans sa th\u00E9orie, Tolman tient compte du b\u00E9haviorisme, du fonctionnalisme (cf John Dewey) et de la psychologie de la forme. Son id\u00E9e, c'est que l'on ne peut se passer de la notion de \u00AB dessein \u00BB, de \u00AB but poursuivi \u00BB, ni chez l'homme ni chez l'animal. Tolman a \u00E9galement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 le concept de \u00AB carte cognitive \u00BB."@fr . . . . . "Edward C. Tolman"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A8\u30C9\u30EF\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30C1\u30A7\u30A4\u30B9\u30FB\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\uFF08Edward Chase Tolman, 1886\u5E744\u670814\u65E5 - 1959\u5E7411\u670819\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3002 \u30DE\u30B5\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30BB\u30C3\u30C4\u5DDE\u30A6\u30A7\u30B9\u30C8\u30FB\u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30C8\u30F3\u51FA\u8EAB\u30021918\u5E74\u304B\u30891954\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30AB\u30EA\u30D5\u30A9\u30EB\u30CB\u30A2\u5927\u5B66\u30D0\u30FC\u30AF\u30EC\u30FC\u6821\u3067\u9577\u304F\u6559\u97AD\u3092\u57F7\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u5DE8\u8996\u7684\u7ACB\u5834\u304B\u3089\u3092\u5531\u3048\u3001\u884C\u52D5\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306B\u5A92\u4ECB\u5909\u6570\u3092\u5C0E\u5165\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5F7C\u306F\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u306F\u76EE\u6A19\u306B\u65B9\u5411\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5B66\u7FD2\u306F\u76EE\u7684\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u9AD8\u5EA6\u306B\u5BA2\u89B3\u7684\u306A\u8A3C\u62E0\u4E8B\u5B9F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u3001\u884C\u52D5\u306F\u5358\u306A\u308B\u523A\u6FC0(\u72EC\u7ACB\u5909\u6570)\u3068\u53CD\u5FDC(\u5F93\u5C5E\u5909\u6570)\u306E\u76F4\u63A5\u7684\u306A\u7D50\u5408(S\uFF0DR)\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u9593\u306B\u5A92\u4ECB\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306E\u5185\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u304C\u4ECB\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001S-O-R\u3068\u4FEE\u6B63\u3057\u305F\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u3092\u7814\u7A76\u3057\u3001\u8A8D\u77E5\u7684\u306A\u5B66\u7FD2\u306B\u6CE8\u76EE\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30A8\u30C9\u30A6\u30A3\u30F3\u30FB\u30AC\u30B9\u30EA\u30FC\u3084\u30AF\u30E9\u30FC\u30AF\u30FB\u30CF\u30EB\u3084\u30D0\u30E9\u30B9\u30FB\u30B9\u30AD\u30CA\u30FC\u3068\u5171\u306B\u65B0\u884C\u52D5\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u4EE3\u8868\u3059\u308B\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u7ACB\u5834\u306F\u30B2\u30B7\u30E5\u30BF\u30EB\u30C8\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u3068\u3082\u89AA\u548C\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u306E\u3061\u306E\u8A8D\u77E5\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u8A95\u751F\u3092\u6E96\u5099\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u6CE2\u591A\u91CE\u8ABC\u4F59\u592B\u3089\u7DE8\u96C6\u306E\u300C\u6559\u6388\u30FB\u5B66\u7FD2\u904E\u7A0B\u8AD6\u300D\uFF08\u653E\u9001\u5927\u5B66\u5927\u5B66\u9662\u6559\u6750\u30012004\u5E74\uFF09\u306E127\u30DA\u30FC\u30B8\u306B\u306F\u3001\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u306F\u300E\u52D5\u7269\u3068\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u76EE\u7684\u884C\u52D5\u300F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672C\u306E\u6249\u306B\u300C\u30CD\u30BA\u30DF\u306B\u3053\u306E\u672C\u3092\u6367\u3052\u308B\u300D\u3068\u66F8\u3044\u305F\u7A0B\u30D2\u30C8\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u30CD\u30BA\u30DF\u306B\u504F\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30A8\u30D4\u30BD\u30FC\u30C9\u304C\u7D39\u4ECB\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (Newton, 14 aprile 1886 \u2013 Berkeley, 19 novembre 1959) \u00E8 stato uno psicologo statunitense. Fu il pi\u00F9 noto neocomportamentista nonch\u00E9 precursore del cognitivismo, noto per i suoi studi sull'apprendimento nei topi in scatole sperimentali apposite (i cosiddetti labirinti di apprendimento). La matrice culturale di Tolman \u00E8 di stampo comportamentista: rifiuto dell'introspezione, considerazione del comportamento manifesto come oggetto di studio. Anche se da Watson (il fondatore del comportamentismo) si discosta nettamente, Tolman si autodefinisce studioso del comportamento molare (definendo lo studio watsoniano comportamento molecolare) e del comportamento finalizzato (definendo quello di Watson comportamento meccanico)."