. . . . . . . . . . "In antiquity, several theses were elaborated on the origin of the Etruscans from the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been already established for several centuries in its territories, that can be summarized into three main hypotheses. The first is the autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria. The second is a migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by two Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece, who entered Italy at the head of the Adriatic sea. The third hypotheses was reported by Livy and Pliny the Elder, and puts the Etruscans in the context of the Rhaetian people to the north and other populations living in the Alps. The first Greek author to mention the Etruscans, whom the Ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenians, was the 8th-century BC poet Hesiod, in his work, the Theogony. He mentioned them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins. The 7th-century BC Homeric Hymn to Dionysus referred to them as pirates. Unlike later Greek authors, such as Herodotus and Hellanicus, these earlier Greek authors did not suggest that Etruscans had migrated to Italy from elsewhere. According to prehistoric and protohistoric archaeologists, anthropologists, etruscologists, geneticists, linguists, all the evidence gathered so far points to an autochthonous origin of the Etruscans. Moreover, there is no archeological evidence for a migration of the Lydians or the Pelasgians into Etruria. It was only in the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been established for several centuries, that Greek writers started associating the name \"Tyrrhenians\" with the \"Pelasgians\" or the \"Lydians\". There is consensus among modern scholars that these Greek accounts did not contain true facts that actually happened. The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC: this is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region, part of the central European Urnfield culture system. Helmut Rix's classification of the Etruscan language in the Tyrsenian language family reflects the ambiguity of the stories about their origins. Rix finds Etruscan on the one hand genetically related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, suggesting autochthonous connections, but on the other hand he notes that the Lemnian language found on the \"Lemnos stele\" is closely related to Etruscan, entailing either Etruscan presence in \"Tyrsenian\" Lemnos, or \"Tyrsenian\" expansion westward to Etruria. After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from Lemnos to Etruria, the indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis, were the Sintians, a Thracian population. Some scholars believe the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Other scholars have concluded that the Lemnian inscriptions might be due to an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples. An mtDNA study published in 2013 concluded that the Etruscans' mtDNA appears very similar to that of Neolithic population from Central Europe and to other Tuscan populations. This coincides with the Rhaetic language, which was spoken south and north of the Alps in the area of the Urnfield culture of Central Europe. The Villanovan culture, the early period of the Etruscan civilization, derives from the Proto-Villanovan culture that branched from the Urnfield culture around 1200 BC. An autochthonous population that diverged genetically was previously suggested as a possibility by Cavalli-Sforza. A 2019 genetic study by Stanford, published in the journal Science, which analyzed the autosomal DNA of 11 Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, concluded that Etruscans (900-600 BC) and the Latins (900-200 BC) from Latium vetus were genetically similar, and Etruscans also had Steppe-related ancestry despite speaking a pre-Indo-European language. A 2021 genetic study by Max Planck Institute, Universities of T\u00FCbingen, Florence, and Harvard, published in the journal Science Advances, analyzed the autosomal DNA of 48 Iron Age individuals from Tuscany and Lazio and confirmed that the Etruscan individuals displayed the ancestral component Steppe in the same percentages as found in the previously analyzed Iron Age Latins, and that the Etruscans' DNA completely lacks a signal of recent admixture with Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean, concluding that the Etruscans were autochthonous and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster, 75% of the Etruscan male individuals were found to belong to haplogroup R1b, especially R1b-P312 and its derivative R1b-L2 whose direct ancestor is R1b-U152, while the most common mitochondrial DNA haplogroup among the Etruscans was H."