. . . . . . "Als Enclosure Movement (von englisch enclosures \u201EEinhegungen\u201C und movement \u201EBewegung\u201C) wird die Aufl\u00F6sung der Allmenderechte in der britischen Landwirtschaft bezeichnet, bei der vorher gemeinschaftlich genutztes Land von privater Seite eingefriedet und intensiver genutzt wurde. Die Enclosure-Bewegung trieb die Kommerzialisierung der britischen Landwirtschaft voran. Auf ehemals gemeinschaftlich genutzten Land und Forstfl\u00E4chen entstanden ertragsintensive Agrarbetriebe, insbesondere im Bereich der Viehzucht, ohne die die wachsende Bev\u00F6lkerung nur durch Importe h\u00E4tte ern\u00E4hrt werden k\u00F6nnen. Historisch sind erste Ans\u00E4tze bereits zwischen 1450 und 1630 zu finden. Sie waren in England von einem erheblichen Wirtschaftswachstum und vergr\u00F6\u00DFerten sozialen Gegens\u00E4tzen gepr\u00E4gt. Der Englische B\u00FCrgerkrieg Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts beschleunigte die Einhegungen erheblich. Im Parlament nahmen die gro\u00DFen Landbesitzer, die Gentry, gegen\u00FCber dem K\u00F6nig eine zunehmend gest\u00E4rkte Position ein, was in der Abschaffung der Star Chamber 1641 kulminierte. Damit waren auch die Rechte der Commoners deutlich geschw\u00E4cht worden. Um 1650 ver\u00E4nderte sich auch die Landnutzung, da die Wollpreise nicht weiter stiegen. Es kam zur Anwendung von neuen Agrartechniken und der Entwicklung der Gro\u00DFfarmen, eine fr\u00FChe Landwirtschaftliche Revolution setzte ein. Der H\u00F6hepunkt der enclosures lag zwischen 1760 und 1832, danach waren in Gro\u00DFbritannien die mittelalterlichen Strukturen so gut wie verschwunden. Diese Entwicklung f\u00FChrte zur Verarmung eines Teils der Kleinbauern, die sich den Erwerb des Gel\u00E4ndes nicht leisten konnten und so auf die bisher allen zur Verf\u00FCgung stehenden Nutzfl\u00E4chen verzichten mussten. Teilweise, auch in Zusammenhang mit den Einhegungen in Wales und Schottland (siehe Highland Clearances), wurde auch von einer \u201Einneren Kolonisation\u201C gesprochen, ganze Dorfgemeinschaften waren nach Australien und Nordamerika zwangsdeportiert oder zur Emigration gezwungen worden. Eine \u00E4hnliche Tendenz insbesondere in Norddeutschland und Preu\u00DFen, das Bauernlegen, kam historisch sp\u00E4ter zustande und wurde durch die k\u00F6nigliche Gesetzgebung (siehe Erbuntert\u00E4nigkeit) teilweise konterkariert.Der Aufbau von brandenburgischen Kolonien in \u00DCbersee kam \u00FCber kleinere Ans\u00E4tze in Westafrika nicht hinaus, es wurde angesichts wachsender Bev\u00F6lkerung mehr der Ansatz eines Landesausbau und einer sogenannten Peuplierung im Inneren verfolgt. Im kleinstaatlich gepr\u00E4gten S\u00FCddeutschland kam die Entwicklung durch die Realteilung, die vielerorts \u00E4rmeren B\u00F6den und geringe Erschlie\u00DFung im Bereich der Mittelgebirge und des Buntsandsteins nochmals deutlich langsamer zum Tragen. Im 19. Jahrhundert kam es hier auch zu einer verst\u00E4rkten Auswanderung nach dem Misslingen der Demokratiebewegung 1848. Eine Neuordnung der Feldflur zu wirtschaftlich effizienter zu bewirtschaftenden Feldgr\u00F6\u00DFen kam erst im 20. Jahrhundert durch die Flurbereinigung zustande."@de . "Cercamentos"@pt . . . "El t\u00E9rmino cercamiento (enclosure o inclosure en ingl\u00E9s) se refiere al proceso de divisi\u00F3n o consolidaci\u00F3n de campos comunales, praderas, pastos y otras tierras de cultivo en Inglaterra y se expandi\u00F3 al resto de Europa Occidental, convirti\u00E9ndose en parcelas agr\u00EDcolas cuidadosamente delineadas y de propiedad y administraci\u00F3n individual; desde el siglo XIII hasta tiempos modernos."@es . . . "Ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED je pojem popisuj\u00EDc\u00ED praxi zab\u00EDr\u00E1n\u00ED ob\u010Dinov\u00E9 p\u016Fdy v 15.\u201319. stolet\u00ED v Anglii. Pojem pou\u017E\u00EDval zejm\u00E9na Karel Marx v Kapit\u00E1lu a je kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00FDm v jeho (pozdn\u00ED) teorii vzniku kapitalismu. Zpo\u010D\u00E1tku byla velk\u00E1 \u010D\u00E1st p\u016Fdy v jak\u00E9msi nevlastnictv\u00ED. Na t\u00E9to ob\u010Dinov\u00E9 p\u016Fd\u011B si ob\u017Eivu zaji\u0161\u0165ovali nejchud\u0161\u00ED roln\u00EDci. V Anglii v 15. a 16. stolet\u00ED se praxe ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED, tedy p\u0159ivlast\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00ED t\u00E9to komunitn\u00ED p\u016Fdy, velmi roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159ila v d\u016Fsledku zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00E9 popt\u00E1vky po anglick\u00E9 vln\u011B v Nizozemsku. Velc\u00ED majitel\u00E9 p\u016Fdy zabrali velk\u00E9 plochy a mal\u00ED roln\u00EDci ztratili mo\u017Enost se u\u017Eivit bez vlastnictv\u00ED p\u016Fdy (kdy\u017E ztratili mo\u017Enost obd\u011Blat p\u016Fdu ob\u010Dinovou), co\u017E vedlo k vylidn\u011Bn\u00ED \u0159ady venkovsk\u00FDch oblast\u00ED. St\u00E1t to tehdy vn\u00EDmal jako negativn\u00ED jev a p\u0159ijal proti t\u00E9to praxi z\u00E1kony (1489, 1515, 1533). V 18. a 19. stolet\u00ED, v d\u016Fsledku p"@cs . . . . "Decaying hedges mark the lines of the straight field boundaries created by the 1768 Parliamentary Act of Enclosure of Boldron Moor, County Durham."@en . . . "\u041E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. enclosure, inclosure) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0438\u043A\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0435\u043C \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043A \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043E\u0434\u044C\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u044B\u043F\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0430. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XV\u2014XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u041D\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041C\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043C \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430."@ru . . . . . "Enclosure or Inclosure is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of \"waste\" or \"common land\" enclosing it and by doing so depriving commoners of their rights of access and privilege. Agreements to enclose land could be either through a formal or informal process. The process could normally be accomplished in three ways. First there was the creation of \"closes\", taken out of larger common fields by their owners. Secondly, there was enclosure by proprietors, owners who acted together, usually small farmers or squires, leading to the enclosure of whole parishes. Finally there were enclosures by Acts of Parliament."@en . . "Enclosure or Inclosure is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of \"waste\" or \"common land\" enclosing it and by doing so depriving commoners of their rights of access and privilege. Agreements to enclose land could be either through a formal or informal process. The process could normally be accomplished in three ways. First there was the creation of \"closes\", taken out of larger common fields by their owners. Secondly, there was enclosure by proprietors, owners who acted together, usually small farmers or squires, leading to the enclosure of whole parishes. Finally there were enclosures by Acts of Parliament. The primary reason for enclosure was to improve the efficiency of agriculture. However, there were other motives too, one example being that the value of the land enclosed would be substantially increased. There were social consequences to the policy, with many protests at the removal of rights from the common people. Enclosure riots are seen by historians as 'the pre-eminent form' of social protest from the 1530s to 1640s."@en . . . "Ogradzanie p\u00F3l"@pl . "L'enclosure (literalment en catal\u00E0 encerclament) \u00E9s el tancament dels terrenys comunals (terra demanial) a favor dels terratinents que va tenir lloc al Regne Unit entre els segles xviii i xix, per\u00F2 amb una intensificaci\u00F3 a partir del segle xvi. Aquesta llei va provocar que tots els grangers haguessin de pagar per gaudir del dret d'acc\u00E9s i us de les terres, i de la seva propietat. Pr\u00E0cticament totes les van perdre. Els camperols que no van poder emigrar, van haver d'anar a treballar a les f\u00E0briques en condicions ro\u00EFnes i amb un salari m\u00EDnim. Els acords per tancar terres podrien ser mitjan\u00E7ant un proc\u00E9s \"formal\" o \"informal\". El proc\u00E9s normalment es pot dur a terme de tres maneres. Primer hi va haver la creaci\u00F3 de \"tancats\", extretes dels camps comuns m\u00E9s grans pels seus propietaris. En segon lloc, va haver-hi el tancament per part dels propietaris, que actuaven conjuntament, normalment petits agricultors o escuders, que condu\u00EFa al tancament de parr\u00F2quies senceres. Finalment hi va haver tancaments per Actes del Parlament. La ra\u00F3 principal del tancament era millorar l'efici\u00E8ncia de l'agricultura. Tanmateix, tamb\u00E9 hi havia altres motius, com que el valor del terreny tancat augmentaria substancialment. Aquesta pol\u00EDtica va tenir conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncies socials, amb moltes protestes per la retirada de drets dels plebeus. Els historiadors consideren que els disturbis de les enclosures s\u00F3n \"la forma preeminent\" de protesta social des de la d\u00E8cada de 1530 fins a la d\u00E8cada de 1640."@ca . . . . "Conjectural map of a mediaeval English manor. The part allocated to 'common pasture' is shown in the north-east section, shaded green."@en . . . . . "\u041E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. enclosure, inclosure) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0438\u043A\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0435\u043C \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043A \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043E\u0434\u044C\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u044B\u043F\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0430. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XV\u2014XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u041D\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041C\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043C \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430."@ru . "Ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED"@cs . "Division of farm land. 1 acre= 0.4 Ha. 1 virgate=30 acres"@en . . . . . . "186721"^^ . . . . . "Decaying hedge - geograph.org.uk - 1715089.