@it . "1959-11-19"^^ . . . "Edward C. Tolman (ur. 14 kwietnia 1886, zm. 19 listopada 1959) \u2013 psycholog ameryka\u0144ski, tw\u00F3rca koncepcji behawioryzmu celowo\u015Bciowego (neobehawioryzm). W 1922 roku wyst\u0105pi\u0142 z najpe\u0142niejsz\u0105 krytyk\u0105 behawioryzmu J.B. Watsona, poniewa\u017C przeprowadzi\u0142 szereg eksperyment\u00F3w behawiorystycznych i zauwa\u017Cy\u0142 ich b\u0142\u0119dno\u015B\u0107. Zaproponowa\u0142 w\u0142asn\u0105 teori\u0119 motywacji i wprowadzi\u0142 do psychologii uczenia si\u0119 poj\u0119cie pop\u0119du. Wprowadzi\u0142 do psychologii koncepcj\u0119 behawioryzmu celowo\u015Bciowego, wed\u0142ug kt\u00F3rej powinna zajmowa\u0107 si\u0119 badaniem ca\u0142ego dzia\u0142ania totalnego organizmu z punktu widzenia celu, do kt\u00F3rego d\u0105\u017Cy jednostka. Edward Tolman jako pierwszy na \u015Bwiecie opublikowa\u0142 badania dotycz\u0105ce selektywnej hodowli szczur\u00F3w pod wzgl\u0119dem ich zdolno\u015Bci uczenia si\u0119 znajdowania drogi w labiryncie. Badania te zainspirowa\u0142y jego ucznia Roberta Tryona do przeprowadzenia w\u0142asnych, d\u0142ugoletnich bada\u0144 w tej dziedzinie."@pl . . . . . "Edward C. Tolman (ur. 14 kwietnia 1886, zm. 19 listopada 1959) \u2013 psycholog ameryka\u0144ski, tw\u00F3rca koncepcji behawioryzmu celowo\u015Bciowego (neobehawioryzm). W 1922 roku wyst\u0105pi\u0142 z najpe\u0142niejsz\u0105 krytyk\u0105 behawioryzmu J.B. Watsona, poniewa\u017C przeprowadzi\u0142 szereg eksperyment\u00F3w behawiorystycznych i zauwa\u017Cy\u0142 ich b\u0142\u0119dno\u015B\u0107. Zaproponowa\u0142 w\u0142asn\u0105 teori\u0119 motywacji i wprowadzi\u0142 do psychologii uczenia si\u0119 poj\u0119cie pop\u0119du. Wprowadzi\u0142 do psychologii koncepcj\u0119 behawioryzmu celowo\u015Bciowego, wed\u0142ug kt\u00F3rej powinna zajmowa\u0107 si\u0119 badaniem ca\u0142ego dzia\u0142ania totalnego organizmu z punktu widzenia celu, do kt\u00F3rego d\u0105\u017Cy jednostka."@pl . . . . . . . . "Edward C. Tolman"@sv . "Edward Chace Tolman"@en . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman"@en . . . "Edward Chace Tolman adalah seorang psikolog asal Amerika Serikat yang mengemukakan konsep psikologi pusposif dalam behaviorisme. ia lahir pada 14 April 14 1886 di Massachusetts, Amerika dan meninggal pada 19 November 1959 di Berkeley, California, ia adalah psikolog Amerika yang mengembangkan sistem psikologi yang mencoba untuk menjelajahi seluruh tindakan organisme. Ia menghasilkan teori mengenai behaviorisme operasional yang dalam perkembangannya cukup dikenal dan mempengaruhi perkembangan juga di dalam ilmu psikologi"@in . . "Edward Tolman"@de . . . "\u0625\u062F\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0633\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646"@ar . "\u0415\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0422\u043E\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Edward Chace Tolman, 14 \u043A\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044F 1886 - 19 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 1959) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0445\u0435\u0432\u0456\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u00AB \u043A\u043E\u0433\u043D\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u00BB, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (1937)."@uk . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) fou un psic\u00F2leg nord-americ\u00E0 notable pels seus estudis sobre la cognici\u00F3 dins de la psicologia del comportament."@ca . . . . . "Edward Tolman"@cs . . . "\u042D\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0422\u043E\u0301\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Edward Chace Tolman, 14 \u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F 1886 \u2014 19 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1959) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0445\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u00BB, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1937). \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1937)."