. . . . . . . . . . "\u6C34\u5727\u7834\u7815\u6CD5"@ja . . . . "Hydraulisk spr\u00E4ckning"@sv . . . . . . . "Fluid pressure"@en . "Fracking is een methode om onder andere schaliegas en schalieolie uit de diepe ondergrond vrij te maken, door millimetergrote scheurtjes te cre\u00EBren in het brongesteente waar het gas in opgesloten zit. Dit gebeurt door water, zand en chemicali\u00EBn onder hoge druk (400 tot 1000 bar) in een te pompen en kleine explosies te veroorzaken. De ingebrachte zandkorrels gaan in de scheurtjes zitten en houden deze open. Dit maakt het transport van gas of olie naar de boorput mogelijk. Volgens Britse ramingen zou in 2019 wereldwijd in meer dan 2,5 miljoen putten hydraulische fracturing toegepast zijn."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95"@ko . . . . "La fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica, fractura hidr\u00E1ulica,\u200B hidrofracturaci\u00F3n\u200B o simplemente fracturado (conocida en otros pa\u00EDses como fracking) es una t\u00E9cnica para posibilitar o aumentar la extracci\u00F3n de gas y petr\u00F3leo del subsuelo, siendo una de las t\u00E9cnicas de estimulaci\u00F3n de pozos en yacimientos de hidrocarburos."@es . . "Fracking"@en . . . . "La fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica, fractura hidr\u00E1ulica,\u200B hidrofracturaci\u00F3n\u200B o simplemente fracturado (conocida en otros pa\u00EDses como fracking) es una t\u00E9cnica para posibilitar o aumentar la extracci\u00F3n de gas y petr\u00F3leo del subsuelo, siendo una de las t\u00E9cnicas de estimulaci\u00F3n de pozos en yacimientos de hidrocarburos. La t\u00E9cnica consiste en la perforaci\u00F3n de un pozo vertical u horizontal, entubado y cementado, a m\u00E1s de 2500 metros de profundidad, con el objetivo de generar uno o varios canales de elevada permeabilidad a trav\u00E9s de la inyecci\u00F3n de agua a alta presi\u00F3n, de modo que supere la resistencia de la roca y abra una fractura controlada en el fondo del pozo, secci\u00F3n deseada de la formaci\u00F3n contenedora del hidrocarburo. Esta agua a presi\u00F3n es mezclada con alg\u00FAn material apuntalante y productos qu\u00EDmicos, con el objetivo de ampliar las fracturas existentes en el sustrato rocoso que encierra el gas o el petr\u00F3leo, y que son t\u00EDpicamente menores a 1 mm, y favorecer as\u00ED su salida hacia la superficie. Se estima que en 2010 esta t\u00E9cnica estaba presente en aproximadamente el 60 % de los pozos de extracci\u00F3n en uso.\u200B Debido a que el aumento del precio de los combustibles f\u00F3siles ha hecho econ\u00F3micamente rentables estos m\u00E9todos, se ha propagado su empleo en los \u00FAltimos a\u00F1os, especialmente en los Estados Unidos.\u200B\u200B Los partidarios de la fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica argumentan que la t\u00E9cnica no tiene mayores riesgos que cualquier otra tecnolog\u00EDa utilizada por la industria, e inciden en los beneficios econ\u00F3micos de las vastas cantidades de hidrocarburos previamente inaccesibles que esta nueva t\u00E9cnica permite extraer.\u200B\u200B La industria argumenta que aquellos casos excepcionales en los que se haya podido producir contaminaci\u00F3n, ha sido debido al uso de malas pr\u00E1cticas como defectos en la construcci\u00F3n de los pozos o en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, pero no de la fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica en s\u00ED misma.\u200B Sus oponentes, en cambio, se\u00F1alan el impacto ambiental de esta t\u00E9cnica, que en su opini\u00F3n incluye la contaminaci\u00F3n de acu\u00EDferos, elevado consumo de agua, contaminaci\u00F3n de la atm\u00F3sfera, contaminaci\u00F3n sonora, migraci\u00F3n de los gases y productos qu\u00EDmicos utilizados hacia la superficie, contaminaci\u00F3n en la superficie debida a vertidos, y los posibles efectos en la salud derivados de ello.\u200B Tambi\u00E9n argumentan que se han producido casos de incremento en la actividad s\u00EDsmica, la mayor\u00EDa asociados con la inyecci\u00F3n profunda de fluidos relacionados con el fracking.\u200B Por estas razones, la fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica ha sido objeto de atenci\u00F3n internacional, siendo fomentada en algunos pa\u00EDses,\u200B mientras que otros han impuesto moratorias a su uso o la han prohibido.\u200B\u200B El Reino Unido levant\u00F3 su moratoria en el a\u00F1o 2012 y en la actualidad apuesta de manera decidida por esta industria como modo de crear empleo, asegurar el suministro energ\u00E9tico y avanzar hacia un sistema bajo en carbono;\u200B una suspensi\u00F3n en 2019\u200B fue eliminada en 2022 en aras de \u00ABreforzar la seguridad energ\u00E9tica del Reino Unido\u00BB.\u200B La Comisi\u00F3n Europea emiti\u00F3 el 24 de enero de 2014 unas recomendaciones a los pa\u00EDses miembros que deseen explorar y producir hidrocarburos no convencionales utilizando la fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica para garantizar la protecci\u00F3n adecuada del medio ambiente.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . "1947"^^ . "Fracking"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Floyd Farris, Joseph B. Clark"@en . . "O fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico \u00E9 um m\u00E9todo que possibilita a extra\u00E7\u00E3o de combust\u00EDveis l\u00EDquidos e gasosos do subsolo. Tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 denominado fratura hidr\u00E1ulica, estimula\u00E7\u00E3o hidr\u00E1ulica ou pelo termo da l\u00EDngua inglesa fracking. O fracking \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m utilizado na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de energia geot\u00E9rmica com o objectivo de aumentar a recupera\u00E7\u00E3o de fluidos quentes que s\u00E3o posteriormente usados na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de calor ou eletricidade."@pt . "\u0413\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 (\u0413\u0420\u041F) (\u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E \u00AB\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0433\u00BB, \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u00AB\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. fracking\u00BB) \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0456 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043D\u0456\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0456\u0449\u0438\u043D \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456 (\u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0456 \u0449\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434) \u0456\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0440\u0456\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 (\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0456, \u043A\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E) \u0456\u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043A\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0437 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u044E \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043B\u044E\u0457\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0443."