. . . . . . . . . . "F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (Chinese: \u5C01\u5EFA; lit. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation-like government based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of commoners categorized into four occupations (or \"four categories of the people\", namely gentries, peasants, laborers and merchants). The system dated back at least to the Shang dynasty, but was formally coined during the Western Zhou dynasty when the Zhou kings enfeoffed their clan relatives and fellow warriors as vassals. Through the fengjian system, the king would allocate an area of land to a noble, establishing him as the de facto ruler of that region and allowing his "@en . . . . . . . "El F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (\u5C01\u5EFA) era una ideologia pol\u00EDtica desenvolupada pels fil\u00F2sofs confucianistes i \"legalistes\" durant l'\u00FAltim per\u00EDode de la dinastia Zhou de la Xina antiga, l'estructura social de la qual forma un sistema decentralitzat de govern basat en quatre ocupacions, o \"quatre categories de les persones\". Els reis Zhou infeudaven les terres als seus amics guerrers i parents, creant amplis dominis de terraa. El sistema Fengjian que van crear destinava a una regi\u00F3 o tros de terra a un individu, establint-lo com a sobir\u00E0 d'aquella regi\u00F3. Els vassalls es van rebel\u00B7lar finalment contra els reis Zhou, i es van desenvolupar en els seus propis regnes, acabant, per aix\u00F2 amb el govern centralitzat de la dinastia Zhou. Com a resultat, la hist\u00F2ria xinesa, des de la dinastia Zhou o Chou (1046 aC\u2013256 aC) fins a la dinastia Qin ha estat considerada un per\u00EDode feudal per molts historiadors xinesos, a causa del costum de l'infeudament de terres, similar al d'Europa. Per\u00F2 alguns erudits han suggerit que el fengjian, en canvi, no t\u00E9 alguns dels aspectes fonamentals del feudalisme. Cada estat era independent i tenia els seus propis impostos i sistemes legals amb una moneda \u00FAnica. Els nobles tenien l'obligaci\u00F3 de retre un homenatge regular al seu rei i de proporcionar-li soldats en temps de guerra. Aquesta estructura va tenir un paper important en l'estructura pol\u00EDtica del Zhou Occidental que estava expandint els seus territoris cap a l'est. En el moment oport\u00FA aix\u00F2 va propiciar un empoderament dels nobles, que lluitaven entre ells per tenir m\u00E9s poder, fet que provocaria que l'autoritat dels reis Zhou minv\u00E9s produint la seva caiguda."@ca . . . . . . . . "\u4E95\u7530\u5236\u5EA6"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (en chino: \u5C01\u5EFA) fue una ideolog\u00EDa pol\u00EDtica durante la \u00FAltima parte de la dinast\u00EDa Zhou de la China antigua, con una estructura social que formaba un sistema descentralizado de gobierno\u200B basado en cuatro oficios o \u00ABcategor\u00EDas de persona\u00BB."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Fengjian"@en . . . "F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (\u5C01\u5EFA, feodal) adalah sistem ideologi politik dan pemerintahan pada masa Tiongkok kuno, yang struktur sosialnya membentuk sistem desentralisasi pemerintahan seperti konfederasi, berdasarkan kelas pemerintahan yang terdiri dari Putra Surgawi (kaisar), bangsawan dan rakyat kelas bawah (yang dikategorikan menjadi empat kategori: pejabat, petani, buruh dan pedagang). Sistem ini setidaknya sudah ada sejak dinasti Shang, tetapi secara resmi baru didirikan selama dinasti Zhou Barat ketika raja-raja Zhou mengangkat kerabat klan mereka dan sesama prajurit sebagai vasal. Melalui sistem fengjian, raja akan mengalokasikan sebidang tanah kepada seorang bangsawan, menjadikannya sebagai penguasa de facto di wilayah itu dan mengizinkan gelar serta wilayahnya diwarisi oleh keturunannya secara sah. Hal ini menciptakan sejumlah besar wilayah lokal, yang kemudian menjadi negara bagian otonom. Setiap negara vasal fengjian merupakan wilayah otonom dan memiliki sistem pajak dan hukumnya sendiri termasuk mata uangnya yang unik bahkan gaya penulisannya sendiri."