. . "L'Illuminismo in Spagna pu\u00F2 essere convenzionalmente considerato iniziato nel XVIII secolo con l'ascesa al trono spagnolo di re Filippo V, il primo sovrano della dinastia dei Borbone. Dopo la crisi economica e burocratica che il paese aveva attraversato negli ultimi anni della dinastia asburgica, nel XVIII secolo i Borbone inaugurarono una politica di riforme e di \"dispotismo illuminato\" finalizzato a modernizzare le istituzioni e le infrastrutture del paese.Lo slancio riformatore culmin\u00F2 con il regno di Carlo III (gi\u00E0 re di Napoli e della Sicilia, re di Spagna dal 1759 al 1788), e con l'opera del ministro Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, conte di Floridablanca. Il secolo inizi\u00F2 con la guerra di successione spagnola, causata dall'ascesa al trono di Filippo V, nipote di Luigi XIV di Francia e fin\u00EC con le guerre napoleoniche, in cui la Spagna si trasform\u00F2 in un campo di battaglia. I successori di Carlo III, assieme a guerra, interventi stranieri, ribellioni nelle colonie, corruzione nella macchina statale e paura per le riforme, ebbero da governare un paese sempre pi\u00F9 instabile. Il peggioramento della situazione politica ebbe come conseguenza anche le guerre carliste nel XIX secolo."@it . . . "As ideias do Iluminismo na Espanha (em castelhano: ilustraci\u00F3n en Espa\u00F1a)) chegou \u00E0 Espanha no s\u00E9culo XVIII com a nova dinastia Bourbon, ap\u00F3s a morte do \u00FAltimo monarca dos Habsburgos, Carlos II, em 1700. O per\u00EDodo de reforma e despotismo esclarecido sob os Bourbons do s\u00E9culo XVIII concentrou-se na centraliza\u00E7\u00E3o e moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o do governo espanhol e na melhoria da infraestrutura, come\u00E7ando com o governo do rei Carlos III e o trabalho de seu ministro, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, primeiro conde de Floridablanca. Na esfera pol\u00EDtica e econ\u00F4mica, a monarquia implementou uma s\u00E9rie de mudan\u00E7as, conhecidas coletivamente como reformas borb\u00F4nicas, que visavam tornar o imp\u00E9rio ultramarino mais pr\u00F3spero em benef\u00EDcio da Espanha. Sendo assim, o iluminismo na Espanha buscou a expans\u00E3o do conhecimento cient\u00EDfico, que foi solicitado pelo monge beneditino Benito Feij\u00F3o. De 1777 a 1816, a monarquia espanhola financiou expedi\u00E7\u00F5es cient\u00EDficas para reunir informa\u00E7\u00F5es sobre a potencial riqueza bot\u00E2nica do imp\u00E9rio. Quando o cientista prussiano Alexander von Humboldt prop\u00F4s uma expedi\u00E7\u00E3o cient\u00EDfica autofinanciada \u00E0 Am\u00E9rica espanhola, a monarquia espanhola lhe concedeu n\u00E3o apenas permiss\u00E3o, mas tamb\u00E9m instru\u00E7\u00F5es aos oficiais da monarquia para ajud\u00E1-lo. Acad\u00EAmicos espanh\u00F3is procuraram entender o decl\u00EDnio do imp\u00E9rio espanhol desde seus primeiros dias de gl\u00F3ria, com o objetivo de recuperar seu antigo prest\u00EDgio. Na Am\u00E9rica espanhola, o Iluminismo tamb\u00E9m teve um impacto na esfera intelectual e cient\u00EDfica, com homens espanh\u00F3is de elite nascidos nos Estados Unidos envolvidos nesses projetos. A invas\u00E3o napole\u00F4nica da Pen\u00EDnsula Ib\u00E9rica foi enormemente desestabilizadora para a Espanha e para o imp\u00E9rio ultramarino espanhol. As ideias do Iluminismo hisp\u00E2nico foram vistas como um dos principais contribuintes para as guerras de independ\u00EAncia hispano-americanas, embora a situa\u00E7\u00E3o seja mais complexa."@pt . . . . . "Le mouvement des Lumi\u00E8res qui prit pied en Espagne (sous la d\u00E9nomination de Ilustraci\u00F3n) adh\u00E9rait aux m\u00EAmes principes que ses \u00E9quivalents dans le reste de l\u2019Europe. Pour les ilustrados espagnols, la raison \u00E9tait l\u2019outil essentiel permettant d\u2019atteindre \u00E0 la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 et au regard de laquelle devaient \u00EAtre soumises \u00E0 critique toutes les \u00AB v\u00E9rit\u00E9s \u00BB (ou croyances admises) h\u00E9rit\u00E9es de la \u00AB tradition \u00BB, en particulier celles qui s\u2019appuyaient sur les pr\u00E9jug\u00E9s, sur l\u2019ignorance et sur la superstition, ou encore sur les dogmes religieux."@fr . "\uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC758 \uACC4\uBABD\uC0AC\uC0C1(\uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC5B4: Ilustraci\u00F3n)\uC740 18\uC138\uAE30 \uBD80\uB974\uBD09 \uC655\uAC00 \uB54C \uC720\uC785\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD569\uC2A4\uBD80\uB974\uD06C \uC655\uAC00 \uD6C4\uBC18\uAE30 \uD53C\uD3D0\uD654\uB41C \uACBD\uC81C\uC0C1\uD669\uACFC \uBD80\uD328\uD55C \uAD00\uB8CC\uC8FC\uC758 \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0 \uB098\uD0C0\uB09C \uD604\uC0C1\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC2DC\uAE30\uC758 \uAC1C\uD601\uC740 \uACC4\uBABD \uC804\uC81C\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C\uC11C \uC2A4\uD398\uC778 \uC815\uBD80\uC640 \uC778\uD504\uB77C, \uAD50\uC721\uAE30\uAD00\uC744 \uADFC\uB300\uD654\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70 \uCE74\uB97C\uB85C\uC2A4 3\uC138 \uCE58\uC138 \uB3D9\uC548 \uD638\uC138 \uBAA8\uB2C8\uB1E8 \uC7A5\uAD00(\uBC31\uC791)\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uAC00 \uC774\uB904\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC2A4\uD398\uC778 \uC655\uC704\uACC4\uC2B9\uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C 18\uC138\uAE30 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC0AC\uB294 \uB8E8\uC774 14\uC138\uAC00 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC758 \uC655\uC744 \uACB8\uD558\uB824 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uCD09\uBC1C\uB410\uACE0 \uB098\uD3F4\uB808\uC639 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC740 \uD53C\uB85C \uC5BC\uB8E9\uC9C4 \uC804\uC7C1\uD130\uAC00 \uB410\uB2E4. \uCE74\uB97C\uB85C\uC2A4 3\uC138\uC758 \uACC4\uC2B9\uC790\uB294 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB9DD\uAC00\uC838 \uC788\uACE0 \uC678\uC138\uC758 \uAC04\uC12D\uACFC \uC81C\uAD6D \uB0B4\uC758 \uBD88\uC548\uC815, \uBD80\uD328, \uAC1C\uD601\uC758 \uB4B7\uC218\uC2B5 \uB4F1\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uCC45\uC784\uC9C0\uACE0 \uB3C4\uB9E1\uC544\uC57C \uD588\uC73C\uBA70 \uC774\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uB294 19\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C \uCE74\uB97C\uB9AC\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0AC\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Il\u00B7lustraci\u00F3 a Espanya"@ca . . . . . "Iluminismo na Espanha"@pt . "Les idees de la Il\u00B7lustraci\u00F3 van arribar a Espanya al segle xviii amb la nova dinastia dels Borb\u00F3, arran de la mort del darrer monarca Habsburg, Carles II, el 1700. Aquest per\u00EDode de la hist\u00F2ria espanyola es coneix sovint com \u00ABEspanya borb\u00F2nica\u00BB, durant el qual, \u00ABels monarques Borbons espanyols estaven imbu\u00EFts de la identitat cat\u00F2lica espanyola\u00BB. El per\u00EDode de reforma i \u00ABdespotisme il\u00B7lustrat\u00BB dels Borbons es va centrar en la centralitzaci\u00F3 i la modernitzaci\u00F3 del govern espanyol i la millora de les infraestructures, comen\u00E7ant pel govern del rei Carles III i la tasca del seu ministre, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, comte de Floridablanca. En l\u2019\u00E0mbit pol\u00EDtic i econ\u00F2mic, la Corona va implementar una s\u00E8rie de canvis, coneguts col\u00B7lectivament com a \u00AB\u00BB, que tenien com a objectiu fer m\u00E9s pr\u00F2sper l'imperi d\u2019ultramar en benefici d\u2019Espanya. Els monarques borb\u00F2nics van buscar l'expansi\u00F3 del coneixement cient\u00EDfic, que havia estat instat pel monjo benedict\u00ED Benito Feij\u00F3o. Del 1777 al 1816, la Corona espanyola va finan\u00E7ar expedicions cient\u00EDfiques per recopilar informaci\u00F3 sobre la riquesa bot\u00E0nica potencial de l\u2019imperi. Quan el cient\u00EDfic prussi\u00E0 Alexander von Humboldt va proposar una expedici\u00F3 cient\u00EDfica autofinan\u00E7ada a l'Am\u00E8rica espanyola, la Corona espanyola li va concedir no nom\u00E9s el perm\u00EDs, sin\u00F3 les instruccions per coronar els oficials per ajudar-lo. Els estudiosos espanyols pretenien comprendre el declivi de l\u2019imperi espanyol des dels seus primers temps de gl\u00F2ria, amb l\u2019objectiu de recuperar el seu prestigi. La tamb\u00E9 va tenir un impacte en l\u2019\u00E0mbit intel\u00B7lectual i cient\u00EDfic, ambels criolls (espanyols d\u2019origen americ\u00E0) d\u2019elit implicats en aquests projectes. La invasi\u00F3 napole\u00F2nica a la pen\u00EDnsula Ib\u00E8rica va desestabilitzar Espanya i el seu imperi d\u2019ultramar. Les idees de la Il\u00B7lustraci\u00F3 espanyola han estat considerades com un contribuent principal a les guerres d'independ\u00E8ncia hispanoamericanes tot i que la situaci\u00F3 \u00E9s m\u00E9s complexa."@ca . "\uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC758 \uACC4\uBABD\uC0AC\uC0C1(\uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC5B4: Ilustraci\u00F3n)\uC740 18\uC138\uAE30 \uBD80\uB974\uBD09 \uC655\uAC00 \uB54C \uC720\uC785\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD569\uC2A4\uBD80\uB974\uD06C \uC655\uAC00 \uD6C4\uBC18\uAE30 \uD53C\uD3D0\uD654\uB41C \uACBD\uC81C\uC0C1\uD669\uACFC \uBD80\uD328\uD55C \uAD00\uB8CC\uC8FC\uC758 \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0 \uB098\uD0C0\uB09C \uD604\uC0C1\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC2DC\uAE30\uC758 \uAC1C\uD601\uC740 \uACC4\uBABD \uC804\uC81C\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C\uC11C \uC2A4\uD398\uC778 \uC815\uBD80\uC640 \uC778\uD504\uB77C, \uAD50\uC721\uAE30\uAD00\uC744 \uADFC\uB300\uD654\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70 \uCE74\uB97C\uB85C\uC2A4 3\uC138 \uCE58\uC138 \uB3D9\uC548 \uD638\uC138 \uBAA8\uB2C8\uB1E8 \uC7A5\uAD00(\uBC31\uC791)\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uAC00 \uC774\uB904\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC2A4\uD398\uC778 \uC655\uC704\uACC4\uC2B9\uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C 18\uC138\uAE30 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC0AC\uB294 \uB8E8\uC774 14\uC138\uAC00 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC758 \uC655\uC744 \uACB8\uD558\uB824 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uCD09\uBC1C\uB410\uACE0 \uB098\uD3F4\uB808\uC639 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC740 \uD53C\uB85C \uC5BC\uB8E9\uC9C4 \uC804\uC7C1\uD130\uAC00 \uB410\uB2E4. \uCE74\uB97C\uB85C\uC2A4 3\uC138\uC758 \uACC4\uC2B9\uC790\uB294 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB9DD\uAC00\uC838 \uC788\uACE0 \uC678\uC138\uC758 \uAC04\uC12D\uACFC \uC81C\uAD6D \uB0B4\uC758 \uBD88\uC548\uC815, \uBD80\uD328, \uAC1C\uD601\uC758 \uB4B7\uC218\uC2B5 \uB4F1\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uCC45\uC784\uC9C0\uACE0 \uB3C4\uB9E1\uC544\uC57C \uD588\uC73C\uBA70 \uC774\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uB294 19\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C \uCE74\uB97C\uB9AC\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0AC\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . "Spanyol Pencerahan adalah masa ketika gagasan Abad Pencerahan (dalam bahasa Spanyol Ilustraci\u00F3n) memasuki wilayah Spanyol pada abad ke-18 setelah berkuasanya Dinasti Bourbon dan kematian penguasa raja Habsburg terakhir, Carlo II, pada tahun 1700. \"Seperti Pencerahan Spanyol, raja-raja Bourbon Spanyol dijiwai oleh identitas Katolik Spanyol.\" Periode reformasi dan \"\" di bawah kekuasaan Wangsa Bourbon berfokus pada sentralisasi dan modernisasi pemerintahan Spanyol dan pembangunan infrastruktur. Tindakan-tindakan ini dimulai pada masa kekuasaan Raja Carlo III dari Spanyol dan menterinya, . Dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi, Wangsa Bourbon memberlakukan sejumlah reformasi yang disebut reformasi Bourbon dengan tujuan agar jajahan Spanyol di luar negeri dapat lebih menguntungkan Spanyol. Raja-raja Bourbon mencoba memajukan ilmu pengetahuan, seperti yang telah didesak oleh frater . Monarki Spanyol telah mendanai ekspedisi-ekspedisi ilmiah untuk mengumpulkan informasi mengenai kekayaan botani di Imperium Spanyol dari tahun 1777 hingga 1816. Ketika ilmuwan Prusia Alexander von Humboldt mengusulkan ekspedisi ilmiah yang didanai sendiri ke Amerika Spanyol, Monarki Spanyol tidak hanya mengizinkannya, tetapi juga memberikan instruksi kepada pejabat-pejabat kerajaan untuk membantunya. Di Amerika Spanyol, pencerahan telah berdampak terhadap bidang keilmuwan yang melibatkan orang-orang Spanyol elit yang lahir di benua Amerika. Namun, invasi Semenanjung Iberia oleh Napoleon telah merusak stabilitas di Spanyol dan wilayah jajahannya. Gagasan pencerahan Spanyol dianggap sebagai salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Spanyol, walaupun situasinya sebenarnya lebih rumit."@in . . . . . . . . . . . "Kungahuset Bourbon hade blivit Spaniens monarker under Spanska tronf\u00F6ljdskriget. Bourbon styrde Spanien 1700-1808. Efter spanska tronf\u00F6ljdskriget f\u00F6rlorade Spanien sina besittningar i Nederl\u00E4nderna och Italien, Menorca och Gibraltar. Spanien var inte l\u00E4ngre lika starkt som innan kriget och skulle aldrig bli det igen. Bourbonernas styre avslutades med att Spanien blev en fransk satellitstat och Napoleon I:s bror Joseph Bonaparte blev kung."@sv . . "Le mouvement des Lumi\u00E8res qui prit pied en Espagne (sous la d\u00E9nomination de Ilustraci\u00F3n) adh\u00E9rait aux m\u00EAmes principes que ses \u00E9quivalents dans le reste de l\u2019Europe. Pour les ilustrados espagnols, la raison \u00E9tait l\u2019outil essentiel permettant d\u2019atteindre \u00E0 la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 et au regard de laquelle devaient \u00EAtre soumises \u00E0 critique toutes les \u00AB v\u00E9rit\u00E9s \u00BB (ou croyances admises) h\u00E9rit\u00E9es de la \u00AB tradition \u00BB, en particulier celles qui s\u2019appuyaient sur les pr\u00E9jug\u00E9s, sur l\u2019ignorance et sur la superstition, ou encore sur les dogmes religieux. Les seuls instruments auxquels l\u2019on pouvait avoir recours \u00E9taient ceux procur\u00E9s par la philosophie et la science. En mettant en application (par la technique) la connaissance ainsi acquise et en l\u2019\u00E9tendant (par l\u2019\u00E9ducation) \u00E0 la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 tout enti\u00E8re, l\u2019homme sera en mesure de se perfectionner lui-m\u00EAme, de progresser, d\u2019am\u00E9liorer ses conditions de vie, de se lib\u00E9rer de l\u2019ignorance et de la superstition, et de parvenir ainsi au bonheur, sans attendre de l\u2019obtenir dans l\u2019\u00AB autre vie \u00BB. Le mouvement des Lumi\u00E8res, qui en Espagne comme ailleurs, constitua toujours une minorit\u00E9, dynamique et influente certes, resta essentiellement r\u00E9formiste, n\u2019aspirant pas \u00E0 modifier substantiellement l\u2019ordre social et politique en vigueur, et n\u2019ambitionnant que