@en . . . . . . . . . "22524305"^^ . . "Ipotesi sull'origine degli Etruschi"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sull'origine e la provenienza degli Etruschi \u00E8 fiorita nei secoli una vasta letteratura, non solo in ambito storico e archeologico. Le teorie esposte dalle fonti storiche a partire dal V secolo a.C., ovvero cinquecento anni dopo le prime manifestazioni in Italia della civilt\u00E0 etrusca, appaiono infatti piuttosto discordanti; tale circostanza dimostra che sull'argomento non vi era tra i Greci un'identit\u00E0 di visioni. Considerate le strette relazioni commerciali e culturali tra Greci ed Etruschi \u00E8 verosimile ritenere che gli stessi Etruschi non possedessero una propria tradizione su un'eventuale provenienza da altre aree del Mediterraneo o d'Europa; se tale tradizione fosse esistita, gli storici greci e latini l'avrebbero certamente riferita."@it . . "Sull'origine e la provenienza degli Etruschi \u00E8 fiorita nei secoli una vasta letteratura, non solo in ambito storico e archeologico. Le teorie esposte dalle fonti storiche a partire dal V secolo a.C., ovvero cinquecento anni dopo le prime manifestazioni in Italia della civilt\u00E0 etrusca, appaiono infatti piuttosto discordanti; tale circostanza dimostra che sull'argomento non vi era tra i Greci un'identit\u00E0 di visioni. Considerate le strette relazioni commerciali e culturali tra Greci ed Etruschi \u00E8 verosimile ritenere che gli stessi Etruschi non possedessero una propria tradizione su un'eventuale provenienza da altre aree del Mediterraneo o d'Europa; se tale tradizione fosse esistita, gli storici greci e latini l'avrebbero certamente riferita. Le tesi sull'origine degli Etruschi elaborate nell'antichit\u00E0 possono essere suddivise in due filoni: l'origine orientale e l'origine autoctona. Un terzo filone, riguardante un'origine settentrionale del popolo etrusco, si basa su alcune considerazioni dello storico romano Tito Livio a proposito della popolazione alpina dei Reti ma fu elaborato dagli storici solamente durante il XVIII ed il XIX secolo. Le tesi antiche hanno dato vita a un lungo dibattito, gli studiosi moderni hanno messo in dubbio che le tesi antiche contenessero sempre fatti realmente accaduti, e hanno concluso che fossero delle narrazioni, in molti casi, basate su invenzioni totalmente artificiose. Tutte le evidenze fino a oggi raccolte dall'archeologia preistorica e protostorica, dall'antropologia, dall'etruscologia, e dalla genetica, sono in favore dell'origine autoctona degli Etruschi. La fase pi\u00F9 antica della civilt\u00E0 etrusca \u00E8 la cultura villanoviana, attestata a partire dal IX secolo a.C., che deriva, a sua volta, dalla cultura protovillanoviana (XII - X secolo a.C.)."@it . "Terracotta head of a youth MET DP119670.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . "no"@en . . "Terracotta heads of Etruscan male youths, with one wearing a helmet and the other bare-headed, 3rd\u20132nd centuries BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art"@en . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . "Comme dans le cas de beaucoup d'autres peuples, les avis des historiens, antiques et modernes, diff\u00E8rent \u00E0 propos de l'origine des \u00C9trusques, exog\u00E8ne (lydienne) ou autochtone (villanovienne), sans que l'une soit n\u00E9cessairement exclusive de l'autre. Le consensus actuel (2021) parmi les arch\u00E9ologues, ainsi que les \u00E9tudes de pal\u00E9og\u00E9n\u00E9tique, favorisent l'hypoth\u00E8se d'un d\u00E9veloppement autochtone."@fr . "Hi ha dues hip\u00F2tesis principals respecte als or\u00EDgens de la civilitzaci\u00F3 etrusca en la primera Edat del ferro: desenvolupament aut\u00F2cton in situ fora de la cultura de Villanova, o colonitzaci\u00F3 d'It\u00E0lia des del Pr\u00F2xim Orient. La tesi d'una poblaci\u00F3 aut\u00F2ctona que va divergir gen\u00E8ticament ha estat suggerida com a possibilitat per Cavalli-Sforza. La llengua dels etruscs era d'una fam\u00EDlia diferent de la dels pobles it\u00E0lics i celtes ve\u00EFns, que parlaven lleng\u00FCes indoeuropees."