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Por meio dos cercamentos (em ingl\u00EAs, enclosures ou, na grafia antiga, inclosure), as terras de uso comum, na Inglaterra, passaram a ser propriedade privada. Essa pr\u00E1tica teve in\u00EDcio ainda no s\u00E9culo XII mas intensificou-se no per\u00EDodo Tudor, no s\u00E9culo XVI, quando foi criticada por Tom\u00E1s Morus, em sua obra Utopia (1516). Os cercamentos suscitaram v\u00E1rias rebeli\u00F5es, destacando-se a Rebeli\u00E3o de Kett, em 1547, e a Revolta das Terras M\u00E9dias, em 1607. O cercamento era realizado mediante autoriza\u00E7\u00E3o da Coroa, em favor do solicitante, que assim se apropriava das terras comuns, convertendo-as em propriedade privada. A priva\u00E7\u00E3o do acesso \u00E0 terra provocou o \u00EAxodo, em massa, dos camponeses e, por vezes, causou o desaparecimento de aldeias inteiras. Grande parte dessas terras cercadas deixou de ser destinada \u00E0 lavoura, convertendo-se em pasto, geralmente para a cria\u00E7\u00E3o de ovelhas, dado que, nos s\u00E9culos XV e XVI, havia um acelerado crescimento da demanda externa por l\u00E3. Uma vez que a pecu\u00E1ria exige um n\u00FAmero de trabalhadores muito menor do que a agricultura, a convers\u00E3o de \u00E1reas de cultivo em pastos provocou um grande desemprego na cadeia produtiva da agricultura. Al\u00E9m disso, teve como consequ\u00EAncia a redu\u00E7\u00E3o de \u00E1reas destinadas \u00E0 produ\u00E7\u00E3o de alimentos. O decl\u00EDnio da produ\u00E7\u00E3o dom\u00E9stica de gr\u00E3os, apesar do recurso \u00E0s importa\u00E7\u00F5es, provocou aumento dos pre\u00E7os dos alimentos e fome, especialmente nas situa\u00E7\u00F5es de guerra. A partir da segunda metade do S\u00E9culo XVIII, durante a Revolu\u00E7\u00E3o Industrial, grande parte dos camponeses deslocados para as cidades passou a ser empregada como m\u00E3o de obra abundante e barata. Todavia, muitos outros n\u00E3o conseguiam emprego nas f\u00E1bricas ou n\u00E3o resistiam \u00E0s condi\u00E7\u00F5es de superexplora\u00E7\u00E3o do trabalho. Famintos e doentes, recorriam \u00E0 mendic\u00E2ncia ou a atividades il\u00EDcitas e acabavam nas pris\u00F5es. Por outro lado, desde o s\u00E9culo XV foram institu\u00EDdas leis para restringir os cercamentos, sendo que a primeira delas foi promulgada em 1489, sob Henrique VII, e previa que, quando o cercamento resultasse na destrui\u00E7\u00E3o de casas, metade dos lucros provenientes da explora\u00E7\u00E3o da terra iria para o Conde do lugar, at\u00E9 que as casas fossem reconstru\u00EDdas. Nos 150 anos seguintes, foram aprovadas 11 leis sobre o assunto. Em 1536, uma nova lei permitiu o repasse dos lucros para a Coroa, quando houvesse omiss\u00E3o do Conde. Devidos aos problemas sociais gerados, a pr\u00E1tica do cercamento foi denunciada pela Igreja. No entanto, sob a influ\u00EAncia dos interesses do capitalismo nascente, a pr\u00E1tica dos cercamentos permaneceu definitivamente."@pt . . . . . . . "Enclosure (ou inclosure) est un terme anglais qui d\u00E9signe l'action d'enclore un champ. Cet anglicisme est pass\u00E9 en fran\u00E7ais o\u00F9 il d\u00E9signe la parcelle de terrain enclose de haies, de murs ou de barri\u00E8res, bien que les Picards utilisent plut\u00F4t le mot \u00AB rencl\u00F4ture \u00BB. Ce terme fait souvent r\u00E9f\u00E9rence au mouvement des enclosures qui s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 en Angleterre \u00E0 partir du XVIe si\u00E8cle, et qui s'est intensifi\u00E9 aux d\u00E9buts de la r\u00E9volution industrielle au XIXe si\u00E8cle."@fr . . "\u062A\u0633\u064A\u064A\u062C"@ar . . . . "\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\uFF08\u304B\u3053\u3044\u3053\u307F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: enclosure\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7D30\u304B\u3044\u571F\u5730\u304C\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u5165\u308A\u7D44\u3093\u3060\u6DF7\u5728\u5730\u5236\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u958B\u653E\u8015\u5730 (Open Field) \u3092\u7D71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3092\u660E\u78BA\u306B\u3057\u305F\u4E0A\u3067\u6392\u4ED6\u7684\u306B\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u6B74\u53F2\u4E0A\u3001\u5E7E\u5EA6\u3068\u306A\u304F\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u30D7\u30ED\u30BB\u30B9\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u7279\u306B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306B\u304A\u3044\u306616\u4E16\u7D00\u306818\u4E16\u7D00\u306E\u4E8C\u56DE\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306F\u7267\u7F8A\u76EE\u7684\u3067\u500B\u4EBA\u4E3B\u5C0E\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u306E\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306F\u30CE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u8FB2\u6CD5\u306A\u3069\u306E\u9AD8\u5EA6\u96C6\u7D04\u8FB2\u696D\u306E\u5C0E\u5165\u306E\u305F\u3081\u306B\u8B70\u4F1A\u4E3B\u5C0E\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3002\u304B\u3064\u3066\u306F\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ED5\u4E8B\u3092\u596A\u308F\u308C\u305F\u8FB2\u6C11\u304C\u52B4\u50CD\u8005\u3068\u306A\u308A\u3001\u7523\u696D\u9769\u547D\u306B\u52B4\u50CD\u529B\u3092\u4F9B\u7D66\u3057\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u305F\u304C\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u3068\u90FD\u5E02\u90E8\u3078\u306E\u4EBA\u53E3\u6D41\u5165\u306F\u305D\u308C\u307B\u3069\u5927\u304D\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u306F\u7121\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800"@ko . "#BBDD99"@en . . . . . . . . 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"Enclosure (ou inclosure) est un terme anglais qui d\u00E9signe l'action d'enclore un champ. Cet anglicisme est pass\u00E9 en fran\u00E7ais o\u00F9 il d\u00E9signe la parcelle de terrain enclose de haies, de murs ou de barri\u00E8res, bien que les Picards utilisent plut\u00F4t le mot \u00AB rencl\u00F4ture \u00BB. Ce terme fait souvent r\u00E9f\u00E9rence au mouvement des enclosures qui s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 en Angleterre \u00E0 partir du XVIe si\u00E8cle, et qui s'est intensifi\u00E9 aux d\u00E9buts de la r\u00E9volution industrielle au XIXe si\u00E8cle."