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u062F\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0633\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Edward Tolman) 1959-1886 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u062F \u0648\u062A\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F\u0627\u064B \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062A\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064A\u0628\u062F\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u06BE\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u06BE\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062C\u0629 \u0628\u06CC\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D\u06CC\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u06CC\u0646\u060C \u06BE\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062F \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0623 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"\u7231\u5FB7\u534E\u00B7\u6258\u5C14\u66FC\uFF08Edward Chace Tolman\uFF0C1886\u5E74\uFF0D1959\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u7F8E\u56FD\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6\u3001\u7F8E\u56FD\u52A0\u5DDE\u5927\u5B66\u4F2F\u514B\u5229\u5206\u6821\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u4EE5\u7814\u7A76\u884C\u4E3A\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8457\u79F0\u3002"@zh . . . "\u042D\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0422\u043E\u0301\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Edward Chace Tolman, 14 \u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F 1886 \u2014 19 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1959) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0445\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u00BB, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1937). \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1937)."@ru . . . . "\u30A8\u30C9\u30EF\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3"@ja . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (* 14. April 1886 in , Massachusetts; \u2020 19. November 1959 in Berkeley, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychologe. Er wurde bekannt durch seine Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Lerntheorie und gilt als ein Wegbereiter vom Neobehaviorismus zum Kognitivismus."@de . . "Edward Chace Tolman (14. dubna 1886, \u2013 19. listopadu 1959, Berkeley) byl americk\u00FD psycholog, v\u00FDznamn\u00FD p\u0159edstavitel behaviorismu, 45. nejcitovan\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED psycholog ve 20. stolet\u00ED. Zaob\u00EDral se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm u\u010Den\u00EDm, zn\u00E1m\u00E9 jsou jeho pokusy na krys\u00E1ch. Tolman t\u00E9\u017E nastolil koncept tzv. kognitivn\u00ED mapy, \u0161iroce citovan\u00FD nap\u0159\u00ED\u010D psychologick\u00FDmi \u0161kolami a vysv\u011Btluj\u00EDc\u00ED, jak \u010Dlov\u011Bk nakl\u00E1d\u00E1 ve sv\u00E9 mysli s prostorem a prost\u0159ed\u00EDm, kter\u00FD byl v\u0161ak rovn\u011B\u017E p\u016Fvodn\u011B definov\u00E1n pro pokusn\u00E9 krysy."@cs . "Edward Chace Tolman (14 de abril de 1886-19 de diciembre de 1959) fue un psic\u00F3logo estadounidense notable por sus estudios sobre la cognici\u00F3n en el contexto de la psicolog\u00EDa del comportamiento."@es . . . . "1886-04-14"^^ . . . . . . "1886-04-14"^^ . . . "Edward Chace Tolman (Newton, 14 aprile 1886 \u2013 Berkeley, 19 novembre 1959) \u00E8 stato uno psicologo statunitense. Fu il pi\u00F9 noto neocomportamentista nonch\u00E9 precursore del cognitivismo, noto per i suoi studi sull'apprendimento nei topi in scatole sperimentali apposite (i cosiddetti labirinti di apprendimento). La matrice culturale di Tolman \u00E8 di stampo comportamentista: rifiuto dell'introspezione, considerazione del comportamento manifesto come oggetto di studio. Anche se da Watson (il fondatore del comportamentismo) si discosta nettamente, Tolman si autodefinisce studioso del comportamento molare (definendo lo studio watsoniano comportamento molecolare) e del comportamento finalizzato (definendo quello di Watson comportamento meccanico)."@it . "Edward Chace Tolman, f\u00F6dd 14 april 1886 i , Massachusetts, d\u00F6d 19 november 1959 i Berkeley, Kalifornien, var en amerikansk psykolog."