@uk . . . . . . "\u6C34\u5727\u7834\u7815\u6CD5\uFF08\u3059\u3044\u3042\u3064\u306F\u3055\u3044\u307B\u3046\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: Hydraulic fracturing\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u5730\u4E0B\u306E\u5CA9\u4F53\u306B\u8D85\u9AD8\u5727\u306E\u6C34\u3092\u6CE8\u5165\u3057\u3066\u4E80\u88C2\u3092\u751F\u3058\u3055\u305B\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u9AD8\u6E29\u5CA9\u4F53\u5730\u71B1\u767A\u96FB\u3084\u3001\u30B7\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u30AC\u30B9\u30FB\u30BF\u30A4\u30C8\u30AA\u30A4\u30EB\uFF08\u30B7\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u30AA\u30A4\u30EB\uFF09\u306E\u63A1\u53D6\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u5929\u7136\u30AC\u30B9\u3084\u77F3\u6CB9\u306E\u6398\u524A\u306E\u969B\u306F\u3001\u7279\u6B8A\u306A\u7802\u7C92\uFF08\u30D7\u30ED\u30D1\u30F3\u30C8 proppant\uFF09\u3084\u3001\u9178\u30FB\u9632\u8150\u5264\u30FB\u30B2\u30EB\u5316\u5264\u30FB\u6469\u64E6\u4F4E\u6E1B\u5264\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u6DFB\u52A0\u3057\u305F\u6C34\u304C\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30AF\u30C1\u30E3\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u6D41\u4F53\uFF08fracturing fluid\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30D5\u30E9\u30C3\u30AD\u30F3\u30B0\u6C34\uFF08fracking water\uFF09\u3068\u3088\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u4E0B\u6C34\u306E\u6C5A\u67D3\u3001\u5927\u91CF\u306E\u6C34\u4F7F\u7528\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u57DF\u306E\u6C34\u4E0D\u8DB3\u306E\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u3001\u6392\u6C34\u306E\u5730\u4E0B\u5727\u5165\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u9707\u767A\u751F\u306E\u5371\u967A\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u554F\u984C\u70B9\u304C\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Schematic depiction of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas"@en . . "Hidra\u016Dlika fendado"@eo . . . . "Fratturazione idraulica"@it . . . . . . . . "\uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95(\u6C34\u58D3\u7834\u788E\u6CD5, \uC601\uC5B4: hydraulic fracturing) \uD639\uC740 \uD504\uB798\uD0B9(\uC601\uC5B4: fracking)\uC740 \uACE0\uC555\uC758 \uC561\uCCB4\uB97C \uC774\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uAD11\uC11D\uC744 \uD30C\uC1C4\uD558\uB294 \uCC44\uAD11 \uBC29\uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC29\uBC95\uC5D0\uB294 \uB192\uC740 \uC555\uB825\uC758 '\uD504\uB798\uD0B9 \uC561\uCCB4' (\uB300\uBD80\uBD84 \uBB3C\uACFC \uBAA8\uB798 \uD639\uC740 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC99D\uC810\uC81C\uB97C \uCD94\uAC00\uD55C \uD504\uB85C\uD310\uB4DC\uB4F1\uC774 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4)\uB97C \uB4DC\uB9B4\uAD6C\uBA4D\uC5D0 \uC9D1\uC5B4\uB123\uC5B4 \uC2EC\uCE35\uC5D0 \uB9E4\uC7A5\uB41C \uAD11\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC744 \uD30C\uC1C4\uD558\uC5EC \uCC9C\uC5F0\uAC00\uC2A4, \uC11D\uC720, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC18C\uAE08\uB4F1\uC774 \uC798 \uD750\uB97C\uC218 \uC788\uAC8C \uB9CC\uB4E0\uB2E4. \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uAC00 \uB05D\uB098\uACE0 \uB098\uBA74 \uC791\uC740 \uC785\uC790\uB85C \uB41C \uD504\uB85C\uD310\uD2B8\uB97C \uC9D1\uC5B4\uB123\uC5B4\uC11C \uC774 \uADE0\uC5F4\uB4E4\uC744 \uC720\uC9C0\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC740 1947\uB144\uC5D0 \uCC98\uC74C \uC2E4\uD5D8\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 1950\uB144 \uC0C1\uC5C5\uC801\uC778 \uAE30\uC220\uB85C \uC4F0\uC774\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. 2012\uB144, \uC804\uC138\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC11D\uC720\uACFC \uCC9C\uC5F0\uAC00\uC2A4 \uD504\uB798\uD0B9\uC5D0 250\uB9CC\uBA85\uC774 \uADFC\uBB34\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uAC78\uB85C \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uC911 1\uBC31\uB9CC\uBA85 \uC774\uC0C1\uC774 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uAC78\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0AC\uB2E4. \uBA87\uBA87 \uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uB294 \uBA87\uBA87 \uAD11\uB9E5\uC774\uB098 \uD639\uC740 \uC554\uB9E5\uC5D0 \uC790\uC5F0\uC2A4\uB7FD\uAC8C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0A0\uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD604\uC7AC \uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC740 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0\uC11C \uB17C\uB780\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC\uC5D0 \uC11C \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC758 \uC9C0\uC9C0\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 \uC774\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uB354 \uC27D\uAC8C \uD0C4\uD654\uC218\uC18C\uB97C \uD68D\uB4DD\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uBC18\uB300\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 \uC774 \uBC29\uBC95\uC774 \uC7A0\uC7AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD658\uACBD\uC5D0 \uBBF8\uCE58\uB294 \uC601\uD5A5\uC774 \uB354 \uD06C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5EC\uAE30\uC5D4 \uC9C0\uD558\uC218\uC640 \uD45C\uCE35\uC218\uC758 \uC624\uC5FC, \uB300\uAE30 \uC624\uC5FC, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC18C\uC74C, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC9C0\uC9C4\uC758 \uADFC\uC6D0\uC774 \uB420 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uB2F9\uC5F0\uD788 \uACF5\uC911 \uBCF4\uAC74\uACFC \uD658\uACBD\uC5D0 \uC7AC\uC559\uC774 \uB420 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0 \uC2EC\uCE35\uC758 \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4 \uC720\uB958\uCE35(\uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uC758 \uBD80\uC218\uBB3C)\uB4F1\uC774 \uC885\uC885 \uD734\uBA74\uC774\uAC70\uB098 \uD639\uC740 \uC774\uC804\uC5D0 \uC54C\uB824\uC9C0\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uB358 \uB2E8\uCE35\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uC9C0\uC9C4 \uD65C\uB3D9\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uB4DC\uB7EC\uB0AC\uC73C\uBA70,\uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uB97C \uAC70\uCCE4\uAC70\uB098 \uD639\uC740 \uAC70\uCE58\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uC720\uC815\uC774\uB098 \uAC00\uC2A4\uC815\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0 \uBD80\uC0B0\uBB3C\uB85C \uC5FC\uC218\uB97C \uC0DD\uC0B0\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uC774\uC720\uB85C \uC778\uD574\uC11C \uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0 \uAD6D\uC81C\uC801\uC778 \uAC10\uB3C5\uD558\uC5D0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAD6D\uAC00\uB4E4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC81C\uD55C\uB41C \uC774\uC6A9\uC744 \uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uBA87\uBA87 \uAD6D\uAC00\uB4E4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95 \uC790\uCCB4\uB97C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uAC8C \uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4"@ko . . "Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States"@en . . . . "Fracturaci\u00F3 hidr\u00E0ulica"@ca . "Hydraulisk spr\u00E4ckning, \u00E4ven hydraulisk uppspr\u00E4ckning (ofta kallat fracking, fr\u00E5n kortformen av engelskans fracturing), \u00E4r en metod f\u00F6r att utvinna fossila br\u00E4nslen s\u00E5som naturgas och skifferolja. Processen g\u00E5r ut p\u00E5 att man i ett borrh\u00E5l i marken under h\u00F6gt tryck injicerar stora m\u00E4ngder vatten blandat med sand och kemikalier. Detta i syfte att skapa sprickor i de kolv\u00E4teb\u00E4rande skifferlagren l\u00E5ngt under markytan och d\u00E4rigenom frig\u00F6ra naturgas och/eller olja, som leds upp till ytan och kan anv\u00E4ndas f\u00F6r konsumtion. Metoden har framg\u00E5ngsrikt revitaliserat den amerikanska oljeproduktionen sedan 2010 och f\u00E5tt den att vida \u00F6vertr\u00E4ffa sina tidigare toppniv\u00E5er. Detta kallas ofta 'skifferrevolutionen' och mer \u00E4n h\u00E4lften av all oljeutvinning i USA kommer fr\u00E5n fracking i dagsl\u00E4get. Metoden har kritiserats p\u00E5 grund av milj\u00F6p\u00E5verkan samt h\u00E4lsorisker orsakade av kemikalierna. Kemikalierna som anv\u00E4nds vid processen kan l\u00E4cka ut till grundvattnet s\u00E5 att vattnet blir giftigt. Detta kan leda till odrickbart vatten vilket i sin tur kan leda till vattenbrist. D\u00E5 mycket h\u00F6gt tryck anv\u00E4nds i processen p\u00E5verkas dricksvattenbrunnar l\u00E5ngt bort fr\u00E5n sj\u00E4lva borrh\u00E5let."@sv . . "Szczelinowanie hydrauliczne"@pl . . . "Rekahan hidraulis"@in . . "Szczelinowanie hydrauliczne (tak\u017Ce hydroszczelinowanie lub rzadziej kruszenie hydrauliczne) \u2013 proces technologiczny maj\u0105cy na celu zwi\u0119kszenie wydajno\u015Bci odwiertu. Proces ten przeprowadza si\u0119 poprzez wpompowywanie do odwiertu p\u0142ynu szczelinuj\u0105cego (mieszaniny wody z dodatkami chemicznymi i piaskiem) pod wysokim ci\u015Bnieniem w celu wytworzenia, utrzymania lub powi\u0119kszenia szczelin w ska\u0142ach."@pl . . . "La fracturation hydraulique est la dislocation cibl\u00E9e de formations g\u00E9ologiques peu perm\u00E9ables par le moyen de l'injection sous tr\u00E8s haute pression d'un fluide destin\u00E9 \u00E0 fissurer et microfissurer la roche. Cette fracturation peut \u00EAtre pratiqu\u00E9e \u00E0 proximit\u00E9 de la surface, ou \u00E0 grande profondeur (\u00E0 plus de 1 km, voire \u00E0 plus de 4 km dans le cas du gaz de schiste), et \u00E0 partir de puits verticaux, inclin\u00E9s ou horizontaux."@fr . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0648\u064A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0639 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Fracking)\u200F \u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u062A\u0633\u0645\u062D \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u0631\u0627\u062C \u0627\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062D\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u060C \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u063A\u0648\u0637 \u064A\u064F\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0629 - \u0623\u064A \u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062E\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060C \u062A\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0626 \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0627\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062A \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062D\u062F\u0627\u062B \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F. \u0648\u064A\u062E\u062A\u0635 \u0628\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0641\u064A\u0630 \u0623\u062E\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u0631\u0627\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637."@ar . . . . . . "November 2015"@en . . . . . . . . "Fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Fracturation hydraulique"@fr . . . . "Mechanical"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "How is this list supposed to be parsed?"@en . . "\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2"@zh . . . . . "Haustura hidraulikoa (ingelesez hydraulic fracturing edo fracking izenez ezaguna) presio handiko fluido baten bidez harri-geruzak hausteko prozesua da. Oro har, petrolioa, gas naturala edo beste substantzia batzuk lurzorutik erauzteko sortutako prozesua da. Haustura-lan bakoitzean, putzu bat zulatzen da erreserbak dituzten harri-formazioetan. Presio handiko fluidoa injektatzeak zartadura berriak sortzen ditu harkaitzean, erregai fosilen erauzte-tasak handituz. Hausturen zabalera mantentzeko, habetzaile bat sartzen da fluidoan, hau da, hausturak ixtea galaraziko duen elementu bat: harea, zeramika-zatiak, edo beste zenbait partikula."@eu . . . . . "Fracking the Bakken Formation in North Dakota"@en . . . . . . "La fracturaci\u00F3 hidr\u00E0ulica o hidrofracturaci\u00F3 (coneguda en angl\u00E8s com hydraulic fracturing o fracking) \u00E9s una t\u00E8cnica per possibilitar o augmentar l'extracci\u00F3 de gas i petroli del subsol. El procediment consisteix en la injecci\u00F3 a pressi\u00F3 d'algun material al terreny, amb l'objectiu d'ampliar les fractures existents al substrat roc\u00F3s que tanca el gas o el petroli, i afavorir, aix\u00ED, la sortida cap a l'exterior. Habitualment el material injectat \u00E9s aigua amb sorra i productes qu\u00EDmics, encara que ocasionalment es poden emprar escumes o gasos. S'estima que aquesta t\u00E8cnica \u00E9s present en aproximadament el 60% dels pous d'extracci\u00F3 actualment en \u00FAs. A causa de l'augment del preu dels combustibles f\u00F2ssils, que ha fet econ\u00F2micament rendibles aquests m\u00E8todes, se n'est\u00E0 popularitzant l'\u00FAs en aquests \u00FAltims anys, especialment als EUA. Hi ha una gran controv\u00E8rsia sobre el perill mediambiental derivat d'aquesta t\u00E8cnica, ja que a m\u00E9s d'un gran consum d'aigua, \u00E9s habitual que amb la sorra s'incloguin multitud de compostos qu\u00EDmics, la finalitat dels quals \u00E9s afavorir la fissura o fins i tot la dissoluci\u00F3 de la roca, i que podrien contaminar tant el terreny com els aq\u00FC\u00EDfers subterranis. Respecte a aix\u00F2, la (associaci\u00F3 nord-americana de subministradors de gas natural) afirma que no s'ha confirmat cap cas de contaminaci\u00F3 d'aq\u00FC\u00EDfers fins a la data."@ca . . . . "La fratturazione idraulica o fracking (dall'inglese hydrofracking) in geotecnica \u00E8 lo sfruttamento della pressione di un fluido, in genere acqua, per creare e poi propagare una frattura in uno strato roccioso nel sottosuolo. La fratturazione (detta in inglese frack job o frac job), viene eseguita dopo una perforazione dentro una formazione di roccia contenente idrocarburi, per aumentarne la permeabilit\u00E0 al fine di migliorare la produzione del petrolio o del gas da argille contenuti nel giacimento e incrementarne il tasso di recupero. Le fratture idrauliche nelle rocce possono essere sia naturali che create dall'uomo; esse vengono create e allargate dalla pressione del fluido contenuto nella frattura. Le fratture idrauliche naturali pi\u00F9 comuni sono i dicchi e i filoni-strato, oltre alle fessurazioni causate dal ghiaccio nelle aree con climi freddi. Quelle create dall'uomo vengono indotte in profondit\u00E0 in ben precisi livelli di roccia all'interno dei giacimenti di petrolio e gas, estese pompando fluido sotto pressione e poi mantenute aperte introducendo sabbia, ghiaia, microsfere di ceramica come riempitivo permeabile; in questo modo le fratture create non possono richiudersi quando la pressione dell'acqua viene meno. Uno schema di fratturazione idraulica allo scopo di estrarre gas da argille, con note su eventuali rischi ambientali."