de mettre en place des r\u00E9formes propices \u00E0 ce que les ilustrados d\u00E9nommaient le \u00AB bonheur public \u00BB, lequel aurait donc \u00E0 s\u2019accommoder de l\u2019in\u00E9galit\u00E9 juridique et de l\u2019absolutisme. Cet aspect r\u00E9formiste int\u00E9ressera les monarchies d\u2019Europe et d\u2019Espagne, dispos\u00E9es \u00E0 impulser le \u00AB progr\u00E8s \u00BB, mais sans pour autant mettre en cause l\u2019ordre social et politique \u00E9tabli, les rois se pr\u00E9occupant plus du renforcement de leur autorit\u00E9, du perfectionnement de leur appareil administratif et de l\u2019agrandissement de leurs territoires, que du proclam\u00E9 bonheur de leurs sujets. Aussi les gouvernements se serviront-ils des Lumi\u00E8res pour doter d\u2019une aura de modernit\u00E9 leurs projets de r\u00E9forme \u00E9conomique, fiscale, administrative et militaire, et justifier ainsi comme n\u00E9cessaire et in\u00E9vitable la croissante intervention de l\u2019\u00C9tat dans tous les ordres de la vie sociale. Cependant, les Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles pr\u00E9sentaient quelques singularit\u00E9s, qui les diff\u00E9renciaient des mouvements similaires en Europe. Plus qu\u2019ailleurs, les repr\u00E9sentants des Lumi\u00E8res \u00E9taient de bons chr\u00E9tiens et de fervents monarchistes qui n\u2019avaient rien de subversif ni de r\u00E9volutionnaire, et pr\u00E9conisaient des changements pacifiques et graduels touchant toutes les sph\u00E8res de la vie nationale, afin de rem\u00E9dier aux d\u00E9ficiences du pays et rendre l\u2019Espagne apte \u00E0 concourir avec les principales puissances europ\u00E9ennes. Sans doute le trait le plus sp\u00E9cifique des Lumi\u00E8res en Espagne est-il que tous ses repr\u00E9sentants s\u2019\u00E9taient maintenus dans le giron du catholicisme, de sorte qu\u2019on a pu parler de Lumi\u00E8res catholiques. Pour beaucoup d\u2019entre eux, la raison et la religion partageaient une m\u00EAme \u00AB lumi\u00E8re naturelle \u00BB, \u0153uvre du Cr\u00E9ateur, et ils s\u2019\u00E9vertueront \u00E0 rendre les avanc\u00E9es de la science compatibles avec le contenu de la Bible. Toutefois, en s\u2019ing\u00E9niant \u00E0 faire valoir des crit\u00E8res rationnels dans les manifestations religieuses de la pi\u00E9t\u00E9 populaire et en proposant une pi\u00E9t\u00E9 rationnelle destin\u00E9e \u00E0 se substituer \u00E0 la pi\u00E9t\u00E9 baroque, qui pr\u00E9dominait \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9poque et consistait en une religiosit\u00E9 toute ext\u00E9rieure (notamment bas\u00E9e sur le culte des reliques et des images, sur les p\u00E8lerinages et les processions, etc.), ce pour quoi ils incriminaient le clerg\u00E9 r\u00E9gulier, les hommes des Lumi\u00E8res s\u2019\u00E9taient attir\u00E9 l\u2019hostilit\u00E9 tant du clerg\u00E9 que du peuple. Au rebours de la position de l\u2019\u00C9glise, ils pr\u00E9conisaient la lecture de la Bible en langue vulgaire. Les ilustrados espagnols subissaient plus fortement que leurs coll\u00E8gues europ\u00E9ens la tutelle de l\u2019\u00C9tat et de l\u2019\u00C9glise, laquelle tutelle s\u2019exer\u00E7ait \u00E0 travers des instruments coercitifs tels que l\u2019Index, le nihil obstat, l\u2019Inquisition, et favorisait l\u2019autocensure. Une autre singularit\u00E9 des Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles est un \u00E9litisme marqu\u00E9, les ilustrados en effet estimant en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral que le plus grand nombre ne devait avoir acc\u00E8s qu\u2019\u00E0 la seule instruction primaire et que les plus hauts niveaux de formation eussent \u00E0 rester r\u00E9serv\u00E9s \u00E0 une \u00E9lite. Ils pr\u00E9tendaient en outre lutter contre ce qu\u2019ils nommaient les manifestations \u00AB pernicieuses \u00BB de la culture populaire, telles que corridas, carnavals etc. Une vision erron\u00E9e veut que l\u2019introduction des Lumi\u00E8res en Espagne fut l\u2019\u0153uvre les Bourbons. En r\u00E9alit\u00E9, ceux-ci n\u2019\u00E9taient pas moins r\u00E9ticents que les autres monarchies, et les nouveaux courants de pens\u00E9e europ\u00E9ens \u00E9taient d\u00E9j\u00E0 connus des d\u00E9nomm\u00E9s Novatores (1680-1720), c\u2019est-\u00E0-dire d\u00E8s avant l\u2019arriv\u00E9e des Bourbons en Espagne. Du reste, la pr\u00E9occupation majeure du premier Bourbon n\u2019\u00E9tait pas la r\u00E9novation culturelle, mais la politique internationale et militaire, ce qui donc ne pouvait que retarder le d\u00E9ploiement des Lumi\u00E8res en Espagne. Les Novatores, qui \u00E9taient en contact avec les bollandistes et les mauristes et dont l\u2019activit\u00E9 forme le pr\u00E9lude aux Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles proprement dites, avaient fait, suivant les principes de la r\u00E9volution scientifique du XVIIe si\u00E8cle, le pari d\u2019une explication rationnelle de la r\u00E9alit\u00E9 et \u00E9prouvaient une aversion de la tradition, de l\u2019incurie et de l\u2019immobilisme