@sv . . . . . . . . . "24337"^^ . . . "Edward C. Tolman"@es . "\u30A8\u30C9\u30EF\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30C1\u30A7\u30A4\u30B9\u30FB\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\uFF08Edward Chase Tolman, 1886\u5E744\u670814\u65E5 - 1959\u5E7411\u670819\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3002 \u30DE\u30B5\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30BB\u30C3\u30C4\u5DDE\u30A6\u30A7\u30B9\u30C8\u30FB\u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30C8\u30F3\u51FA\u8EAB\u30021918\u5E74\u304B\u30891954\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30AB\u30EA\u30D5\u30A9\u30EB\u30CB\u30A2\u5927\u5B66\u30D0\u30FC\u30AF\u30EC\u30FC\u6821\u3067\u9577\u304F\u6559\u97AD\u3092\u57F7\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u5DE8\u8996\u7684\u7ACB\u5834\u304B\u3089\u3092\u5531\u3048\u3001\u884C\u52D5\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306B\u5A92\u4ECB\u5909\u6570\u3092\u5C0E\u5165\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5F7C\u306F\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u306F\u76EE\u6A19\u306B\u65B9\u5411\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5B66\u7FD2\u306F\u76EE\u7684\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u9AD8\u5EA6\u306B\u5BA2\u89B3\u7684\u306A\u8A3C\u62E0\u4E8B\u5B9F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u3001\u884C\u52D5\u306F\u5358\u306A\u308B\u523A\u6FC0(\u72EC\u7ACB\u5909\u6570)\u3068\u53CD\u5FDC(\u5F93\u5C5E\u5909\u6570)\u306E\u76F4\u63A5\u7684\u306A\u7D50\u5408(S\uFF0DR)\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u9593\u306B\u5A92\u4ECB\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306E\u5185\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u304C\u4ECB\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001S-O-R\u3068\u4FEE\u6B63\u3057\u305F\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u3092\u7814\u7A76\u3057\u3001\u8A8D\u77E5\u7684\u306A\u5B66\u7FD2\u306B\u6CE8\u76EE\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30A8\u30C9\u30A6\u30A3\u30F3\u30FB\u30AC\u30B9\u30EA\u30FC\u3084\u30AF\u30E9\u30FC\u30AF\u30FB\u30CF\u30EB\u3084\u30D0\u30E9\u30B9\u30FB\u30B9\u30AD\u30CA\u30FC\u3068\u5171\u306B\u65B0\u884C\u52D5\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u4EE3\u8868\u3059\u308B\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u7ACB\u5834\u306F\u30B2\u30B7\u30E5\u30BF\u30EB\u30C8\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u3068\u3082\u89AA\u548C\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u306E\u3061\u306E\u8A8D\u77E5\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u8A95\u751F\u3092\u6E96\u5099\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u6CE2\u591A\u91CE\u8ABC\u4F59\u592B\u3089\u7DE8\u96C6\u306E\u300C\u6559\u6388\u30FB\u5B66\u7FD2\u904E\u7A0B\u8AD6\u300D\uFF08\u653E\u9001\u5927\u5B66\u5927\u5B66\u9662\u6559\u6750\u30012004\u5E74\uFF09\u306E127\u30DA\u30FC\u30B8\u306B\u306F\u3001\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u30C8\u30FC\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u306F\u300E\u52D5\u7269\u3068\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u76EE\u7684\u884C\u52D5\u300F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672C\u306E\u6249\u306B\u300C\u30CD\u30BA\u30DF\u306B\u3053\u306E\u672C\u3092\u6367\u3052\u308B\u300D\u3068\u66F8\u3044\u305F\u7A0B\u30D2\u30C8\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u30CD\u30BA\u30DF\u306B\u504F\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30A8\u30D4\u30BD\u30FC\u30C9\u304C\u7D39\u4ECB\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Edward Tolman"@it . . "Edward Chace Tolman (April 14, 1886 \u2013 November 19, 1959) was an American psychologist and a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Through Tolman's theories and works, he founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism. Tolman also promoted the concept known as latent learning first coined by Blodgett (1929). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Tolman as the 45th most cited psychologist of the 20th century."@en . "\uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC \uD1A8\uBA3C"@ko . . "Edward Chace Tolman, f\u00F6dd 14 april 1886 i , Massachusetts, d\u00F6d 19 november 1959 i Berkeley, Kalifornien, var en amerikansk psykolog."@sv . . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u043E\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D, \u042D\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441"@ru . . "Edward Chace Tolman"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0415\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0422\u043E\u043B\u043C\u0435\u043D"@uk . "1959-11-19"^^ . . . . . . "Edward Chace Tolman"@in . "Edward C. Tolman"@pt .