. "1121087058"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations. One downside to subsidizing any industry is that competition and innovation are lessened or lost completely. Subsidizing can make a product be cheaper for buyers, but in the long run, innovation and lower prices come from a competitive free market."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Fiscalit\u00E9 noire"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Par opposition \u00E0 la \u00AB fiscalit\u00E9 verte \u00BB, pour l'OCDE, la \u00AB fiscalit\u00E9 noire \u00BB d\u00E9signe deux types d'aides susceptibles d'avoir des effets pervers : 1. \n* les aides directes distribu\u00E9es au secteur des \u00E9nergies fossiles et non renouvelables. Il peut s'agir d'aides remboursables, de pr\u00EAts avantageux ou de simples subventions \u00E0 fonds perdus provenant d\u2019\u00C9tats, de groupements d'\u00C9tats et/ou d'autres collectivit\u00E9s, ou aides particuli\u00E8res d'institutions comme la Banque mondiale et le Fonds mon\u00E9taire international) ; 2. \n* les aides indirectes (d\u00E9fiscalisation, d\u00E9rogation \u00E0 certains imp\u00F4ts) dont b\u00E9n\u00E9ficient certaines fili\u00E8res \u00E9nerg\u00E9tiques et activit\u00E9s extractives ou de raffinage ou commercialisation dans le secteur des \u00E9nergies fossiles. Dans une perspective d' \u00E9conomie lib\u00E9rale et/ou de \u00AB croissance \u00E9quitable \u00BB, ces aides (directes ou indirectes) sont sources de distorsion \u00E9conomique et elles faussent les , d'autant que les recettes des taxes vertes semblent avoir diminu\u00E9 de 2000 \u00E0 2008 dans la plupart des pays riches. Selon l'OCDE, le principal b\u00E9n\u00E9ficiaire de cette fiscalit\u00E9 noire est l'industrie p\u00E9troli\u00E8re, devant les industries d'extraction d'autres ressources fossiles (gaz naturel, gaz de schiste, charbon, tourbe)."@fr . . "Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations. One downside to subsidizing any industry is that competition and innovation are lessened or lost completely. Subsidizing can make a product be cheaper for buyers, but in the long run, innovation and lower prices come from a competitive free market. Despite the G20 countries having pledged to phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, they may be continued because of voter demand or for energy security. Global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2021 have been estimated at 440 billion dollars; although they vary each year depending on oil prices they are consistently hundreds of billions of dollars. Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies would greatly reduce global carbon emissions and would reduce the health risks of air pollution. As of 2021, policy researchers estimate that substantially more money is spent on fossil fuel subsidies than on environmentally harmful agricultural subsidies or environmentally harmful ."@en . . . "Par opposition \u00E0 la \u00AB fiscalit\u00E9 verte \u00BB, pour l'OCDE, la \u00AB fiscalit\u00E9 noire \u00BB d\u00E9signe deux types d'aides susceptibles d'avoir des effets pervers : 1. \n* les aides directes distribu\u00E9es au secteur des \u00E9nergies fossiles et non renouvelables. Il peut s'agir d'aides remboursables, de pr\u00EAts avantageux ou de simples subventions \u00E0 fonds perdus provenant d\u2019\u00C9tats, de groupements d'\u00C9tats et/ou d'autres collectivit\u00E9s, ou aides particuli\u00E8res d'institutions comme la Banque mondiale et le Fonds mon\u00E9taire international) ; 2. \n* les aides indirectes (d\u00E9fiscalisation, d\u00E9rogation \u00E0 certains imp\u00F4ts) dont b\u00E9n\u00E9ficient certaines fili\u00E8res \u00E9nerg\u00E9tiques et activit\u00E9s extractives ou de raffinage ou commercialisation dans le secteur des \u00E9nergies fossiles."@fr . . . . . . . . "44334234"^^ . "Fossil fuel subsidies"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "35213"^^ .