intellectuel, acad\u00E9mique et scientifique, sans jamais prendre le chemin de la r\u00E9volution. M\u00E9ritent mention en particulier : Francisco Guti\u00E9rrez de los R\u00EDos, qui dans un ouvrage de 1680 condamnait la scolastique, se r\u00E9f\u00E9rait \u00E0 Descartes, et faisait l\u2019\u00E9loge de ceux qui, \u00E0 l\u2019encontre de la philosophie aristot\u00E9licienne, se vouaient \u00E0 la v\u00E9ritable connaissance de la nature et de ce qui la compose ; et Juan de Cabriada, de qui l\u2019\u0153uvre pionni\u00E8re Carta Filos\u00F3fico, M\u00E9dico-Chymica de 1687, premier manifeste du nouvel esprit novateur, comportait une critique de la m\u00E9thode scholastique et affirmait l\u2019exigence de l\u2019exp\u00E9rimentation. Une acad\u00E9mie destin\u00E9e \u00E0 d\u00E9fendre la nouvelle science fut mise sur pied en 1697. Significativement, les attaques dont ils faisaient l\u2019objet ne cesseront pas avec les Bourbons. Il est d\u2019usage de distinguer les Premi\u00E8res Lumi\u00E8res (1720-1750) et les Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles dans leur phase d\u2019\u00E9panouissement (Plena Ilustraci\u00F3n, 1750-1810). Concernant les Premi\u00E8res Lumi\u00E8res, sont \u00E0 relever, dans le domaine de la critique historique, les noms de Mayans, trait d\u2019union avec les novateurs, qui d\u00E9fendit le point de vue que l\u2019on ne pouvait conna\u00EEtre la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 historique qu\u2019en faisant appel aux sources et en les soumettant \u00E0 un rigoureux examen critique, et de Feijoo, qui se voua \u00E0 combattre la superstition et \u00E0 propager les nouveaut\u00E9s scientifiques de toute sorte. En mati\u00E8re de pens\u00E9e politique et sociale, est \u00E0 signaler The\u00F3rica y Pr\u00E1ctica de Comercio y Marina de Jer\u00F3nimo de Uzt\u00E1riz (1724, plusieurs fois traduit), \u00E9tude phare de la pens\u00E9e mercantiliste espagnole, qui, si on ne peut la voir comme un paradigme de la pens\u00E9e \u00E9conomique des Lumi\u00E8res (qui oscillait entre la physiocratie fran\u00E7aise et le lib\u00E9ralisme \u00E9conomique d\u2019Adam Smith), constitue n\u00E9anmoins une \u0153uvre des Lumi\u00E8res par deux de ses traits : sa d\u00E9marche scientifique et son objectif de progr\u00E8s social ; le livre eut une r\u00E9percussion sur les politiques des derniers gouvernements de Philippe V. En sciences exactes, l\u2019h\u00E9ritage des Novateurs sera encore d\u00E9terminante dans un premier temps, par quoi notamment les apports de Newton ne seront connus v\u00E9ritablement en Espagne qu\u2019avec l\u2019exp\u00E9dition g\u00E9od\u00E9sique parrain\u00E9e par l\u2019Acad\u00E9mie des sciences de Paris \u00E0 laquelle particip\u00E8rent les Espagnols Jorge Juan et Antonio de Ulloa, qui \u00E0 leur retour, publi\u00E8rent un ouvrage en 1748, o\u00F9 les auteurs d\u00E9fendaient les postulats newtoniens, incluant l\u2019h\u00E9liocentrisme. Dans la deuxi\u00E8me phase des Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles, les ilustrados parvinrent \u00E0 constituer quelques foyers \u00E9pars, plut\u00F4t restreints et nullement radicaux, et qui s\u2019\u00E9num\u00E8rent comme suit : les Asturies (avec Jovellanos et Campomanes) ; la Guip\u00FAzcoa basque (o\u00F9 fut fond\u00E9e la premi\u00E8re Sociedad Econ\u00F3mica de Amigos del Pa\u00EDs, ainsi que le S\u00E9minaire royal des nobles) ; Valence (avec l\u2019astronome Jorge Juan, adepte du syst\u00E8me newtonien, et le botaniste Cavanilles) ; Barcelone (avec son Acad\u00E9mie des belles-lettres, son Comit\u00E9 royal particulier de commerce, et son universit\u00E9 de Cervera, p\u00E9pini\u00E8re d\u2019hommes des Lumi\u00E8res, tels que le juriste Josep Finestres, son disciple Ramon Ll\u00E0tzer de Dou i de Bassols et Antonio de Capmany, auteur du premier trait\u00E9 d\u2019histoire \u00E9conomique de l\u2019Espagne) ; S\u00E9ville (o\u00F9 le groupe ilustrado le plus remarquable se constitua autour du cercle de l\u2019Alcazar, qui sera pendant quelque temps le noyau des Lumi\u00E8res le plus important d\u2019Espagne, en d\u00E9pit qu\u2019il y e\u00FBt \u00E0 S\u00E9ville et dans l\u2019Andalousie de fortes r\u00E9sistances \u00E0 ce mouvement) ; en Galice (o\u00F9 l\u2019on formulait des th\u00E8ses fort mod\u00E9r\u00E9es, \u00E0 l\u2019exception de , qui eut maille \u00E0 partir avec l\u2019Inquisition et avec les autorit\u00E9s civiles) ; Saragosse (o\u00F9 la Real Sociedad Econ\u00F3mica Aragonesa de Amigos del Pa\u00EDs \u00E9tait l\u2019une des plus actives d\u2019Espagne, et o\u00F9 fut fond\u00E9e la premi\u00E8re chaire d\u2019\u00C9conomie civile dont le titulaire \u00E9tait Lorenzo Normante, cible de maintes critiques et d\u2019une d\u00E9nonciation \u00E0 l\u2019Inquisition) ; Salamanque (dont l\u2019universit\u00E9 \u00E9tait tr\u00E8s divis\u00E9e entre le secteur traditionaliste et le camp favorable aux id\u00E9es nouvelles, mais cessa ensuite d\u2019\u00EAtre un bastion du traditionalisme) ; et enfin Madrid (l\u2019ind\u00E9niable centre des Lumi\u00E8res espagnoles, \u00E0 la faveur d\u2019une conjonction de facteurs pr\u00E9sents dans aucune autre ville d\u2019Espagne, \u00E0 savoir : des institutions d\u2019enseignement d\u2019esprit moderne, une atmosph\u00E8re cosmopolite, une presse abondante, un m\u00E9c\u00E9nat d\u2019aristocrates ilustrados, une Sociedad Econ\u00F3mica de Amigos del Pays dont l\u2019activit\u00E9 \u00E9clipsait de loin celle des provinces, et la pr\u00E9sence de la Cour). Les Sociedad Econ\u00F3mica de Amigos del Pays jou\u00E8rent un r\u00F4le primordial dans la diffusion des id\u00E9es des Lumi\u00E8res. La premi\u00E8re en date, fond\u00E9e en 1763 \u00E0 l\u2019initiative de nobles ilustrados de Guip\u00FAzcoa, avait pour particularit\u00E9 d\u2019\u00EAtre ouverte aux membres du tiers-\u00E9tat enrichis par le commerce, lesquels jouissaient au sein de la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des m\u00EAme droits que les soci\u00E9taires issus de la noblesse ou du clerg\u00E9. En 1764 fut cr\u00E9\u00E9e la Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del Pa\u00EDs, prototype des futures soci\u00E9t\u00E9s de m\u00EAme nom, dont les buts \u00E9taient d\u2019appliquer les nouvelles connaissances scientifiques aux activit\u00E9s \u00E9conomiques. \u00C0 cet effet fut fond\u00E9 le S\u00E9minaire royal des nobles, afin d\u2019enseigner les mati\u00E8res bannies des universit\u00E9s, comme la physique exp\u00E9rimentale ou la min\u00E9ralogie. L\u2019initiative se diffusa bient\u00F4t en direction de Cadix, de S\u00E9ville et de Madrid, puis \u00E9galement aux grandes villes d\u2019Am\u00E9rique espagnole. Significativement, les Sociedades de Amigos del Pa\u00EDs furent officialis\u00E9es, et donc mises au pas, \u00E0 l\u2019instigation du ministre Campomanes, qui en r\u00E9digea les statuts, par suite de quoi les Sociedades eurent d\u00E9sormais pour fonction principale d\u2019appuyer les r\u00E9formes du roi, se trouvaient sous tutelle publique, virent leur composition restreinte \u00E0 la \u00AB noblesse la plus illustre \u00BB et aux membres de l\u2019administration et des autorit\u00E9s locales, et virent leur champ d\u2019activit\u00E9s s\u2019amenuiser pour ne plus englober que \u00AB la th\u00E9orie et la pratique de l\u2019\u00E9conomie politique dans toutes les provinces d\u2019Espagne \u00BB (en d\u00E9laissant les sciences pures et les arts). Les Bourbons pourtant faisaient grand cas des sciences, et Charles III en particulier intensifia l\u2019impulsion qui leur avait d\u00E9j\u00E0 \u00E9t\u00E9 donn\u00E9e sous le r\u00E8gne de Ferdinand VI. Des personnalit\u00E9s scientifiques \u00E9minentes travaillaient dans plusieurs institutions acad\u00E9miques espagnoles ; des chaires de chimie furent cr\u00E9\u00E9es dans diff\u00E9rents organismes officiels, tandis que la min\u00E9ralogie et la m\u00E9tallurgie faisaient l\u2019objet, en fonction surtout des n\u00E9cessit\u00E9s de l\u2019arm\u00E9e et de la marine, d\u2019une attention sp\u00E9ciale du gouvernement, au m\u00EAme titre que la m\u00E9decine, les math\u00E9matiques, la g\u00E9ographie, la cartographie et l\u2019astronomie. Parmi les figures les plus notables des sciences exactes, citons Jorge Juan (qui se voua \u00E0 la recherche en astronomie, math\u00E9matiques et physique) et Gabriel C\u00EDscar (qui r\u00E9digea une s\u00E9rie de manuels scientifiques de grande diffusion et qui, nomm\u00E9 repr\u00E9sentant espagnol aupr\u00E8s de la commission charg\u00E9e d\u2019\u00E9tablir \u00E0 Paris le nouveau syst\u00E8me m\u00E9trique d\u00E9cimal, r\u00E9digea sur cette mati\u00E8re un ouvrage internationalement salu\u00E9). En botanique, le syst\u00E8me de Linn\u00E9 fut accept\u00E9 par la plupart des scientifiques espagnols et par tous les jardins botaniques cr\u00E9\u00E9s \u00E0 cette \u00E9poque gr\u00E2ce au directeur du Jardin botanique de Madrid, Cavanilles, qui \u00E9tait en contact avec Buffon. En chimie, la th\u00E9orie de Lavoisier ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 rapidement accept\u00E9e, on vit surgir bient\u00F4t en Espagne plusieurs laboratoires de chimie fond\u00E9s par les institutions d\u2019\u00C9tat ou cr\u00E9\u00E9s par les Sociedades Econ\u00F3micas de Amigos del Pa\u00EDs. La g\u00E9ologie de l\u2019Allemand Abraham Gottlob Werner connut un m\u00EAme accueil. Durant cette p\u00E9riode furent r\u00E9alis\u00E9es plusieurs exp\u00E9ditions scientifiques qui eurent un grand retentissement dans toute l\u2019Europe, en particulier celle dirig\u00E9e par F\u00E9lix de Azara dans le R\u00EDo de la Plata et sur le Paraguay, et l\u2019exp\u00E9dition Balmis (1803-1806), dont l\u2019objectif \u00E9tait de propager la vaccination contre la variole dans l\u2019Empire espagnol, l\u2019un des jalons de la m\u00E9decine pr\u00E9ventive moderne."