@fr . . . "\u572812\u523019\u4E16\u7D00\uFF0C\u5728\u4EE5\u82F1\u56FD\u4E3A\u4EE3\u8868\u7684\u6B50\u6D32\u51FA\u73FE\u4E86\u6240\u8B02\u7684\u5708\u5730\u904B\u52D5\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AEnclosure\uFF09\u3002\u7531\u4E2D\u4E16\u7D00\u523018\u4E16\u7D00\uFF0C\u6574\u500B\u6B50\u6D32\u7684\u8FB2\u696D\u9AD4\u7CFB\u5341\u5206\u76F8\u4F3C\u3002\u571F\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6743\u96C6\u4E2D\u4E8E\u56FD\u738B\uFF08King\uFF09\u6216\u53D6\u5F97\u7F57\u9A6C\u6559\u5EF7\u627F\u8BA4\u7684\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08Emperor/Caesar\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u6559\u4F1A\uFF0C\u53E6\u6709\u5C11\u91CF\u5C5E\u81EA\u7531\u6C11\u79C1\u6709\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5F53\u65F6\u7684\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\u4F53\u7CFB\uFF0C\u7687\u5BA4\u571F\u5730\u7684\u5B9E\u9645\u4FDD\u6709\u6743\u53CA\u5176\u4E0A\u8D22\u7522\uFF0C\u4EE5\u7EB3\u7A0E\u548C\u63D0\u4F9B\u5175\u5F79\u4E3A\u6761\u4EF6\u5206\u5C01\u4E8E\u9886\u4E3B\uFF0C\u800C\u540E\u53C8\u6309\u5404\u7EA7\u5951\u7EA6\u4F9D\u6B21\u5206\u914D\u4E8E\u603B\u4F43\u6237\uFF0C\u4F43\u6237\u3002\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\u4E0B\u7684\u8FB2\u696D\u9AD4\u7CFB\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u655E\u7530\u5236\uFF0C\u655E\u7530\u5236\u7EA6\u5B9A\u4E86\u9886\u4E3B\u548C\u4F43\u6237\u7684\u4EBA\u8EAB\u4F9D\u9644\u5173\u7CFB\uFF0C\u7531\u7687\u5BA4\u7ACB\u6CD5\u9650\u5B9A\u53CC\u65B9\u5747\u4E0D\u5F97\u8FDD\u7EA6\u3002\u540C\u65F6\u5728\u6BCF\u4E2A\u5E84\u56ED\u7684\u571F\u5730\u4E0A\uFF0C\u90FD\u4F1A\u5B89\u6392\u4E00\u7247\u201C\u516C\u6709\u5730\u201D\uFF08common pasture\uFF09\uFF0C\u6309\u5404\u7EA7\u5951\u7EA6\uFF0C\u516C\u6709\u5730\u4E0D\u5B89\u6392\u8015\u79CD\uFF0C\u5E73\u6C11\u6709\u6743\u5728\u5176\u4E0A\u4ECE\u4E8B\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\u653E\u7267\u3001\u91C7\u67F4\u3001\u6458\u91CE\u679C\u7B49\u6D3B\u52A8\u3002 \u5728\u5341\u4E94\u548C\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7D00\u6642\uFF0C\u6700\u521D\u76EE\u662F\u7267\u7F8A\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5F53\u65F6\u83B7\u5229\u66F4\u9AD8\u7684\u7F8A\u6BDB\u4E1A\u53D6\u4EE3\u4F20\u7EDF\u7684\u5C0F\u9EA6\u79CD\u690D\uFF0C\u5F00\u59CB\u4E86\u5708\u5730\u904B\u52D5\u3002\u5708\u5730\u904B\u52D5\u4ECE\u201C\u516C\u6709\u5730\u201D\uFF08commons\uFF09\u5C55\u958B\uFF0C\u5E76\u6269\u5C55\u81F3\u4FEE\u7EA6\u6536\u56DE\u4F43\u6237\u7684\u4EFD\u5730\u3002\u5708\u5730\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u5305\u62EC\u9886\u4E3B\u4E70\u65AD\u8FB2\u6C11\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u6743\u7684\u8F83\u4E3A\u548C\u5E73\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF0C\u548C\u7687\u5BA4\u901A\u8FC7\u4FEE\u6539\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5F3A\u5236\u7EC8\u6B62\u4F43\u6237\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u6743\uFF0C\u5176\u4E2D\u5F3A\u5236\u7684\u624B\u6BB5\u5E38\u5E38\u4F1A\u9020\u6210\u51B2\u7A81\u751A\u81F3\u53DB\u4E71\u3002\u5708\u5730\u81F4\u4F7F\u5927\u91CF\u5931\u696D\u4EBA\u53E3\u6E67\u5165\u90FD\u5E02\uFF0C\u4F43\u6237\u4E0D\u5F97\u4E0D\u53E6\u5BFB\u751F\u8BA1\u3002\u4F46\u5F53\u8FD9\u4E9B\u5E73\u6C11\u5728\u4ED8\u51FA\u5DE8\u5927\u4EE3\u4EF7\uFF0C\u901A\u8FC7\u822A\u6D77\u548C\u65E9\u671F\u5DE5\u4E1A\u627E\u5230\u51FA\u8DEF\u540E\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4FC3\u6210\u82F1\u56FD\u519C\u4E1A\u9769\u547D\u3001\u5DE5\u4E1A\u9769\u547D\u8207\u57CE\u5E02\u5316\u7684\u7372\u5229\u8005\u8EAB\u4EFD\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u66B4\u767C\u6236\u53CD\u8FC7\u6765\u8D85\u8D8A\u7687\u5BA4\u7684\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\u9AD4\u7CFB\u6210\u4E3A\u82F1\u56FD\u793E\u4F1A\u7684\u4E3B\u5BFC\u7D93\u6FDF\u529B\u91CF\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Cercamiento"@es . . "The Open-field system"@en . . . . . . . "56664"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Enclosurer\u00F6relsen (ibland inclosurer\u00F6relsen) var en de jure juridisk process i England vilken konsoliderade sm\u00E5 bitar av land till st\u00F6rre g\u00E5rdar vilken p\u00E5gick fr\u00E5n 1300-talet fram\u00E5t. Processen har ocks\u00E5 skett i Sverige (skiftesreform) och gemensamt \u00E4r att tidigare hade landet varit \u00E4gt av folket som i Sverige kallades allmogen, men nu b\u00F6rjade godsherrar, precis som i England alltmer dominera. Allmogen, b\u00E5de h\u00E4r och d\u00E4r, blev successivt proletariserad."@sv . . . . . . . "Ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED je pojem popisuj\u00EDc\u00ED praxi zab\u00EDr\u00E1n\u00ED ob\u010Dinov\u00E9 p\u016Fdy v 15.