@it . . . . . . "Hydraulick\u00E9 \u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED"@cs . . "Haustura hidraulikoa (ingelesez hydraulic fracturing edo fracking izenez ezaguna) presio handiko fluido baten bidez harri-geruzak hausteko prozesua da. Oro har, petrolioa, gas naturala edo beste substantzia batzuk lurzorutik erauzteko sortutako prozesua da. Haustura-lan bakoitzean, putzu bat zulatzen da erreserbak dituzten harri-formazioetan. Presio handiko fluidoa injektatzeak zartadura berriak sortzen ditu harkaitzean, erregai fosilen erauzte-tasak handituz. Hausturen zabalera mantentzeko, habetzaile bat sartzen da fluidoan, hau da, hausturak ixtea galaraziko duen elementu bat: harea, zeramika-zatiak, edo beste zenbait partikula. Haustura hidraulikoak kezka eragin du munduan, jardunbide horrek lurpeko eta lur gaineko urak kutsatu ahal dituenez ingurumenaren, osasunaren eta segurtasunaren gainean eragin potentzial handia duelako, eta zenbait herrialdetan bertan behera utzi da edo debekatu egin da. Euskal Herrian, Eusko Jaurlaritzaren jabetzakoa den enpresak bultzatzen du haustura hidraulikoa. Izan ere, Eusko Jaurlaritza da Euskal Herrian teknika hori bultzatzen duen administrazio publiko bakarra, hala Patxi Lopezen agintaldian nola I\u00F1igo Urkullurenean, nahiz eta Urkulluk, hauteskunde kanpainan, haustura hidraulikoari buruzko bere jarrera honela azaldu zuen: \u00ABez ustiapenik, ez esploraziorik\u00BB."@eu . . "La fracturaci\u00F3 hidr\u00E0ulica o hidrofracturaci\u00F3 (coneguda en angl\u00E8s com hydraulic fracturing o fracking) \u00E9s una t\u00E8cnica per possibilitar o augmentar l'extracci\u00F3 de gas i petroli del subsol. El procediment consisteix en la injecci\u00F3 a pressi\u00F3 d'algun material al terreny, amb l'objectiu d'ampliar les fractures existents al substrat roc\u00F3s que tanca el gas o el petroli, i afavorir, aix\u00ED, la sortida cap a l'exterior. Habitualment el material injectat \u00E9s aigua amb sorra i productes qu\u00EDmics, encara que ocasionalment es poden emprar escumes o gasos."@ca . . "Environmental Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing"@en . . "Rekahan hidrolik adalah teknik stimulasi yang baik di mana batu retak oleh cairan bertekanan. Proses ini melibatkan injeksi 'fracking fluid' bertekanan tinggi (terutama air, mengandung pasir atau propan lain yang ditangguhkan dengan bantuan bahan pengental) ke dalam lubang sumur untuk menciptakan keretakan pada formasi batuan-dalam di mana gas alam, minyak bumi, dan air garam akan mengalir lebih bebas. Saat tekanan hidrolik dikeluarkan dari sumur, butiran kecil proposisi peretakan hidrolik (baik pasir atau aluminium oksida) menahan fraktur terbuka."@in . . . . . . . "32544339"^^ . . . . . . "2016-12-17"^^ . . "La fracturation hydraulique est la dislocation cibl\u00E9e de formations g\u00E9ologiques peu perm\u00E9ables par le moyen de l'injection sous tr\u00E8s haute pression d'un fluide destin\u00E9 \u00E0 fissurer et microfissurer la roche. Cette fracturation peut \u00EAtre pratiqu\u00E9e \u00E0 proximit\u00E9 de la surface, ou \u00E0 grande profondeur (\u00E0 plus de 1 km, voire \u00E0 plus de 4 km dans le cas du gaz de schiste), et \u00E0 partir de puits verticaux, inclin\u00E9s ou horizontaux. Cette technique relativement ancienne (1947), invent\u00E9e pour les gisements d'hydrocarbures conventionnels, a vu son int\u00E9r\u00EAt renouvel\u00E9 par son association au forage horizontal (d\u00E9velopp\u00E9, lui, \u00E0 partir de 1980). C'est la ma\u00EEtrise graduelle de la rentabilit\u00E9 \u00E9conomique de cette association pour les gisements non conventionnels qui a guid\u00E9 le d\u00E9veloppement r\u00E9cent de l'exploitation de ces derniers : elle a rendu accessibles des ressources soit auparavant inaccessibles, soit qui n'auraient \u00E9t\u00E9 exploitables qu'\u00E0 des co\u00FBts exorbitants et avec lenteur. Elle est effectu\u00E9e en fracturant la roche par une contrainte m\u00E9canique \u00E0 l'aide d'un fluide inject\u00E9 sous haute pression \u00E0 partir d'un forage de surface, pour en augmenter la macro porosit\u00E9, et de fa\u00E7on moindre, la microporosit\u00E9. Le fluide peut \u00EAtre de l'eau, une boue ou un fluide technique dont la viscosit\u00E9 a \u00E9t\u00E9 ajust\u00E9e. Quand la pression du fluide, inject\u00E9 \u00E0 la profondeur voulue, d\u00E9passe celle cr\u00E9\u00E9e au point d'application par le poids des roches situ\u00E9es au-dessus, une ou des fractures s'initient ; plus exactement, quand la pression d\u00E9passe celle de l'eau interstitielle de la roche. Les fractures s'\u00E9largissant avec l'injection continue du fluide. Elles peuvent alors se propager, \u00E9ventuellement sur plusieurs centaines de m\u00E8tres, tant que l'apport de fluide est maintenu. La direction que peuvent prendre les fractures est, bien s\u00FBr, l'objet d\u2019\u00E9tudes pr\u00E9alables, mais est loin d\u2019\u00EAtre enti\u00E8rement contr\u00F4lable. Pour emp\u00EAcher que le r\u00E9seau de fractures ne se referme sur lui-m\u00EAme au moment de la chute de pression, le fluide est enrichi (environ 10 %) en agents de sout\u00E8nement : des poudres de mat\u00E9riaux durs, principalement grains de sable tamis\u00E9, ou microbilles de c\u00E9ramique. Ceux-ci vont remplir les fractures et, une fois en place et recompress\u00E9s par le poids des roches, constitueront un milieu suffisamment poreux pour permettre la circulation ult\u00E9rieure des produits \u00E0 extraire. Le fluide inject\u00E9 contient \u00E9galement un m\u00E9lange complexe de produits issus de l'industrie chimique (0,5 % typiquement au total), puis\u00E9s dans une liste de plus de 750 r\u00E9f\u00E9rences commerciales. Il s'agit notamment d'additifs adapt\u00E9s \u00E0 la fracturation des roches en place, et souvent des biocides. Ces derniers sont destin\u00E9s \u00E0 emp\u00EAcher le d\u00E9veloppement d'\u00E9ventuelles bact\u00E9ries qui compliqueraient le processus d'extraction. (Ces bact\u00E9ries se nourrissent de compos\u00E9s chimiques pr\u00E9sents dans le sous-sol, hydrog\u00E8ne sulfur\u00E9 notamment, fer dissous\u2026) Typiquement, une op\u00E9ration individuelle de fracturation est r\u00E9alis\u00E9e en quelques heures \u2014 exceptionnellement plusieurs jours \u2014 et de tr\u00E8s nombreuses fracturations sont \u00E9chelonn\u00E9es le long d'un m\u00EAme forage horizontal unique. Finalement, pendant la phase d'extraction, ces zones de fissures artificielles r\u00E9guli\u00E8rement espac\u00E9es vont permettre de drainer des volumes de roches relativement \u00E9loign\u00E9es de l'axe