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Espagne des Lumi\u00E8res"@fr . . . "Spanien under huset Bourbon"@sv . . . . "The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Spanish: Ilustraci\u00F3n) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The period of reform and 'enlightened despotism' under the eightenteenth-century Bourbons focused on centralizing and modernizing the Spanish government, and improvement of infrastructure, beginning with the rule of King Charles III and the work of his minister, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, count of Floridablanca. In the political and economic sphere, the crown implemented a series of changes, collectively known as the Bourbon reforms, which were aimed at making the overseas empire more prosperous to the benefit of Spain."@en . . . . . "Les idees de la Il\u00B7lustraci\u00F3 van arribar a Espanya al segle xviii amb la nova dinastia dels Borb\u00F3, arran de la mort del darrer monarca Habsburg, Carles II, el 1700. Aquest per\u00EDode de la hist\u00F2ria espanyola es coneix sovint com \u00ABEspanya borb\u00F2nica\u00BB, durant el qual, \u00ABels monarques Borbons espanyols estaven imbu\u00EFts de la identitat cat\u00F2lica espanyola\u00BB. El per\u00EDode de reforma i \u00ABdespotisme il\u00B7lustrat\u00BB dels Borbons es va centrar en la centralitzaci\u00F3 i la modernitzaci\u00F3 del govern espanyol i la millora de les infraestructures, comen\u00E7ant pel govern del rei Carles III i la tasca del seu ministre, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, comte de Floridablanca. En l\u2019\u00E0mbit pol\u00EDtic i econ\u00F2mic, la Corona va implementar una s\u00E8rie de canvis, coneguts col\u00B7lectivament com a \u00AB\u00BB, que tenien com a objectiu fer m\u00E9s pr\u00F2sper l'imperi d\u2019ultrama"@ca . . . . . . . "The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Spanish: Ilustraci\u00F3n) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The period of reform and 'enlightened despotism' under the eightenteenth-century Bourbons focused on centralizing and modernizing the Spanish government, and improvement of infrastructure, beginning with the rule of King Charles III and the work of his minister, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, count of Floridablanca. In the political and economic sphere, the crown implemented a series of changes, collectively known as the Bourbon reforms, which were aimed at making the overseas empire more prosperous to the benefit of Spain. The Enlightenment in Spain sought the expansion of scientific knowledge, which had been urged by Benedictine monk Benito Feij\u00F3o. From 1777 to 1816, the Spanish crown funded scientific expeditions to gather information about the potential botanical wealth of the empire. When Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt proposed a self-funded scientific expedition to Spanish America, the Spanish crown accorded him not only permission, but the instructions to crown officials to aid him. Spanish scholars sought to understand the decline of the Spanish empire from its earlier glory days, with the aim of reclaiming its former prestige. In Spanish America, the Enlightenment also had an impact in the intellectual and scientific sphere, with elite American-born Spanish men involved in these projects. The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula was enormously destabilizing for Spain and the Spanish overseas empire. The ideas of the Hispanic Enlightenment have been seen as a major contributor to the Spanish American wars of independence, although the situation is more complex."@en . . "\u0160pan\u011Blsko v dob\u011B osv\u00EDcenstv\u00ED"@cs . "Spanyol Pencerahan adalah masa ketika gagasan Abad Pencerahan (dalam bahasa Spanyol Ilustraci\u00F3n) memasuki wilayah Spanyol pada abad ke-18 setelah berkuasanya Dinasti Bourbon dan kematian penguasa raja Habsburg terakhir, Carlo II, pada tahun 1700. \"Seperti Pencerahan Spanyol, raja-raja Bourbon Spanyol dijiwai oleh identitas Katolik Spanyol.\" Periode reformasi dan \"\" di bawah kekuasaan Wangsa Bourbon berfokus pada sentralisasi dan modernisasi pemerintahan Spanyol dan pembangunan infrastruktur. Tindakan-tindakan ini dimulai pada masa kekuasaan Raja Carlo III dari Spanyol dan menterinya, . Dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi, Wangsa Bourbon memberlakukan sejumlah reformasi yang disebut reformasi Bourbon dengan tujuan agar jajahan Spanyol di luar negeri dapat lebih menguntungkan Spanyol."@in . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . "Tento \u010Dl\u00E1nek pokr\u00FDv\u00E1 d\u011Bjiny \u0160pan\u011Blska od n\u00E1stupu Bourbon\u016F roku 1700 po obdob\u00ED napoleonsk\u00FDch v\u00E1lek na po\u010D\u00E1tku 19. stolet\u00ED (\u0160pan\u011Blsk\u00E1 v\u00E1lka za nez\u00E1vislost)."@cs . 