\u201319. stolet\u00ED v Anglii. Pojem pou\u017E\u00EDval zejm\u00E9na Karel Marx v Kapit\u00E1lu a je kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00FDm v jeho (pozdn\u00ED) teorii vzniku kapitalismu. Zpo\u010D\u00E1tku byla velk\u00E1 \u010D\u00E1st p\u016Fdy v jak\u00E9msi nevlastnictv\u00ED. Na t\u00E9to ob\u010Dinov\u00E9 p\u016Fd\u011B si ob\u017Eivu zaji\u0161\u0165ovali nejchud\u0161\u00ED roln\u00EDci. V Anglii v 15. a 16. stolet\u00ED se praxe ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED, tedy p\u0159ivlast\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00ED t\u00E9to komunitn\u00ED p\u016Fdy, velmi roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159ila v d\u016Fsledku zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00E9 popt\u00E1vky po anglick\u00E9 vln\u011B v Nizozemsku. Velc\u00ED majitel\u00E9 p\u016Fdy zabrali velk\u00E9 plochy a mal\u00ED roln\u00EDci ztratili mo\u017Enost se u\u017Eivit bez vlastnictv\u00ED p\u016Fdy (kdy\u017E ztratili mo\u017Enost obd\u011Blat p\u016Fdu ob\u010Dinovou), co\u017E vedlo k vylidn\u011Bn\u00ED \u0159ady venkovsk\u00FDch oblast\u00ED. St\u00E1t to tehdy vn\u00EDmal jako negativn\u00ED jev a p\u0159ijal proti t\u00E9to praxi z\u00E1kony (1489, 1515, 1533). V 18. a 19. stolet\u00ED, v d\u016Fsledku popula\u010Dn\u00ED exploze a pot\u0159eby potravin pro rychle rostouc\u00ED m\u011Bsta v\u0161ak st\u00E1t praxi ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED s\u00E1m podporoval, proto\u017Ee velc\u00ED hospod\u00E1\u0159i dok\u00E1zali p\u016Fdu vyt\u011B\u017Eovat efektivn\u011Bji \u2013 mal\u00ED roln\u00EDci fungovali jen jako samoz\u00E1sobitel\u00E9, u\u017Eivili maxim\u00E1ln\u011B sami sebe. Marx ov\u0161em vid\u011Bl proces z opa\u010Dn\u00E9ho \u00FAhlu pohledu. Podle n\u011Bj bohat\u00ED vlastn\u00EDci p\u016Fdy pou\u017Eili svou kontrolu nad \"bur\u017Eoazn\u00EDm st\u00E1tem\" k tomu, aby s posv\u011Bcen\u00EDm z\u00E1kona zabrali vhodnou ve\u0159ejnou p\u016Fdu pro sv\u016Fj soukrom\u00FD prosp\u011Bch. T\u00EDm vytvo\u0159ili masu bezzemk\u016F, kte\u0159\u00ED pak museli opustit venkov a nahrnuli se do m\u011Bst, kde jim nezbylo ne\u017E prod\u00E1vat svou pr\u00E1ci jako n\u00E1mezdn\u00ED d\u011Bln\u00EDci. T\u00EDm se dal kapitalistick\u00FD proces do pohybu. Tento Marx\u016Fv konspira\u010Dn\u00ED v\u00FDklad, jak \"t\u0159\u00EDda vlastn\u00EDk\u016F uloupila p\u016Fdu, vytvo\u0159ila vyko\u0159en\u011Bn\u00E9 masy, aby je pak mohla vyko\u0159istit\", odm\u00EDtla \u0159ada historik\u016F. W. A. Armstrong nap\u0159\u00EDklad upozornil, \u017Ee mnoz\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDslu\u0161n\u00EDci evropsk\u00E9ho rolnictva ohrazov\u00E1n\u00ED v\u00EDtali a pod\u00EDleli se na n\u011Bm, aby se vymanili z trval\u00E9 chudoby samoz\u00E1sobitelsk\u00E9ho zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED. Podle n\u011Bj migrace venkovsk\u00E9 chudiny do m\u011Bstsk\u00FDch oblast\u00ED souvisela sp\u00ED\u0161e s bezprecedentn\u00EDm r\u016Fstem venkovsk\u00E9 populace v 18. a 19. stolet\u00ED. Syst\u00E9m samoz\u00E1sobitelsk\u00E9ho ob\u010Dinov\u00E9ho zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED byl p\u0159i tak masivn\u00EDm r\u016Fstu populace neudr\u017Eiteln\u00FD a na ohrazen\u00E9 p\u016Fd\u011B se nemohlo formou n\u00E1mezdn\u00E9 pr\u00E1ce u\u017Eivit takov\u00E9 mno\u017Estv\u00ED lid\u00ED \u2013 jejich nadbytek tla\u010Dil mzdy n\u00E1mezdn\u00EDch roln\u00EDk\u016F dol\u016F a \u0161ance na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED mzdu ve m\u011Bst\u011B nutn\u011B vzrostla."@cs . "\u041E\u0431\u0433\u043E\u0440\u03CC\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. enclosures) \u2014 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u043B\u0456\u043A\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0437 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u043C\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438."@uk . . . . . . . . . "\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F"@ja . . . . . . "Enclosure Road, Lazonby.jpg"@en . . . "\u0108irka\u016Dbaro a\u016D \u0109irka\u016Dbara movado (angle enclosure (movement)) estas politika nocio, politika, ekonomia procezo de Anglio en la 16-18-aj jarcentoj, dum kio la grandbienuloj (terposedantoj) komence la komunajn (komunumajn, vila\u011Dajn) pa\u015Dtejojn \u0109irka\u016Dbaris, poste e\u0109 la bienetojn de la farmistoj, etbienistoj, por etendi la \u015Daf-pa\u015Dtejojn a\u016D eki intensan plantokultivadon."@eo . . . "Con il termine enclosures ci si riferisce ai recinti dei terreni comuni (terre demaniali) a favore dei proprietari terrieri della piccola nobilt\u00E0 (gentry) e della borghesia mercantile avvenuta in Inghilterra tra il XIII e il XIX secolo."@it . . . . . "center"@en . . . . . "Enclosure"@ca . . . "Plan mediaeval manor.jpg"@en . . "\uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800(\uC601\uC5B4: Enclosure)\uB294 13\uC138\uAE30 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C, \uC18C\uADDC\uBAA8 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB97C \uB300\uADDC\uBAA8 \uB18D\uC7A5\uC5D0 \uD569\uBCD1\uD558\uB294 \uBC95\uB960\uC801 \uC808\uCC28\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uBAA9\uCD95\uC5C5\uC758 \uC790\uBCF8\uC8FC\uC758\uD654\uB97C \uC704\uD55C \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0 \uBAB0\uC218\uB85C \uC694\uC57D\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC0B0\uC5C5 \uD601\uBA85 \uB2F9\uC2DC \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uD310\uB9E4\uC6A9 \uACE1\uBB3C \uD639\uC740 \uC591\uC744 \uD0A4\uC6B0\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB18D\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC6B8\uD0C0\uB9AC\uB97C \uC138\uC6B0\uC790 \uB18D\uC0AC\uB97C \uC9C0\uC5C8\uB358 \uB18D\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC740 \uB3C4\uC2DC\uC758 \uACF5\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uB0B4\uBAB0\uB9AC\uBA74\uC11C \uC885\uAD6D\uC5D0\uB294 \uB3C4\uC2DC\uC758 \uD558\uCE35 \uB178\uB3D9\uC790\uB85C \uC804\uB77D\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800\uB294 \uBB3C\uAC00\uC0C1\uC2B9\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC9C0\uC8FC\uC758 \uB300\uCC45\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C , \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uC81C1\uCC28\uC640 \uC81C2\uCC28\uC758 2\uD68C\uB85C \uAD6C\uBD84\uD55C\uB2E4. 