du puits, mais gu\u00E8re plus : les zones extractibles restent confin\u00E9es \u00E0 la proximit\u00E9 des fissures ainsi cr\u00E9\u00E9s, l'imperm\u00E9abilit\u00E9 de la roche reprenant rapidement au-del\u00E0. De ce fait, la productivit\u00E9 d'un puits fractur\u00E9 chute assez rapidement avec le temps : un quart des volumes r\u00E9cup\u00E9r\u00E9s le sont la premi\u00E8re ann\u00E9e, la productivit\u00E9 se r\u00E9duisant \u00E0 10 % au bout de cinq ans. Le principal usage de ces techniques est la stimulation de la vitesse et de l'ampleur du drainage de gaz ou de p\u00E9trole par un puits, dans des r\u00E9servoirs rocheux faiblement perm\u00E9ables (ex : schistes) qui, sans cette technique, ne produiraient presque rien. Quand les hydrocarbures sont pi\u00E9g\u00E9s au sein m\u00EAme de la matrice rocheuse, la fracturation hydraulique facilite l'acc\u00E8s \u00E0 une plus grande partie du gisement. Associ\u00E9 \u00E0 d'autres techniques faisant appel \u00E0 un cocktail de produits chimiques ajout\u00E9s au fluide de fracturation, il facilite aussi la d\u00E9sorption puis la r\u00E9cup\u00E9ration du gaz ou p\u00E9trole qui \u00E9taient depuis des millions d'ann\u00E9es pi\u00E9g\u00E9s dans la matrice rocheuse elle-m\u00EAme (schistes, schistes bitumineux au caract\u00E8re feuillet\u00E9 et naturellement inaptes \u00E0 la percolation rapide). Ces techniques suscitent depuis la fin des ann\u00E9es 2000-2010 une controverse en Am\u00E9rique du Nord, qui semble s'\u00E9tendre dans le monde, alors que de grands op\u00E9rateurs industriels se pr\u00E9parent \u00E0 exploiter de nouveaux champs p\u00E9troliers et gaziers, dans les grands fonds marins, en Alaska, au Canada et dans le reste du monde."@fr . . . . . "Hidra\u016Dlika fendado, hidra\u016Dlika rompado a\u016D hidra\u016Dlika frakasado (angle hydraulic fracturing a\u016D angle fracking, el kio hidrofrakturado a\u016D frakado) estas metodo por ekspluati precipe tergason a\u016D nafton el rokoj, per profunda borado kaj enpremado de kemia\u0135oj. \u0108ar oni uzas tre povegajn sistemojn atingi grandajn profunda\u0135ojn, tuj post la apero de tiaj ekspluatadaj metodoj, aperis kritikaro, ke \u011Di povas esti ege dan\u011Dera por la medio: nome poluado, okazigo de tertremetoj ekzemple en Hispanio (en \u0124aeno kaj Granado) a\u016D teraj malstabilecoj ktp. En kelkaj regionoj jam ekis kontra\u016Dstaroj por haltigi tiun nesufi\u0109e pruvitajn metodojn, ekzemple en Santandero en norda Hispanio a\u016D en Britio kie la Tribunalo de Preston verdiktis malliberigan punon kontra\u016D manifestaciantoj, normale rezervita al la plej gravaj krimuloj."@eo . . . . "https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency"@en . "Not only is this highly technical, it's not a sentence."@en . "\uFF08\u6CB9\u6C14\u50A8\u5C42\uFF09\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AHydraulic fracturing\uFF0Cfracking\uFF0C\u53C8\u79F0\u4E3A\u6C34\u529B\u5288\u88C2\u3001\u6C34\u529B\u88C2\u89E3\u6280\u8853\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u6CB9\u6C14\u4E95\u589E\u4EA7\u3001\u6CE8\u6C34\u4E95\u589E\u6CE8\u7684\u50A8\u5C42\u6539\u9020\u6280\u672F\u3002\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u65E9\u671F\u4E3B\u8981\u7528\u4E8E\u7802\u5CA9\u50A8\u5C42\uFF08\u7279\u522B\u662F\u4F4E\u6E17\u50A8\u5C42\uFF09\u53CA\u5C11\u90E8\u5206\u78B3\u9178\u76D0\u5CA9\u50A8\u5C42\u7684\u589E\u4EA7\u589E\u6CE8\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u5E7F\u6CDB\u5E94\u7528\u4E8E\u9875\u5CA9\u6CB9\u3001\u9875\u5CA9\u6C14\u7684\u5F00\u91C7\u30021947\u5E74\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4F7F\u7528\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\u3002\u73B0\u4EE3\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\uFF0C\u5728\u5FB7\u514B\u8428\u65AF\u5DDE\u7684\u9996\u6B21\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u6B64\u6280\u672F\u79F0\u4E3A\u6C34\u5E73\u51CF\u963B\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\uFF0C\u4F7F\u63D0\u53D6\u9875\u5CA9\u6C14\u66F4\u52A0\u7ECF\u6D4E\u3002\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u7684\u539F\u7406\u662F\u5C06\u9AD8\u80FD\u91CF\u52A0\u538B\u538B\u88C2\u6DB2\u6CE8\u5165\u4E00\u4E2A\u50A8\u5C42\u4E2D\u3002\u6B64\u6280\u672F\u53EF\u4EE5\u63D0\u9AD8\u78B3\u6C22\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u8403\u53D6\u7387\u548C\u6700\u7EC8\u91C7\u6536\u7387\u3002 \u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u662F\u4E00\u9879\u6709\u5E7F\u6CDB\u5E94\u7528\u524D\u666F\u7684\u6CB9\u6C14\u4E95\u589E\u4EA7\u63AA\u65BD\uFF0C\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6CD5\u662F\u76EE\u524D\u5F00\u91C7\u5929\u7136\u6C14\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u5F62\u5F0F\uFF0C\u4F7F\u7528\u63BA\u5165\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8D28\u7684\u6C34\uFF08\u538B\u88C2\u6DB2\uFF09\u704C\u5165\u9875\u5CA9\u5C42\u8FDB\u884C\u6DB2\u538B\u788E\u88C2\u4EE5\u91CA\u653E\u5929\u7136\u6C14\u3002\u8FD9\u9879\u6280\u672F\u572810\u5E74\u4E2D\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u88AB\u5927\u8303\u56F4\u63A8\u5E7F\uFF0C\u4F46\u7F8E\u56FD\u4EBA\u6B63\u5728\u62C5\u5FE7\u8FD9\u9879\u6280\u672F\u5C06\u6C61\u67D3\u6C34\u6E90\uFF0C\u4ECE\u800C\u5A01\u80C1\u5F53\u5730\u751F\u6001\u73AF\u5883\u548C\u5C45\u6C11\u8EAB\u4F53\u5065\u5EB7\u3002\u5E76\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u79CD\u6280\u672F\u7ED9\u73AF\u5883\u5E26\u6765\u4E86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4F24\u5BB3\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4F7F\u81EA\u6765\u6C34\u81EA\u71C3\uFF0C\u5F15\u53D1\u5C0F\u5E45\u5730\u9707\u7B49\u3002\u53CD\u5BF9\u8005\u6307\u51FA\u6F5C\u5728\u7684\u73AF\u5883\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u5730\u4E0B\u6C34\u6C61\u67D3\u3001\u6DE1\u6C34\u8017\u635F\u3001\u7A7A\u6C14\u8D28\u91CF\u7684\u98CE\u9669\u3001\u6C14\u4F53\u548C\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u5316\u5B66\u54C1\u8FC1\u79FB\u5230\u5730\u8868\u9762\u3001\u6CC4\u6F0F\u548C\u56DE\u6D41\u7684\u8868\u9762\u6C61\u67D3\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8FD9\u4E9B\u95EE\u9898\u5BF9\u5065\u5EB7\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "Hydraulic Fracturing oder kurz Fracking (von englisch to fracture \u201Aaufbrechen\u2018, \u201Aaufrei\u00DFen\u2018; auch \u201EHydrofracking\u201C, \u201EFraccing\u201C, Fracing oder Frac Jobs genannt, deutsch auch hydraulische Frakturierung, hydraulisches Aufbrechen, hydraulische Risserzeugung oder auch hydraulische Stimulation) ist eine Methode zur Erzeugung, Weitung und Stabilisierung von Rissen im Gestein einer Lagerst\u00E4tte im tiefen Untergrund mit dem Ziel, die Permeabilit\u00E4t (Durchl\u00E4ssigkeit) der Lagerst\u00E4ttengesteine zu erh\u00F6hen. Dadurch k\u00F6nnen darin befindliche Gase oder Fl\u00FCssigkeiten leichter und best\u00E4ndiger zur Bohrung flie\u00DFen und gewonnen werden."@de . . . "Fracking"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064A"@ar . . . . "Haustura hidrauliko"@eu . . . "Hidra\u016Dlika fendado, hidra\u016Dlika rompado a\u016D hidra\u016Dlika frakasado (angle hydraulic fracturing a\u016D angle fracking, el kio hidrofrakturado a\u016D frakado) estas metodo por ekspluati precipe tergason a\u016D nafton el rokoj, per profunda borado kaj enpremado de kemia\u0135oj."