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<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Emotion_in_animals>	<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment>	"Emotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content. The existence and nature of emotions in non-human animals are believed to be correlated with those of humans and to have evolved from the same mechanisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the subject, and his observational (and sometimes anecdotal) approach has since developed into a more robust, hypothesis-driven, scientific approach. Cognitive bias tests and learned helplessness models have shown feelings of optimism and pessimism in a wide range of species, including rats, dogs, cats, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings, pigs, and honeybees. Jaak Panksepp played a large role in the study of animal emotion, basing his research on the neurological aspect. Mentioning"@en .
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<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Emotion_in_animals>	<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract>	"Emotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content. The existence and nature of emotions in non-human animals are believed to be correlated with those of humans and to have evolved from the same mechanisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the subject, and his observational (and sometimes anecdotal) approach has since developed into a more robust, hypothesis-driven, scientific approach. Cognitive bias tests and learned helplessness models have shown feelings of optimism and pessimism in a wide range of species, including rats, dogs, cats, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings, pigs, and honeybees. Jaak Panksepp played a large role in the study of animal emotion, basing his research on the neurological aspect. Mentioning seven core emotional feelings reflected through a variety of neuro-dynamic limbic emotional action systems, including seeking, fear, rage, lust, care, panic and play. Through brain stimulation and pharmacological challenges, such emotional responses can be effectively monitored. Emotion has been observed and further researched through multiple different approaches including that of behaviourism, comparative, anecdotal, specifically Darwin's approach and what is most widely used today the scientific approach which has a number of subfields including functional, mechanistic, cognitive bias tests, self-medicating, spindle neurons, vocalizations and neurology. While emotions in nonhuman animals is still quite a controversial topic, it has been studied in an extensive array of species both large and small including primates, rodents, elephants, horses, birds, dogs, cats, honeybees and crayfish."@en .
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<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Emotion_in_animals>	<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract>	"O estudos das emo\u00E7\u00F5es em animais, apesar de dif\u00EDcil, \u00E9 essencial para que haja o entendimento da vis\u00E3o de mundo da perspectiva dos animais. Isso \u00E9 muito importante para os estudos de bem-estar animal, pois \u00E9 preciso considerar as experi\u00EAncias de vida e evolu\u00E7\u00E3o \u00FAnicas de cada animal para aplicar qualquer conhecimento ao tratamento com eles. Assim como em humanos, n\u00E3o \u00E9 poss\u00EDvel estudar as emo\u00E7\u00F5es em animais de forma direta, por\u00E9m isso n\u00E3o significa que elas n\u00E3o existam. Os estados emocionais de muitos animais s\u00E3o facilmente reconhec\u00EDveis. Muitos aspectos observ\u00E1veis podem ser usados para fazer infer\u00EAncias a respeito do que est\u00E3o sentindo. As express\u00F5es faciais, os olhares, a postura, os sons e cheiros emitidos s\u00E3o indicadores de respostas emocionais a determinadas situa\u00E7\u00F5es. Uma boa observa\u00E7\u00E3o do comportamento pode proporcionar infer\u00EAncias certeiras a respeito da pr\u00F3xima a\u00E7\u00E3o daquele animal, baseando-se em seu estado emocional. Charles Darwin foi um dos primeiros cientistas a escrever sobre a exist\u00EAncia e a natureza das emo\u00E7\u00F5es em animais. Sua abordagem observacional e \u00E0s vezes simples tornou-se uma abordagem cient\u00EDfica mais complexa, baseadas em hip\u00F3teses. As hip\u00F3teses gerais relacionadas as intera\u00E7\u00F5es entre humanos e animais tamb\u00E9m suportam a afirma\u00E7\u00E3o de que os animais podem sentir emo\u00E7\u00F5es e que as emo\u00E7\u00F5es humanas evolu\u00EDram a partir dos mesmos mecanismos. Foram desenvolvidos v\u00E1rios testes, como testes de vi\u00E9s cognitivo e respostas de sentimentos de otimismo ou pessimismo foram mostrados em uma ampla gama de esp\u00E9cies, incluindo ratos, cachorros, gatos, ovelhas, porcos e abelhas. Por\u00E9m testes cient\u00EDficos est\u00E3o sendo realizados para caracterizar as respostas cognitivas dos animais como a\u00E7\u00F5es realizados em resposta \u00E0 um est\u00EDmulo espec\u00EDfico e n\u00E3o como sentimentos propriamente ditos. O fato \u00E9 que n\u00E3o existe um consenso cient\u00EDfico sobre as emo\u00E7\u00F5es dos animais, no entanto algumas evid\u00EAncias sustentam a afirma\u00E7\u00E3o de que os animais n\u00E3o-humanos possuem afectividade e que as emo\u00E7\u00F5es humanas evolu\u00EDram a partir dos mesmos mecanismos. A emo\u00E7\u00E3o dos animais est\u00E1 inerente ao estudo sobre a suposi\u00E7\u00E3o da exist\u00EAncia de emo\u00E7\u00F5es em alguns animais vertebrados e outros invertebrados, principalmente sobre aves e mam\u00EDferos."@pt .