16\uC138\uAE30\uBD80\uD130 17\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18\uAE4C\uC9C0\uC758 \uC81C1\uCC28\uB294 '\uC591\uCE58\uAE30'\uB97C \uBAA9\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uC600\uACE0, 17\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18 \uC774\uD6C4, \uD2B9\uD788 18\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18 \uC774\uD6C4\uC758 \uC81C2\uCC28\uB294 \"\uC591\uC774 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uAC00\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uAC8C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uB294\" \uB18D\uC5C5\uC758 \uC9D1\uC57D\uD654\uB97C \uBAA9\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 18\uC138\uAE30 \uD6C4\uBC18\uC758 \uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800\uB294 \uC758\uD68C(\u8B70\u6703)\uC758 \uC785\uBC95\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uB2E4\uC218\uC758 \uB4F1\uBCF8\uBCF4\uC720\uB18D(\u9A30\u672C\u4FDD\u6709\u8FB2) \uBC0F \uC601\uC138 \uB18D\uBBFC\uC758 \uBC18\uB300\uB97C \uBB34\uB985\uC4F0\uACE0 \uAC15\uD589\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uACF5\uB3D9\uAD8C(\u5171\u540C\u6B0A)\uC744 \uC99D\uBA85\uD558\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uB294 \uBE48\uB18D\uB4E4\uC740 \uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800 \uD6C4\uC5D0 \uBD84\uD560\uC9C0\uB97C \uBABB \uBC1B\uB294\uB2E4\uB4E0\uC9C0 \uBD80\uB2F9\uD55C \uD560\uB2F9\uC744 \uBC1B\uB294 \uC77C\uC774 \uB9CE\uC558\uB2E4. 19\uC138\uAE30 \uC804\uBC18\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB294 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uD1A0\uC9C0 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC774 \uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uAC00\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uC601\uC5B4 \uD45C\uAE30\uB294 Enclosure\uC774\uB098, Inclosure\uB85C \uD45C\uAE30\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "center"@en . . "1200"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A parliamentary enclosure road near Lazonby in Cumbria. The roads were made as straight as possible, and the boundaries much wider than a cart width to reduce the ground damage of driving sheep and cattle."@en . "\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\uFF08\u304B\u3053\u3044\u3053\u307F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: enclosure\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7D30\u304B\u3044\u571F\u5730\u304C\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u5165\u308A\u7D44\u3093\u3060\u6DF7\u5728\u5730\u5236\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u958B\u653E\u8015\u5730 (Open Field) \u3092\u7D71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3092\u660E\u78BA\u306B\u3057\u305F\u4E0A\u3067\u6392\u4ED6\u7684\u306B\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u6B74\u53F2\u4E0A\u3001\u5E7E\u5EA6\u3068\u306A\u304F\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u30D7\u30ED\u30BB\u30B9\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u7279\u306B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306B\u304A\u3044\u306616\u4E16\u7D00\u306818\u4E16\u7D00\u306E\u4E8C\u56DE\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306F\u7267\u7F8A\u76EE\u7684\u3067\u500B\u4EBA\u4E3B\u5C0E\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u306E\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306F\u30CE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u8FB2\u6CD5\u306A\u3069\u306E\u9AD8\u5EA6\u96C6\u7D04\u8FB2\u696D\u306E\u5C0E\u5165\u306E\u305F\u3081\u306B\u8B70\u4F1A\u4E3B\u5C0E\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3002\u304B\u3064\u3066\u306F\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ED5\u4E8B\u3092\u596A\u308F\u308C\u305F\u8FB2\u6C11\u304C\u52B4\u50CD\u8005\u3068\u306A\u308A\u3001\u7523\u696D\u9769\u547D\u306B\u52B4\u50CD\u529B\u3092\u4F9B\u7D66\u3057\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u305F\u304C\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u56F2\u3044\u8FBC\u307F\u3068\u90FD\u5E02\u90E8\u3078\u306E\u4EBA\u53E3\u6D41\u5165\u306F\u305D\u308C\u307B\u3069\u5927\u304D\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u306F\u7121\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . "1117492241"^^ . . . . "\u5708\u5730\u8FD0\u52A8"@zh . . . . . . . . "Enclosure was het omheinen en in particulier bezit nemen van gemeenschappelijke woeste gronden en andere vormen van open fields en common fields door grondbezitters (de gentry), zoals dat in Engeland vanaf de 18e eeuw gebeurde. De enclosures werden in gang gezet door het destijds revolutionaire idee van productie met winstoogmerk: de voormalige gemene gronden zouden voortaan weides worden voor schapen, die de grondstof leverden voor de lucratieve lakenindustrie. Ze worden dan ook gezien als een belangrijke stap in de ontwikkeling van het moderne kapitalisme en een voorbode van de industri\u00EBle revolutie."