@in . . "F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (\u5C01\u5EFA, feodal) adalah sistem ideologi politik dan pemerintahan pada masa Tiongkok kuno, yang struktur sosialnya membentuk sistem desentralisasi pemerintahan seperti konfederasi, berdasarkan kelas pemerintahan yang terdiri dari Putra Surgawi (kaisar), bangsawan dan rakyat kelas bawah (yang dikategorikan menjadi empat kategori: pejabat, petani, buruh dan pedagang). Sistem ini setidaknya sudah ada sejak dinasti Shang, tetapi secara resmi baru didirikan selama dinasti Zhou Barat ketika raja-raja Zhou mengangkat kerabat klan mereka dan sesama prajurit sebagai vasal. Melalui sistem fengjian, raja akan mengalokasikan sebidang tanah kepada seorang bangsawan, menjadikannya sebagai penguasa de facto di wilayah itu dan mengizinkan gelar serta wilayahnya diwarisi oleh keturunannya secara sah. H"@in . . . . . 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"F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (Chinese: \u5C01\u5EFA; lit. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation-like government based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of commoners categorized into four occupations (or \"four categories of the people\", namely gentries, peasants, laborers and merchants). The system dated back at least to the Shang dynasty, but was formally coined during the Western Zhou dynasty when the Zhou kings enfeoffed their clan relatives and fellow warriors as vassals. Through the fengjian system, the king would allocate an area of land to a noble, establishing him as the de facto ruler of that region and allowing his title and fief to be legitimately inherited by his descendants. This created large numbers of local domains, which became autonomous states. The rulers of these vassal states, known as zh\u016Bh\u00F3u (Chinese: \u8AF8\u4FAF; lit. 'various marquesses'), had a political obligation to pay homage to the king, but as the central authority started to decline during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, they eventually grew rebellious and developed into their own kingdoms, reducing the Zhou dynasty to merely an empty name. As a result, Chinese history from the Zhou dynasty (1046 BC\u2013256 BC) to the beginning of the Qin dynasty has been termed a feudal period by many Chinese historians, due to the custom of enfeoffment of land similar to that in Medieval Europe. But scholars have suggested that fengjian otherwise lacks some of the fundamental aspects of feudalism. This system is often conflated with Confucianism but also with Legalism. Each fengjian state was autonomous and had its own tax and legal systems along with its own unique currency and even writing style. The nobles were required to pay regular homage to the king and to provide him with soldiers in a time of war. This structure played an important part in the political structure of the Western Zhou which was expanding its territories in the east. In due course this resulted in the increasing power of the noble lords, whose strength eventually exceeded that of the Zhou kings, leading to dwindling central authority. The vassal states started to completely ignore the Zhou court and fight with each other for land, wealth and influence, which eventually disintegrated the authority of the Eastern Zhou into the chaos and violence of the Warring States period, where the great lords ended up proclaiming themselves as kings. During the pre-Qin period, fengjian represented the Zhou dynasty's political system, and various thinkers, such as Confucius, looked to this system as a concrete ideal of political organization. In particular, according to Confucius, during the Spring and Autumn period the traditional system of rituals and music had become empty and hence his goal was to return to or bring back the early Zhou dynasty political system. With the establishment of the Qin dynasty in 220 BCE, the First Emperor unified the country and abolished the fengjian system, consolidating a new system of administrative divisions called the junxian system (\u90E1\u7E23\u5236, \"commandery-county