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "151981"^^ . . "Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of bedrock formations by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of \"fracking fluid\" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open."@en . . . . . "Hydraulic Fracturing"@de . . . "\u6C34\u5727\u7834\u7815\u6CD5\uFF08\u3059\u3044\u3042\u3064\u306F\u3055\u3044\u307B\u3046\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: Hydraulic fracturing\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u5730\u4E0B\u306E\u5CA9\u4F53\u306B\u8D85\u9AD8\u5727\u306E\u6C34\u3092\u6CE8\u5165\u3057\u3066\u4E80\u88C2\u3092\u751F\u3058\u3055\u305B\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u9AD8\u6E29\u5CA9\u4F53\u5730\u71B1\u767A\u96FB\u3084\u3001\u30B7\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u30AC\u30B9\u30FB\u30BF\u30A4\u30C8\u30AA\u30A4\u30EB\uFF08\u30B7\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u30AA\u30A4\u30EB\uFF09\u306E\u63A1\u53D6\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u5929\u7136\u30AC\u30B9\u3084\u77F3\u6CB9\u306E\u6398\u524A\u306E\u969B\u306F\u3001\u7279\u6B8A\u306A\u7802\u7C92\uFF08\u30D7\u30ED\u30D1\u30F3\u30C8 proppant\uFF09\u3084\u3001\u9178\u30FB\u9632\u8150\u5264\u30FB\u30B2\u30EB\u5316\u5264\u30FB\u6469\u64E6\u4F4E\u6E1B\u5264\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u6DFB\u52A0\u3057\u305F\u6C34\u304C\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30AF\u30C1\u30E3\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u6D41\u4F53\uFF08fracturing fluid\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30D5\u30E9\u30C3\u30AD\u30F3\u30B0\u6C34\uFF08fracking water\uFF09\u3068\u3088\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u4E0B\u6C34\u306E\u6C5A\u67D3\u3001\u5927\u91CF\u306E\u6C34\u4F7F\u7528\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u57DF\u306E\u6C34\u4E0D\u8DB3\u306E\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u3001\u6392\u6C34\u306E\u5730\u4E0B\u5727\u5165\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5730\u9707\u767A\u751F\u306E\u5371\u967A\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u554F\u984C\u70B9\u304C\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "\uFF08\u6CB9\u6C14\u50A8\u5C42\uFF09\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AHydraulic fracturing\uFF0Cfracking\uFF0C\u53C8\u79F0\u4E3A\u6C34\u529B\u5288\u88C2\u3001\u6C34\u529B\u88C2\u89E3\u6280\u8853\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u6CB9\u6C14\u4E95\u589E\u4EA7\u3001\u6CE8\u6C34\u4E95\u589E\u6CE8\u7684\u50A8\u5C42\u6539\u9020\u6280\u672F\u3002\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u65E9\u671F\u4E3B\u8981\u7528\u4E8E\u7802\u5CA9\u50A8\u5C42\uFF08\u7279\u522B\u662F\u4F4E\u6E17\u50A8\u5C42\uFF09\u53CA\u5C11\u90E8\u5206\u78B3\u9178\u76D0\u5CA9\u50A8\u5C42\u7684\u589E\u4EA7\u589E\u6CE8\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u5E7F\u6CDB\u5E94\u7528\u4E8E\u9875\u5CA9\u6CB9\u3001\u9875\u5CA9\u6C14\u7684\u5F00\u91C7\u30021947\u5E74\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4F7F\u7528\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\u3002\u73B0\u4EE3\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\uFF0C\u5728\u5FB7\u514B\u8428\u65AF\u5DDE\u7684\u9996\u6B21\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u6B64\u6280\u672F\u79F0\u4E3A\u6C34\u5E73\u51CF\u963B\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6280\u672F\uFF0C\u4F7F\u63D0\u53D6\u9875\u5CA9\u6C14\u66F4\u52A0\u7ECF\u6D4E\u3002\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u7684\u539F\u7406\u662F\u5C06\u9AD8\u80FD\u91CF\u52A0\u538B\u538B\u88C2\u6DB2\u6CE8\u5165\u4E00\u4E2A\u50A8\u5C42\u4E2D\u3002\u6B64\u6280\u672F\u53EF\u4EE5\u63D0\u9AD8\u78B3\u6C22\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u8403\u53D6\u7387\u548C\u6700\u7EC8\u91C7\u6536\u7387\u3002 \u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u662F\u4E00\u9879\u6709\u5E7F\u6CDB\u5E94\u7528\u524D\u666F\u7684\u6CB9\u6C14\u4E95\u589E\u4EA7\u63AA\u65BD\uFF0C\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u6CD5\u662F\u76EE\u524D\u5F00\u91C7\u5929\u7136\u6C14\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u5F62\u5F0F\uFF0C\u4F7F\u7528\u63BA\u5165\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8D28\u7684\u6C34\uFF08\u538B\u88C2\u6DB2\uFF09\u704C\u5165\u9875\u5CA9\u5C42\u8FDB\u884C\u6DB2\u538B\u788E\u88C2\u4EE5\u91CA\u653E\u5929\u7136\u6C14\u3002\u8FD9\u9879\u6280\u672F\u572810\u5E74\u4E2D\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u88AB\u5927\u8303\u56F4\u63A8\u5E7F\uFF0C\u4F46\u7F8E\u56FD\u4EBA\u6B63\u5728\u62C5\u5FE7\u8FD9\u9879\u6280\u672F\u5C06\u6C61\u67D3\u6C34\u6E90\uFF0C\u4ECE\u800C\u5A01\u80C1\u5F53\u5730\u751F\u6001\u73AF\u5883\u548C\u5C45\u6C11\u8EAB\u4F53\u5065\u5EB7\u3002\u5E76\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u79CD\u6280\u672F\u7ED9\u73AF\u5883\u5E26\u6765\u4E86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4F24\u5BB3\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4F7F\u81EA\u6765\u6C34\u81EA\u71C3\uFF0C\u5F15\u53D1\u5C0F\u5E45\u5730\u9707\u7B49\u3002\u53CD\u5BF9\u8005\u6307\u51FA\u6F5C\u5728\u7684\u73AF\u5883\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u5730\u4E0B\u6C34\u6C61\u67D3\u3001\u6DE1\u6C34\u8017\u635F\u3001\u7A7A\u6C14\u8D28\u91CF\u7684\u98CE\u9669\u3001\u6C14\u4F53\u548C\u6C34\u529B\u538B\u88C2\u5316\u5B66\u54C1\u8FC1\u79FB\u5230\u5730\u8868\u9762\u3001\u6CC4\u6F0F\u548C\u56DE\u6D41\u7684\u8868\u9762\u6C61\u67D3\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8FD9\u4E9B\u95EE\u9898\u5BF9\u5065\u5EB7\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\u3002"@zh . . . . "Hydraulick\u00E9 \u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED (t\u00E9\u017E frakov\u00E1n\u00ED z anglick\u00E9ho hydraulic fracturing, zkr\u00E1cen\u011B fracking) je metoda vytv\u00E1\u0159en\u00ED puklin ve vrstv\u011B slab\u011B zpevn\u011Bn\u00FDch sediment\u00E1rn\u00EDch hornin pomoc\u00ED stla\u010Den\u00E9 tekut\u00E9 sm\u011Bsi (fracking fluid) vody s p\u00EDskem a n\u011Bkter\u00FDch pomocn\u00FDch chemik\u00E1li\u00ED. P\u00EDsek o ur\u010Dit\u00E9 zrnitosti m\u00E1 za \u00FAkol udr\u017Eet pukliny otev\u0159en\u00E9. Chemik\u00E1lie se pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED proto, aby usnadnily migraci tekutin (v podstat\u011B maj\u00ED velice podobnou funkci jako sapon\u00E1ty ve vod\u011B na n\u00E1dob\u00ED). Vytvo\u0159en\u00E9 pukliny maj\u00ED umo\u017Enit uvoln\u011Bn\u00ED a migraci tekutin v hornin\u011B obsa\u017Een\u00FDch (v prvn\u00ED \u0159ad\u011B zemn\u00EDho plynu, pop\u0159. ropy nebo jejich nekonven\u010Dn\u00EDch podob, nap\u0159. b\u0159idlicov\u00FD plyn) do v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch lo\u017Eisek, ze kter\u00FDch ji\u017E m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt ekonomicky lukrativn\u00ED je dob\u00FDvat."