@nl . . . . . . "Con il termine enclosures ci si riferisce ai recinti dei terreni comuni (terre demaniali) a favore dei proprietari terrieri della piccola nobilt\u00E0 (gentry) e della borghesia mercantile avvenuta in Inghilterra tra il XIII e il XIX secolo. Gli enclosure acts danneggiarono principalmente i contadini, che non potevano pi\u00F9 usufruire dei benefici ricavati da quei terreni, a favore dei grandi proprietari: per le recinzioni era necessario sostenere spese di tipo privato ma anche legali, che scoraggiavano i piccoli proprietari. Alla fine del XVIII secolo, tale sistema aveva portato alla concentrazione della propriet\u00E0 terriera nelle mani dell'aristocrazia e della borghesia inglese e, inoltre, aveva creato una massa di lavoratori disoccupati, la manodopera a basso costo che sar\u00E0 quindi impiegata nel nuovo ciclo produttivo industriale. Tale sistema per\u00F2 fu reso necessario dal continuo aumento della domanda di beni agricoli \u2013 e di lana di pecora destinata all\u2019industria tessile \u2013 alla quale il vecchio sistema agricolo non poteva far fronte in quanto i terreni erano coltivati da contadini che si occupavano dello stesso campo solo per un anno e che quindi non erano motivati a migliorare le condizioni del terreno. Con le enclosures i grandi latifondisti affittarono i terreni a coltivatori diretti che se ne occupavano, pagando per\u00F2 affitti molto alti, per diversi anni, apportando miglioramenti quali-quantitativi all'agricoltura inglese. In pratica sono delle recinzioni delle terre comuni (common lands, common wastes) e dei fondi indivisi (open fields)."@it . . "L'enclosure (literalment en catal\u00E0 encerclament) \u00E9s el tancament dels terrenys comunals (terra demanial) a favor dels terratinents que va tenir lloc al Regne Unit entre els segles xviii i xix, per\u00F2 amb una intensificaci\u00F3 a partir del segle xvi. Aquesta llei va provocar que tots els grangers haguessin de pagar per gaudir del dret d'acc\u00E9s i us de les terres, i de la seva propietat. Pr\u00E0cticament totes les van perdre. Els camperols que no van poder emigrar, van haver d'anar a treballar a les f\u00E0briques en condicions ro\u00EFnes i amb un salari m\u00EDnim."@ca . "Enclosure"@nl . . . . . "800"^^ . "El t\u00E9rmino cercamiento (enclosure o inclosure en ingl\u00E9s) se refiere al proceso de divisi\u00F3n o consolidaci\u00F3n de campos comunales, praderas, pastos y otras tierras de cultivo en Inglaterra y se expandi\u00F3 al resto de Europa Occidental, convirti\u00E9ndose en parcelas agr\u00EDcolas cuidadosamente delineadas y de propiedad y administraci\u00F3n individual; desde el siglo XIII hasta tiempos modernos. Antes del cercamiento, gran parte de las tierras de cultivo exist\u00EDan en forma de numerosas franjas dispersas bajo el control de cultivadores individuales s\u00F3lo durante la temporada de crecimiento y hasta que se terminaba la cosecha de un a\u00F1o determinado.\u200B Una vez encerradas, el uso de la tierra se restringi\u00F3 y s\u00F3lo estaba disponible para el propietario, dej\u00F3 de ser tierra com\u00FAn para uso comunal, y fue el proceso que puso fin al sistema de cultivo en campos abiertos (open field system) en Inglaterra y Gales; este consist\u00EDa en tres elementos: explotaciones campesinas individuales en forma de franjas dispersas entre diferentes campos, rotaci\u00F3n de cultivos y pastoreo com\u00FAn.\u200B El cercamiento favoreci\u00F3 el paso del feudalismo al capitalismo, y m\u00E1s reciente, las privatizaciones. Este establece una l\u00F3gica de construcci\u00F3n de lo social y de lo colectivo enmarcados en los principios de mercado, que finalmente favorecen los procesos de acumulaci\u00F3n y crecimiento econ\u00F3mico.\u200B El proceso de cercamiento cre\u00F3 una clase trabajadora sin tierras que proporcionaba la mano de obra necesaria para las nuevas industrias que se desarrollaban en el norte de Inglaterra. E. P. Thompson argumenta que dicho proceso supuso un caso claro de robo de clase\".\u200B Al aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos, as\u00ED como la productividad de la mano de obra se gener\u00F3 un excedente de mano de obra, lo cual se relaciona a la Revoluci\u00F3n Industrial.\u200B Por otro lado, algunos tambi\u00E9n afirman que este proceso contribuy\u00F3 a mitigar la perpetua pobreza de la agricultura de subsistencia. Armstrong se\u00F1ala que el encierro tuvo diversos impactos en los niveles de alivio de la pobreza en los condados occidentales y orientales, y que otros acontecimientos de este periodo como la disminuci\u00F3n de los salarios agr\u00EDcolas y emigraci\u00F3n a las zonas urbanas, tuvieron m\u00E1s relaci\u00F3n con el crecimiento general de la poblaci\u00F3n rural en su lugar.\u200B"@es . . . . "Ogradzanie p\u00F3l \u2013 zjawisko w historii polegaj\u0105ce na odbieraniu biednej ludno\u015Bci dobrych ziem, dokonywane przez wielkich w\u0142a\u015Bcicieli ziemskich w Anglii i Irlandii. Zjawisko to pojawi\u0142o si\u0119 w XIII wieku, najwi\u0119ksze jednak rozmiary osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142o z ko\u0144cem XVIII i w XIX w. w zwi\u0105zku z tak zwan\u0105 pierwsz\u0105 rewolucj\u0105 przemys\u0142ow\u0105. Z grunt\u00F3w ornych byli wyp\u0119dzani tak\u017Ce dzier\u017Cawcy, a pozyskane w ten spos\u00F3b tereny zamieniano na pastwiska dla owiec (hodowanych dla we\u0142ny) lub plantacje lnu (konkurencja dla ameryka\u0144skiej bawe\u0142ny). Ogradzanie prowadzi\u0142o do licznych sprzeciw\u00F3w ludno\u015Bci ch\u0142opskiej. Najbardziej drastycznie proces ten przebiega\u0142 w Irlandii. Wyp\u0119dzeni osiedlali si\u0119 w koloniach brytyjskich, niekiedy byli wywo\u017Ceni si\u0142\u0105. Wed\u0142ug Marksa proces ogradzania zwi\u0105zany jest z transformacj\u0105 feudalnej gospodarki angielskiej do systemu kapitalistycznego."