system\") or prefectural system, with the establishment of thirty-six prefectures and a rotational system for appointing local officials. There are many differences between the two systems, but one is particularly worth mentioning: the prefectural system gave more power to the central government, since it congealed power at the political center or the top of the empire's political hierarchy. From the Qin dynasty onward, Chinese literati would find a tension between the Confucian ideal of fengjian and the reality of the centralized imperial system. After the establishment of the Han dynasty (206 BCE to 207 CE), Confucianism became the reigning imperial ideology and scholars and court officials alike again began to look to the Zhou dynasty fengjian system as an ideal. These scholars advocated incorporating elements of the fengjian system into the junxian system. The Han dynasty emperors ultimately chose to parcel out land to their relatives, thus combining the junxian and fengjian systems."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1111808163"^^ . . . "j\u01D0ngti\u00E1n zh\u00ECd\u00F9"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Fengjian"@es . "Fengjian"@in . . "\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6 (\u4E2D\u570B)"@zh . . . . . . "\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u653F\u6CBB\u5236\u5EA6\u3002\u7531\u5171\u4E3B\u6216\u4E2D\u592E\u738B\u671D\u7ED9\u5B97\u5BA4\u6210\u5458\u3001\u738B\u65CF\u548C\u529F\u81E3\u5206\u5C01\u9886\u5730\u3002 \u300C\u5C01\u5EFA\u300D\u5373\u300C\u5C01\u571F\u5EFA\u570B\uFF08\u5C01\u90A6\u5EFA\u570B\uFF09\u300D\uFF0C\u5373\u5929\u5B50\u628A\u81EA\u5DF1\u76F4\u63A5\u7BA1\u8F44\u7684\u738B\u757F\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u5206\u5C01\u7D66\u8AF8\u4FAF\uFF0C\u4E26\u6388\u4E88\u4ED6\u5011\u7235\u4F4D\uFF0C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u518D\u5206\u5C01\u537F\u5927\u592B\uFF0C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u548C\u537F\u5927\u592B\u5728\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4E0A\u6709\u76F8\u5F53\u7684\u81EA\u4E3B\u6743\u3002\u5206\u5C01\u662F\u8B93\u4ED6\u5011\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5C01\u570B\u548C\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u534F\u52A9\u7EDF\u6CBB\u3002 \u83EF\u6587\u5BF9\u53E4\u4EE3\u4E2D\u56FD\u7684\u4E2D\u539F\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u6240\u5C01\u4E4B\u5730\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u201D\uFF08\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u56FD\u201D\u3001\u201C\u5C01\u56FD\u201D\u6216\u201C\u738B\u56FD\u201D\uFF09\uFF0C\u7EDF\u6CBB\u8BF8\u4FAF\uFF08\u738B\u56FD\uFF09\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u738B\u201D\u3001\u201C\u541B\u201D\u6216\u201C\u738B\u201D\uFF0C\u4E5F\u4F7F\u7528\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u738B\u201D\u7684\u79F0\u8C13\u3002\u540C\u65F6\uFF0C\u6C49\u8BED\u5BF9\u6B27\u6D32\u4ECE\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u8D77\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\u5236\u56FD\u5BB6\u4E5F\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u738B\u56FD\u201D\uFF0C\u541B\u4E3B\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u541B\u4E3B\u201D\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u4E24\u8005\u5B8C\u5168\u4E00\u81F4\uFF0C\u4F46\u4ECE\u7EAF\u7CB9\u7684\u571F\u5730\u5206\u5C01\u6765\u770B\u4E24\u8005\u90FD\u662F\u4E00\u6A23\u7684\u3002"@zh . . . . . "11043254"^^ . . . . "\uBD09\uAC74(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4: \u5C01\u5EFA, \uBCD1\uC74C: F\u0113ngji\u00E0n \uD391\uC820[*])\uC740 \uACE0\uB300 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2DC\uD589\uD55C \uC815\uCE58 \uCCB4\uC81C\uB85C, \uC9C0\uBC29 \uBD84\uAD8C \uD615\uC2DD\uC758 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uC5F0\uD569\uCCB4\uC640 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uBAA8\uC2B5\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uCD5C\uADFC\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB9CC \uD574\uB3C4 \uC11C\uC8FC\uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uC655\uAC00 \uCE5C\uCC99\uB4E4\uC774\uB098 \uACF5\uC2E0\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uBD09\uD1A0\uB97C \uD558\uC0AC\uD55C \uAC83\uC5D0 \uADF8 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC774 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uC5EC\uACA8\uC838\uC654\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC0C1\uB098\uB77C\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC774\uC640 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uC81C\uB3C4\uAC00 \uC788\uC5C8\uC74C\uC774 \uBC1D\uD600\uC84C\uB2E4. \uBD09\uAC74\uC81C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC655\uC740 \uD55C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC744 \uACF5\uC2E0\uC5D0\uAC8C \uD558\uC0AC\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8 \uD6C4\uC190\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uD1B5\uCE58\uAD8C\uC744 \uBD80\uC5EC\uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC2E4\uC9C8\uC801\uC778 \uC9C0\uBC30\uAD8C\uC740 \uC655\uC774 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB97C \uD558\uC0AC\uBC1B\uC740 \uACF5\uC2E0\uB4E4\uC740 \uC81C\uD6C4(\u8AF8\u4FAF)\uB77C \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4. \uC81C\uD6C4\uB294 \uD615\uC2DD\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB098\uB9C8 \uC655\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC2E0\uD558\uB85C\uC11C\uC758 \uC608\uB97C \uAC16\uCD94\uC5C8\uB294\uB370, \uB3D9\uC8FC\uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uB7EC\uC11C\uB294 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC790\uC8FC\uAD8C\uC744 \uAE30\uBC18\uC73C\uB85C \uCC9C\uC790\uC5D0\uAC8C \uBC18\uAE30\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uC790\uC2E0\uB4E4\uB9CC\uC758 \uC655\uAD6D\uC744 \uC138\uC6B0\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uB974\uB978\uB2E4. \uC774\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC8FC\uB098\uB77C\uB294 \uC774\uB984\uBFD0\uC778 \uCC9C\uC790\uAD6D\uC774 \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uD55C\uB098\uB77C\uAC00 \uC131\uB9BD\uB418\uBA70 \uC720\uAD50\uAC00 \uD669\uC2E4\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC \uC0AC\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uCC44\uD0DD\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB4E4\uC740 \uAD70\uD604\uC81C\uB97C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uB418 \uADF8 \uC548\uC5D0 \uBD09\uAC74\uC81C\uC758 \uC694\uC18C\uB97C \uCD94\uAC00\uD558\uB294 \uBC29\uD5A5\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6D\uC815\uC744 \uC6B4\uC601\uD588\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uC808\uCDA9\uC548\uC73C\uB85C \uC81C\uC548\uB41C \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC815\uCE58\uCCB4\uB294 \uAD70\uAD6D\uC81C\uB77C \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uD6C4 \uD55C\uBB34\uC81C\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uB7EC \uAD70\uAD6D\uC81C\uC758 \uBD09\uAC74\uC801 \uC694\uC18C\uB294 \uAC70\uC758 \uC0AC\uB77C\uC9C0\uB2E4\uC2F6\uC774 \uD558\uC5EC \uB2E4\uC2DC \uAD70\uD604\uC81C\uB85C \uD68C\uADC0\uD588\uB2E4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . "22475"^^ . "\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u653F\u6CBB\u5236\u5EA6\u3002\u7531\u5171\u4E3B\u6216\u4E2D\u592E\u738B\u671D\u7ED9\u5B97\u5BA4\u6210\u5458\u3001\u738B\u65CF\u548C\u529F\u81E3\u5206\u5C01\u9886\u5730\u3002 \u300C\u5C01\u5EFA\u300D\u5373\u300C\u5C01\u571F\u5EFA\u570B\uFF08\u5C01\u90A6\u5EFA\u570B\uFF09\u300D\uFF0C\u5373\u5929\u5B50\u628A\u81EA\u5DF1\u76F4\u63A5\u7BA1\u8F44\u7684\u738B\u757F\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u5206\u5C01\u7D66\u8AF8\u4FAF\uFF0C\u4E26\u6388\u4E88\u4ED6\u5011\u7235\u4F4D\uFF0C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u518D\u5206\u5C01\u537F\u5927\u592B\uFF0C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u548C\u537F\u5927\u592B\u5728\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4E0A\u6709\u76F8\u5F53\u7684\u81EA\u4E3B\u6743\u3002\u5206\u5C01\u662F\u8B93\u4ED6\u5011\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5C01\u570B\u548C\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u534F\u52A9\u7EDF\u6CBB\u3002 \u83EF\u6587\u5BF9\u53E4\u4EE3\u4E2D\u56FD\u7684\u4E2D\u539F\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u6240\u5C01\u4E4B\u5730\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u201D\uFF08\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u56FD\u201D\u3001\u201C\u5C01\u56FD\u201D\u6216\u201C\u738B\u56FD\u201D\uFF09\uFF0C\u7EDF\u6CBB\u8BF8\u4FAF\uFF08\u738B\u56FD\uFF09\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u738B\u201D\u3001\u201C\u541B\u201D\u6216\u201C\u738B\u201D\uFF0C\u4E5F\u4F7F\u7528\u201C\u8BF8\u4FAF\u738B\u201D\u7684\u79F0\u8C13\u3002\u540C\u65F6\uFF0C\u6C49\u8BED\u5BF9\u6B27\u6D32\u4ECE\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u8D77\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\u5236\u56FD\u5BB6\u4E5F\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u738B\u56FD\u201D\uFF0C\u541B\u4E3B\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u541B\u4E3B\u201D\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u4E24\u8005\u5B8C\u5168\u4E00\u81F4\uFF0C\u4F46\u4ECE\u7EAF\u7CB9\u7684\u571F\u5730\u5206\u5C01\u6765\u770B\u4E24\u8005\u90FD\u662F\u4E00\u6A23\u7684\u3002"@zh . . . . . "F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (en chino: \u5C01\u5EFA) fue una ideolog\u00EDa pol\u00EDtica durante la \u00FAltima parte de la dinast\u00EDa Zhou de la China antigua, con una estructura social que formaba un sistema descentralizado de gobierno\u200B basado en cuatro oficios o \u00ABcategor\u00EDas de persona\u00BB. Los reyes Zhou enfeudaban a sus guerreros y parientes, creando grandes dominios de tierra. El sistema Fengjian que crearon asignaba una regi\u00F3n o porci\u00F3n de terreno a una persona, estableci\u00E9ndolo el gobernante de la regi\u00F3n. Estos gobernantes en ocasiones se rebelaron contra los reyes Zhou,\u200B y se independizaron en sus propios reinos, terminando as\u00ED con el poder centralizado de la dinast\u00EDa.\u200B Como resultado, la historia de China desde la dinast\u00EDa Zhou (1046 a. C.\u2013256 a. C.) hasta la dinast\u00EDa Qin\u200B ha sido calificada por muchos historiadores chinos como periodo feudal, debido a la costumbre de de tierras similar a la europea. Sin embargo, se ha argumentado que el Fengjian carece por otra parte de algunos aspectos fundamentales del feudalismo.\u200B\u200B Se suele relacionar con el confucianismo aunque tambi\u00E9n con el legalismo. Cada estado era independiente y ten\u00EDa sus propios impuestos y sistemas legales aunque una moneda \u00FAnica. A los nobles se les requer\u00EDa pagar tributos regularmente al rey y aportarle soldados en tiempos de guerra. Esta estructura jug\u00F3 un papel importante en la estructura pol\u00EDtica de los zhou occidentales, que fueron expandiendo sus territorios hacia el este. Al mismo tiempo, esto result\u00F3 en un aumento de poder de los nobles, que combatieron entre ellos por poder, llevando a la disminuci\u00F3n de la autoridad de los reyes Zhou, lo que finalmente llev\u00F3 a su ca\u00EDda.\u200B"@es . . . "\uC911\uAD6D \uBD09\uAC74\uC81C"@ko . "El F\u0113ngji\u00E0n (\u5C01\u5EFA) era una ideologia pol\u00EDtica desenvolupada pels fil\u00F2sofs confucianistes i \"legalistes\" durant l'\u00FAltim per\u00EDode de la dinastia Zhou de la Xina antiga, l'estructura social de la qual forma un sistema decentralitzat de govern basat en quatre ocupacions, o \"quatre categories de les persones\". Els reis Zhou infeudaven les terres als seus amics guerrers i parents, creant amplis dominis de terraa. El sistema Fengjian que van crear destinava a una regi\u00F3 o tros de terra a un individu, establint-lo com a sobir\u00E0 d'aquella regi\u00F3. Els vassalls es van rebel\u00B7lar finalment contra els reis Zhou, i es van desenvolupar en els seus propis regnes, acabant, per aix\u00F2 amb el govern centralitzat de la dinastia Zhou. Com a resultat, la hist\u00F2ria xinesa, des de la dinastia Zhou o Chou (1046 aC\u2013256 aC) f"@ca . . . . "Fengjian"@ca . . . . . . . . .