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . "Ot\u00E1zka p\u016Fvodu Etrusk\u016F nen\u00ED v sou\u010Dasnosti zcela objasn\u011Bna. Ji\u017E od starov\u011Bku se lze setkat s r\u016Fzn\u00FDmi hypot\u00E9zami. Sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 archeologick\u00E9 v\u00FDzkumy n\u011Bkter\u00E9 z nich zcela \u010Di \u010D\u00E1ste\u010Dn\u011B vylou\u010Dily, na stran\u011B druh\u00E9 se v\u0161ak objevily nov\u00E9 teorie. V b\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED o Etrusc\u00EDch se samotn\u00E1 ot\u00E1zka jejich p\u016Fvodu objevuje \u010Dasto a je pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za v\u00FDznamnou, v\u0161eobecn\u011B v\u0161ak plat\u00ED, \u017Ee kultura, kterou ozna\u010Dujeme jako \u201Eetruskou\u201C, se vyvinula teprve na \u00FAzem\u00ED Etrurie v It\u00E1lii."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Comme dans le cas de beaucoup d'autres peuples, les avis des historiens, antiques et modernes, diff\u00E8rent \u00E0 propos de l'origine des \u00C9trusques, exog\u00E8ne (lydienne) ou autochtone (villanovienne), sans que l'une soit n\u00E9cessairement exclusive de l'autre. Le consensus actuel (2021) parmi les arch\u00E9ologues, ainsi que les \u00E9tudes de pal\u00E9og\u00E9n\u00E9tique, favorisent l'hypoth\u00E8se d'un d\u00E9veloppement autochtone."@fr . . . . "Origen dels etruscs"@ca . . . "Terracotta head of a youth MET DP254649.jpg"@en . . . . . "Etruscan origins"@en . . "P\u016Fvod Etrusk\u016F"@cs . . "Ot\u00E1zka p\u016Fvodu Etrusk\u016F nen\u00ED v sou\u010Dasnosti zcela objasn\u011Bna. Ji\u017E od starov\u011Bku se lze setkat s r\u016Fzn\u00FDmi hypot\u00E9zami. Sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 archeologick\u00E9 v\u00FDzkumy n\u011Bkter\u00E9 z nich zcela \u010Di \u010D\u00E1ste\u010Dn\u011B vylou\u010Dily, na stran\u011B druh\u00E9 se v\u0161ak objevily nov\u00E9 teorie. V b\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED o Etrusc\u00EDch se samotn\u00E1 ot\u00E1zka jejich p\u016Fvodu objevuje \u010Dasto a je pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za v\u00FDznamnou, v\u0161eobecn\u011B v\u0161ak plat\u00ED, \u017Ee kultura, kterou ozna\u010Dujeme jako \u201Eetruskou\u201C, se vyvinula teprve na \u00FAzem\u00ED Etrurie v It\u00E1lii."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1110208725"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Etruscan origins"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "89923"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "In antiquity, several theses were elaborated on the origin of the Etruscans from the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been already established for several centuries in its territories, that can be summarized into three main hypotheses. The first is the autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria. The second is a migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by two Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece, who entered Italy at the head of the Adriatic s"@en . . . . . "400"^^ . . . . . . "Terracotta head of a youth MET DP254648.jpg"@en . . . . "Origine des \u00C9trusques"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "Hi ha dues hip\u00F2tesis principals respecte als or\u00EDgens de la civilitzaci\u00F3 etrusca en la primera Edat del ferro: desenvolupament aut\u00F2cton in situ fora de la cultura de Villanova, o colonitzaci\u00F3 d'It\u00E0lia des del Pr\u00F2xim Orient. La tesi d'una poblaci\u00F3 aut\u00F2ctona que va divergir gen\u00E8ticament ha estat suggerida com a possibilitat per Cavalli-Sforza. La classificaci\u00F3 per part d'Helmut Rix de l'etrusc com a integrant de la fam\u00EDlia de lleng\u00FCes tirrenes, amb el lemni i el r\u00E8tic, reflecteix aquesta ambig\u00FCitat. Rix veu l'etrusc relacionat amb el r\u00E8tic, la llengua parlada en el Alps, al nord d'Etr\u00FAria, suggerint connexions aut\u00F2ctones, per\u00F2 d'altra banda el Lemni la llengua trobada a la \"Estela de Lemnos\" sembla relacionat tamb\u00E9 amb l'etrusc, el que implica o b\u00E9 una pres\u00E8ncia etrusca a Lemnos o b\u00E9 una expansi\u00F3 tirr\u00E8nica cap a l'Egeu. El lemni podria haver arribat a la Mar Egea durant l'Edat del bronze Tardana, quan els governants mic\u00E8nics van reclutar grups de mercenaris de Sic\u00EDlia, Sardenya i d'altres parts de la pen\u00EDnsula italiana. La llengua dels etruscs era d'una fam\u00EDlia diferent de la dels pobles it\u00E0lics i celtes ve\u00EFns, que parlaven lleng\u00FCes indoeuropees. L'estudi m\u00E9s novell del mtDNA (2013) suggereix que el etruscs estan molt a prop de la poblaci\u00F3 neol\u00EDtica d'Europa Central i de les altres poblacions toscanes. Aix\u00F2 coincideix amb el r\u00E8tic llengua que va ser parlada al nord del Alps en l'\u00E0mbit de la cultura dels camps d'urnes d'Europa Central. La cultura de Villanova es va conformar a partir de la cultura de les urnes cap a l'any 1.100 aC i aquesta cultura \u00E9s anterior a la civilitzaci\u00F3 etrusca."@ca . . . . .