@pl . . "Ogradzanie p\u00F3l \u2013 zjawisko w historii polegaj\u0105ce na odbieraniu biednej ludno\u015Bci dobrych ziem, dokonywane przez wielkich w\u0142a\u015Bcicieli ziemskich w Anglii i Irlandii. Zjawisko to pojawi\u0142o si\u0119 w XIII wieku, najwi\u0119ksze jednak rozmiary osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142o z ko\u0144cem XVIII i w XIX w. w zwi\u0105zku z tak zwan\u0105 pierwsz\u0105 rewolucj\u0105 przemys\u0142ow\u0105. Z grunt\u00F3w ornych byli wyp\u0119dzani tak\u017Ce dzier\u017Cawcy, a pozyskane w ten spos\u00F3b tereny zamieniano na pastwiska dla owiec (hodowanych dla we\u0142ny) lub plantacje lnu (konkurencja dla ameryka\u0144skiej bawe\u0142ny). Ogradzanie prowadzi\u0142o do licznych sprzeciw\u00F3w ludno\u015Bci ch\u0142opskiej."@pl . . 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"Three-field system with ridge and furrow fields"@en . . . "\u041E\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . . . 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"\u0108irka\u016Dbaro a\u016D \u0109irka\u016Dbara movado (angle enclosure (movement)) estas politika nocio, politika, ekonomia procezo de Anglio en la 16-18-aj jarcentoj, dum kio la grandbienuloj (terposedantoj) komence la komunajn (komunumajn, vila\u011Dajn) pa\u015Dtejojn \u0109irka\u016Dbaris, poste e\u0109 la bienetojn de la farmistoj, etbienistoj, por etendi la \u015Daf-pa\u015Dtejojn a\u016D eki intensan plantokultivadon. En la 18-a jarcento la \u0109irka\u016Dbaroj firmigis la proprietan pozicion de la grandbienuloj, helpis la disvasti\u011Don de la avangardaj teknikoj (sur la bienegoj). La tiel liberi\u011Dinta (sen-posedigita) laborforto elmigris en la novajn anglajn koloniojn axu fluis en la ekprosperan industrion."@eo . . "Enclosure"@fr . . . . . . . . "Scafell massif enclosures.jpg"@en . . . "\u0108irka\u016Dbaro"@eo . "Als Enclosure Movement (von englisch enclosures \u201EEinhegungen\u201C und movement \u201EBewegung\u201C) wird die Aufl\u00F6sung der Allmenderechte in der britischen Landwirtschaft bezeichnet, bei der vorher gemeinschaftlich genutztes Land von privater Seite eingefriedet und intensiver genutzt wurde. Die Enclosure-Bewegung trieb die Kommerzialisierung der britischen Landwirtschaft voran. Auf ehemals gemeinschaftlich genutzten Land und Forstfl\u00E4chen entstanden ertragsintensive Agrarbetriebe, insbesondere im Bereich der Viehzucht, ohne die die wachsende Bev\u00F6lkerung nur durch Importe h\u00E4tte ern\u00E4hrt werden k\u00F6nnen."@de . . . 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"Enclosurer\u00F6relsen"@sv . . "Enclosurer\u00F6relsen (ibland inclosurer\u00F6relsen) var en de jure juridisk process i England vilken konsoliderade sm\u00E5 bitar av land till st\u00F6rre g\u00E5rdar vilken p\u00E5gick fr\u00E5n 1300-talet fram\u00E5t. Processen har ocks\u00E5 skett i Sverige (skiftesreform) och gemensamt \u00E4r att tidigare hade landet varit \u00E4gt av folket som i Sverige kallades allmogen, men nu b\u00F6rjade godsherrar, precis som i England alltmer dominera. Allmogen, b\u00E5de h\u00E4r och d\u00E4r, blev successivt proletariserad."@sv . . . . "Enclosure was het omheinen en in particulier bezit nemen van gemeenschappelijke woeste gronden en andere vormen van open fields en common fields door grondbezitters (de gentry), zoals dat in Engeland vanaf de 18e eeuw gebeurde. De enclosures werden in gang gezet door het destijds revolutionaire idee van productie met winstoogmerk: de voormalige gemene gronden zouden voortaan weides worden voor schapen, die de grondstof leverden voor de lucratieve lakenindustrie. Ze worden dan ook gezien als een belangrijke stap in de ontwikkeling van het moderne kapitalisme en een voorbode van de industri\u00EBle revolutie. Als gevolg van de enclosures werden kleine boeren (de ) van hun traditionele rechten en bestaansmiddelen beroofd en verviel een groot deel van het Engelse platteland in armoede. Ze riepen dan ook verzet op; vanaf het midden van de 18e eeuw vonden grootschalige opstanden tegen de enclosures plaats, die duizenden levens kostten. Van regeringszijde werd geprobeerd het probleem van armoede te beheersen, door de paupers aan hun woonplaats te binden en de parishes verantwoordelijk te maken voor hun onderhoud. De Poor Laws stipuleerden opsluiting van werklozen in werkhuizen en lijfstraffen voor landlopers. Het duurde tot laat in de achttiende eeuw tot deze proletari\u00EBrs konden worden ingezet als arbeidskrachten in de nieuwe werkplaatsen en fabrieken. In de 18e eeuw en de eerste helft van de 19e eeuw vond daar een nieuwe golf van deze landroof plaats, gelegitimeerd door de . Enclosure ontnam veel boeren het recht op het gebruik van de gemeenschappelijke gronden, maar verhoogde de productiviteit in de landbouw. De enclosures vonden een literaire weerslag in Thomas More's Utopia."@nl . . . . . . . . . "Enclosure"@en . "View of the Scafell massif from Yewbarrow, Wasdale, Cumbria. In the valley are older enclosures and higher up on the fell-side are the parliamentary enclosures following straight lines regardless of terrain."@en . . . "Enclosures"@it . . . . "Enclosure Movement"@de . . . . . . . . "Por meio dos cercamentos (em ingl\u00EAs, enclosures ou, na grafia antiga, inclosure), as terras de uso comum, na Inglaterra, passaram a ser propriedade privada. Essa pr\u00E1tica teve in\u00EDcio ainda no s\u00E9culo XII mas intensificou-se no per\u00EDodo Tudor, no s\u00E9culo XVI, quando foi criticada por Tom\u00E1s Morus, em sua obra Utopia (1516). Devidos aos problemas sociais gerados, a pr\u00E1tica do cercamento foi denunciada pela Igreja. No entanto, sob a influ\u00EAncia dos interesses do capitalismo nascente, a pr\u00E1tica dos cercamentos permaneceu definitivamente."@pt . . 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