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<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Emotion_in_animals>	<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract>	"L'\u00E9motion en zoologie d\u00E9signe les sentiments et \u00E9motions subjectifs \u00E9prouv\u00E9s par des animaux non-humains. Les \u00E9motions peuvent \u00EAtre d\u00E9crites comme des \u00E9tats conscients, subjectifs caract\u00E9ris\u00E9s premi\u00E8rement par les expressions psychophysiologiques, les r\u00E9actions biologiques, et les \u00E9tats mentaux. Charles Darwin fut l'un des premiers scientifique \u00E0 \u00E9crire \u00E0 propos de l'existence et de la nature des \u00E9motions chez les animaux non-humains. Son approche observationnelle, et parfois anecdotique, s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e en une approche plus robuste, hypoth\u00E9tique et scientifique. Les hypoth\u00E8ses g\u00E9n\u00E9rales proclament que les animaux peuvent aussi ressentir des \u00E9motions et que les \u00E9motions humaines d\u00E9coulent des m\u00EAmes m\u00E9canismes. Plusieurs tests, comme les tests cognitifs biais\u00E9s et les mod\u00E8les d'impuissance apprise, ont \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9velopp\u00E9s. Les biais cognitifs (sentiments d'optimisme ou de pessimisme) ont \u00E9t\u00E9 montr\u00E9s dans une large gamme de sp\u00E9cimens comprenant des rats, des chiens, des chats, des macaques Rh\u00E9sus, des moutons, des poules, des cochons des \u00E9tourneaux et des abeilles. Certains sp\u00E9cialistes du comportement proclament que les mod\u00E8les de stimulus-r\u00E9ponse fournissent une explication suffisante pour les comportements animaux ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9crits comme \u00E9motionnels, et qu'il n'est pas n\u00E9cessaire de postuler que les animaux sont conscients. D'autres sp\u00E9cialistes du comportement s'interrogent davantage sur le fait que les animaux ressentent des \u00E9motions, car les \u00E9motions ne sont pas universelles y compris chez les humains, les interpr\u00E9tations du comportement animal sont anthropomorphiques, et les d\u00E9finitions des \u00E9motions manquent de solidit\u00E9."@fr .
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<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Emotion_in_animals>	<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract>	"Emosi didefinisikan sebagai pengalaman mental apa pun dengan intensitas tinggi dan konten hedonis tinggi. Keberadaan dan sifat emosi pada hewan diyakini berkorelasi dengan manusia dan telah berevolusi dari mekanisme yang sama. Charles Darwin adalah salah satu ilmuwan pertama yang menulis tentang subjek ini, dan pendekatan pengamatannya (dan kadang-kadang anekdot) telah berkembang menjadi pendekatan ilmiah yang lebih kuat, digerakkan oleh hipotesis, Tes bias kognitif dan model ketidakberdayaan yang dipelajari telah menunjukkan perasaan optimisme dan pesimisme dalam berbagai spesies, termasuk tikus, anjing, kucing, kera, domba, anak ayam, jalak, babi, dan lebah madu. Jaak Panksepp memainkan peran besar dalam studi emosi hewan, mendasarkan penelitiannya pada aspek neurologis. Menyebutkan tujuh perasaan emosional inti yang tercermin melalui berbagai sistem tindakan emosional limbik neuro-dinamis, termasuk mencari, takut, marah, nafsu, peduli, panik, dan bermain. Melalui stimulasi otak dan tantangan farmakologis, respons emosional semacam itu dapat dipantau secara efektif. Emosi telah diamati dan diteliti lebih lanjut melalui berbagai pendekatan yang berbeda termasuk perilaku behaviourism, komparatif, anekdotal, khususnya pendekatan Darwin dan apa yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini adalah pendekatan ilmiah yang memiliki sejumlah subbidang termasuk tes bias fungsional, mekanistik, kognitif, self- berobat, neuron gelendong, vokalisasi dan neurologi. Sementara emosi pada hewan masih merupakan topik yang cukup kontroversial, namun telah dipelajari dalam beragam spesies baik besar dan kecil termasuk primata, tikus, gajah, kuda, burung, anjing, kucing, lebah madu dan udang karang."@in .
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