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"L'Illuminismo in Spagna pu\u00F2 essere convenzionalmente considerato iniziato nel XVIII secolo con l'ascesa al trono spagnolo di re Filippo V, il primo sovrano della dinastia dei Borbone. Dopo la crisi economica e burocratica che il paese aveva attraversato negli ultimi anni della dinastia asburgica, nel XVIII secolo i Borbone inaugurarono una politica di riforme e di \"dispotismo illuminato\" finalizzato a modernizzare le istituzioni e le infrastrutture del paese.Lo slancio riformatore culmin\u00F2 con il regno di Carlo III (gi\u00E0 re di Napoli e della Sicilia, re di Spagna dal 1759 al 1788), e con l'opera del ministro Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, conte di Floridablanca."@it . "\u042D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0438\u0441\u043F. Ilustraci\u00F3n) \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435 \u0441 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u0438 \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430\u00BB, \u0432\u043E \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044B, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0443\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430 III \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0425\u043E\u0441\u0435 \u0424\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430."@ru . "Spanyol Pencerahan"@in . . . . . . . . . . . "Enlightenment in Spain"@en . . "24354"^^ . . . "\uC2A4\uD398\uC778\uC758 \uACC4\uBABD\uC8FC\uC758"@ko . . . . . . . "La Ilustraci\u00F3n en Espa\u00F1a o la Ilustraci\u00F3n espa\u00F1ola es el relato de los or\u00EDgenes, caracter\u00EDsticas espec\u00EDficas y desarrollo del movimiento ilustrado en Espa\u00F1a y de los obst\u00E1culos y apoyos pol\u00EDticos y sociales que encontr\u00F3 a lo largo del siglo XVIII espa\u00F1ol caracterizado por el reformismo borb\u00F3nico (1700/1714 - 1808)."@es . . . "\u042D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0438\u0441\u043F. Ilustraci\u00F3n) \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435 \u0441 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u0438 \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430\u00BB, \u0432\u043E \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044B, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0443\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430 III \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0425\u043E\u0441\u0435 \u0424\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430. \u042D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0441 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044A\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u041B\u044E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043A XIV, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u041D\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430 III \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B, \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044E, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u043E \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u044B, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0441\u0451 XIX \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435."@ru . "Kungahuset Bourbon hade blivit Spaniens monarker under Spanska tronf\u00F6ljdskriget. Bourbon styrde Spanien 1700-1808. Efter spanska tronf\u00F6ljdskriget f\u00F6rlorade Spanien sina besittningar i Nederl\u00E4nderna och Italien, Menorca och Gibraltar. Spanien var inte l\u00E4ngre lika starkt som innan kriget och skulle aldrig bli det igen. Bourbonernas styre avslutades med att Spanien blev en fransk satellitstat och Napoleon I:s bror Joseph Bonaparte blev kung."@sv . . "Illuminismo in Spagna"@it . . . "Tento \u010Dl\u00E1nek pokr\u00FDv\u00E1 d\u011Bjiny \u0160pan\u011Blska od n\u00E1stupu Bourbon\u016F roku 1700 po obdob\u00ED napoleonsk\u00FDch v\u00E1lek na po\u010D\u00E1tku 19. stolet\u00ED (\u0160pan\u011Blsk\u00E1 v\u00E1lka za nez\u00E1vislost)."@cs . . . "Ilustraci\u00F3n en Espa\u00F1a"@es . . . . . . . . . . "1112456630"^^ . . . "As ideias do Iluminismo na Espanha (em castelhano: ilustraci\u00F3n en Espa\u00F1a)) chegou \u00E0 Espanha no s\u00E9culo XVIII com a nova dinastia Bourbon, ap\u00F3s a morte do \u00FAltimo monarca dos Habsburgos, Carlos II, em 1700. O per\u00EDodo de reforma e despotismo esclarecido sob os Bourbons do s\u00E9culo XVIII concentrou-se na centraliza\u00E7\u00E3o e moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o do governo espanhol e na melhoria da infraestrutura, come\u00E7ando com o governo do rei Carlos III e o trabalho de seu ministro, Jos\u00E9 Mo\u00F1ino, primeiro conde de Floridablanca. Na esfera pol\u00EDtica e econ\u00F4mica, a monarquia implementou uma s\u00E9rie de mudan\u00E7as, conhecidas coletivamente como reformas borb\u00F4nicas, que visavam tornar o imp\u00E9rio ultramarino mais pr\u00F3spero em benef\u00EDcio da Espanha."@pt . . "1703255"^^ . . . "La Ilustraci\u00F3n en Espa\u00F1a o la Ilustraci\u00F3n espa\u00F1ola es el relato de los or\u00EDgenes, caracter\u00EDsticas espec\u00EDficas y desarrollo del movimiento ilustrado en Espa\u00F1a y de los obst\u00E1culos y apoyos pol\u00EDticos y sociales que encontr\u00F3 a lo largo del siglo XVIII espa\u00F1ol caracterizado por el reformismo borb\u00F3nico (1700/1714 - 1808)."@es .