@cs . . . . . . . . . "Fracking is een methode om onder andere schaliegas en schalieolie uit de diepe ondergrond vrij te maken, door millimetergrote scheurtjes te cre\u00EBren in het brongesteente waar het gas in opgesloten zit. Dit gebeurt door water, zand en chemicali\u00EBn onder hoge druk (400 tot 1000 bar) in een te pompen en kleine explosies te veroorzaken. De ingebrachte zandkorrels gaan in de scheurtjes zitten en houden deze open. Dit maakt het transport van gas of olie naar de boorput mogelijk. Volgens Britse ramingen zou in 2019 wereldwijd in meer dan 2,5 miljoen putten hydraulische fracturing toegepast zijn."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "O fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico \u00E9 um m\u00E9todo que possibilita a extra\u00E7\u00E3o de combust\u00EDveis l\u00EDquidos e gasosos do subsolo. Tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 denominado fratura hidr\u00E1ulica, estimula\u00E7\u00E3o hidr\u00E1ulica ou pelo termo da l\u00EDngua inglesa fracking. O fracking \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m utilizado na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de energia geot\u00E9rmica com o objectivo de aumentar a recupera\u00E7\u00E3o de fluidos quentes que s\u00E3o posteriormente usados na produ\u00E7\u00E3o de calor ou eletricidade. O procedimento consiste na injec\u00E7\u00E3o a alta press\u00E3o de uma mistura de \u00E1gua, (areia ou outros material equivalente) e diversos produtos qu\u00EDmicos, com objectivo de ampliar de forma controlada as fraturas e fissuras existentes no substrato rochoso que encerra petr\u00F3leo e g\u00E1s natural, normalmente menores que 1mm, permitindo sua sa\u00EDda para a superf\u00EDcie. Este m\u00E9todo pode ser usado em po\u00E7os verticais, inclinados ou horizontais. \u00C9, ali\u00E1s, nos po\u00E7os horizontais que a recupera\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 mais eficaz, pois permite extrair mais \u00F3leo e/ou g\u00E1s. Estima-se que em 2010 esta t\u00E9cnica estava presente em 60% dos po\u00E7os de extra\u00E7\u00E3o em atividade. Devido ao aumento no pre\u00E7o dos combust\u00EDveis f\u00F3sseis, na \u00E9poca, e ao aumento da efic\u00E1cia do fracking, esta t\u00E9cnica se tornou economicamente rent\u00E1vel e seu uso se ampliou nos \u00FAltimos anos, em especial nos Estados Unidos. Ao longo de 2015, no entanto, houve uma expressiva queda no pre\u00E7o internacional do petr\u00F3leo. Caso essa tend\u00EAncia de baixa se prolongue, a viabilidade do fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico pode ser colocada em xeque. Os defensores do fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico argumentam sobre os benef\u00EDcios econ\u00F4micos das vastas quantidades de hidrocarbonetos antes inacess\u00EDveis que esta t\u00E9cnica permite agora extrair. Seus opositores assinalam seu impacto ambiental, que inclui a potencial contamina\u00E7\u00E3o de aqu\u00EDferos, consumo de \u00E1gua elevado, polui\u00E7\u00E3o do ar, polui\u00E7\u00E3o sonora, migra\u00E7\u00E3o dos gases e produtos qu\u00EDmicos empregados para a superf\u00EDcie, contamina\u00E7\u00E3o da superf\u00EDcie devido a derramamentos, e os poss\u00EDveis efeitos nocivos \u00E0 sa\u00FAde resultantes disto. Ocorrem tamb\u00E9m casos de aumento da atividade s\u00EDsmica, em sua maioria associados ao descarte e \u00E0 inje\u00E7\u00E3o profunda de fluidos durante o fracking.Por esses motivos, o fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico tem gerado grande controv\u00E9rsia internacional, sendo estimulado em alguns pa\u00EDses enquanto outros imp\u00F5em morat\u00F3rias a seu uso ou o tem proibido. Pa\u00EDses como o Reino Unido recentemente suspenderam sua proibi\u00E7\u00E3o, optando pela regulamenta\u00E7\u00E3o em vez da proibi\u00E7\u00E3o total. A Uni\u00E3o Europeia iniciou a regulamenta\u00E7\u00E3o do fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico. Apesar das vis\u00F5es positivas, que t\u00EAm sido intensamente divulgadas pelas companhias de explora\u00E7\u00E3o, alegando que os riscos s\u00E3o pequenos e os benef\u00EDcios s\u00E3o maiores, j\u00E1 existe um amplo consenso cient\u00EDfico de que o fraturamento hidr\u00E1ulico oferece grandes riscos ao ambiente e \u00E0 sa\u00FAde humana, e os protestos contra seu emprego t\u00EAm crescido em todo o mundo. Muitos pesquisadores apontam tamb\u00E9m que o conhecimento sobre o assunto ainda \u00E9 incompleto, especialmente sobre seus verdadeiros impactos, sistematicamente dissimulados pelo empresariado e grupos de press\u00E3o pol\u00EDtica associados. A regulamenta\u00E7\u00E3o ainda \u00E9 prec\u00E1ria ou ineficiente na maioria dos pa\u00EDses que empregam esta t\u00E9cnica, as companhias em muitos lugares gozam de isen\u00E7\u00F5es ambientais e incentivos fiscais extraordin\u00E1rios e trabalham protegidas por sigilo, e as inst\u00E2ncias oficiais tipicamente n\u00E3o conseguem controlar as opera\u00E7\u00F5es em todas as instala\u00E7\u00F5es de explora\u00E7\u00E3o nem supervisionar adequadamente o manejo dos res\u00EDduos t\u00F3xicos. Ao mesmo tempo, um longo elenco de danos ambientais e sanit\u00E1rios localizados e sist\u00EAmicos j\u00E1 foi solidamente documentado, confrontando as alega\u00E7\u00F5es de que o processo \u00E9 suficientemente seguro."@pt . . . "Fracturaci\u00F3n hidr\u00E1ulica"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044B\u0301\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0301 (\u0413\u0420\u041F, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. hydraulic fracturing), \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0433 (fracking) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043D \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043D. \u041C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0444\u043B\u044E\u0438\u0434\u0430 (\u0433\u0430\u0437, \u0432\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0430\u0442, \u043D\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044C \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0441\u044C) \u043A \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043D\u044B. \u041E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0420\u041F \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044F\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . "\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044B\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430"@ru . . "Szczelinowanie hydrauliczne (tak\u017Ce hydroszczelinowanie lub rzadziej kruszenie hydrauliczne) \u2013 proces technologiczny maj\u0105cy na celu zwi\u0119kszenie wydajno\u015Bci odwiertu. Proces ten przeprowadza si\u0119 poprzez wpompowywanie do odwiertu p\u0142ynu szczelinuj\u0105cego (mieszaniny wody z dodatkami chemicznymi i piaskiem) pod wysokim ci\u015Bnieniem w celu wytworzenia, utrzymania lub powi\u0119kszenia szczelin w ska\u0142ach. Szczelinowanie hydrauliczne jest jedn\u0105 z metod stymulacji odwiertu. Proces ten jest wykorzystywany np. do pozyskiwania gazu ziemnego z \u0142upk\u00F3w, ropy naftowej lub uranu w postaci roztworu. Metoda szczelinowania po raz pierwszy zosta\u0142a wypr\u00F3bowana przy wydobyciu gazu w roku 1947 w Stanach Zjednoczonych. W Polsce proces szczelinowania stosowany jest w z\u0142o\u017Cach konwencjonalnych od lat 60. XX wieku. Metoda szczelinowania budzi wiele kontrowersji. Przeciwnicy stosowania tego procesu wskazuj\u0105 m.in. na ryzyko zanieczyszczenia w\u00F3d gruntowych i powierzchniowych, a tak\u017Ce na konieczno\u015B\u0107 wykorzystywania w procesie du\u017Cych ilo\u015Bci s\u0142odkiej wody. Podnoszono r\u00F3wnie\u017C zarzut, \u017Ce lobby wydobywcze kontrolowa\u0142o dotychczasowe badania nad potencjalnymi zagro\u017Ceniami zwi\u0105zanymi z wykorzystaniem tej metody. Z tego powodu w niekt\u00F3rych krajach ograniczono u\u017Cycie szczelinowania do czasu wykonania dok\u0142adniejszych bada\u0144. W roku 2011 Francja jako dotychczas jedyny kraj na \u015Bwiecie wprowadzi\u0142a ustawowy zakaz stosowania szczelinowania w celu wydobycia gazu i ropy naftowej."@pl . . . "Hydraulick\u00E9 \u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED (t\u00E9\u017E frakov\u00E1n\u00ED z anglick\u00E9ho hydraulic fracturing, zkr\u00E1cen\u011B fracking) je metoda vytv\u00E1\u0159en\u00ED puklin ve vrstv\u011B slab\u011B zpevn\u011Bn\u00FDch sediment\u00E1rn\u00EDch hornin pomoc\u00ED stla\u010Den\u00E9 tekut\u00E9 sm\u011Bsi (fracking fluid) vody s p\u00EDskem a n\u011Bkter\u00FDch pomocn\u00FDch chemik\u00E1li\u00ED. P\u00EDsek o ur\u010Dit\u00E9 zrnitosti m\u00E1 za \u00FAkol udr\u017Eet pukliny otev\u0159en\u00E9. Chemik\u00E1lie se pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED proto, aby usnadnily migraci tekutin (v podstat\u011B maj\u00ED velice podobnou funkci jako sapon\u00E1ty ve vod\u011B na n\u00E1dob\u00ED). Vytvo\u0159en\u00E9 pukliny maj\u00ED umo\u017Enit uvoln\u011Bn\u00ED a migraci tekutin v hornin\u011B obsa\u017Een\u00FDch (v prvn\u00ED \u0159ad\u011B zemn\u00EDho plynu, pop\u0159. ropy nebo jejich nekonven\u010Dn\u00EDch podob, nap\u0159. b\u0159idlicov\u00FD plyn) do v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch lo\u017Eisek, ze kter\u00FDch ji\u017E m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt ekonomicky lukrativn\u00ED je dob\u00FDvat. Metoda byla poprv\u00E9 pou\u017Eita v roce 1947 (Floyd Farris, J.B. Clark z Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation), pro komer\u010Dn\u00ED t\u011B\u017Ebu byla ale vyu\u017Eita o p\u016Fl stolet\u00ED pozd\u011Bji v v Texasu, USA. Hydraulick\u00E9 \u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED m\u00E1 jak svoje proponenty, kte\u0159\u00ED argumentuj\u00ED t\u00EDm, \u017Ee metoda umo\u017En\u00ED \u201Esl\u00EDt\u201C v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED mno\u017Estv\u00ED ropy a zemn\u00EDho plynu z m\u00EDst, ze kter\u00FDch by se jinak t\u011B\u017Eba nevyplatila, tak odp\u016Frce, kte\u0159\u00ED upozor\u0148uj\u00ED na ekologick\u00E9 \u0161kody a nebezpe\u010D\u00ED zp\u016Fsoben\u00E9 chemik\u00E1liemi, kter\u00E9 se spolu s vodou do vrstev sk\u00E1ly \u010Derpaj\u00ED. Pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED se nap\u0159\u00EDklad ethylenglykol, methanol \u010Di chlorovod\u00EDk v koncentrac\u00EDch 0,5 a\u017E 4 %. Po fragmentaci je zhruba polovina vy\u010Derp\u00E1na zp\u011Bt na povrch. Po zmapov\u00E1n\u00ED oblasti vhodn\u00E9 pro hydraulick\u00E9 \u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED se postav\u00ED samotn\u00FD vrt a infrastruktura kolem n\u011Bho. Vrty mohou dos\u00E1hnout a\u017E 3 km pod zemsk\u00FD povrch. Mno\u017Estv\u00ED sm\u011Bsi z vody a chemik\u00E1li\u00ED se pohybuje cca 100 m\u00B3 na jeden hektar lo\u017Eiska. Evropa m\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED z\u00E1soby plynu dostupn\u00E9ho frakov\u00E1n\u00EDm ne\u017E maj\u00ED USA, ale zp\u016Fsob t\u011B\u017Eby doprov\u00E1z\u00ED o\u010Der\u0148uj\u00EDc\u00ED kampan\u011B. Hav\u00E1rie elektr\u00E1rny Fuku\u0161ima I zp\u016Fsobila ve Francii z\u00E1visl\u00E9 na jadern\u00E9 energii obavy z frakov\u00E1n\u00ED. T\u00E9ho\u017E roku 2011 tak frakov\u00E1n\u00ED zak\u00E1zala Francie jako prvn\u00ED na sv\u011Bt\u011B. Roku 2016 pak po letech diskus\u00ED i vl\u00E1da N\u011Bmecka."@cs . . . . . "Hydraulisk spr\u00E4ckning, \u00E4ven hydraulisk uppspr\u00E4ckning (ofta kallat fracking, fr\u00E5n kortformen av engelskans fracturing), \u00E4r en metod f\u00F6r att utvinna fossila br\u00E4nslen s\u00E5som naturgas och skifferolja. Processen g\u00E5r ut p\u00E5 att man i ett borrh\u00E5l i marken under h\u00F6gt tryck injicerar stora m\u00E4ngder vatten blandat med sand och kemikalier. Detta i syfte att skapa sprickor i de kolv\u00E4teb\u00E4rande skifferlagren l\u00E5ngt under markytan och d\u00E4rigenom frig\u00F6ra naturgas och/eller olja, som leds upp till ytan och kan anv\u00E4ndas f\u00F6r konsumtion."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 (\u0413\u0420\u041F) (\u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E \u00AB\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0433\u00BB, \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u00AB\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. fracking\u00BB) \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0456 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043D\u0456\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0456\u0449\u0438\u043D \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456 (\u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0456 \u0449\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434) \u0456\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0440\u0456\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 (\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0456, \u043A\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E) \u0456\u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043A\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0437 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u044E \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043B\u044E\u0457\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0443."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La fratturazione idraulica o fracking (dall'inglese hydrofracking) in geotecnica \u00E8 lo sfruttamento della pressione di un fluido, in genere acqua, per creare e poi propagare una frattura in uno strato roccioso nel sottosuolo. La fratturazione (detta in inglese frack job o frac job), viene eseguita dopo una perforazione dentro una formazione di roccia contenente idrocarburi, per aumentarne la permeabilit\u00E0 al fine di migliorare la produzione del petrolio o del gas da argille contenuti nel giacimento e incrementarne il tasso di recupero."@it . "\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044B\u0301\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0301 (\u0413\u0420\u041F, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. hydraulic fracturing), \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0433 (fracking) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043D \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043D. \u041C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434 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"\uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95(\u6C34\u58D3\u7834\u788E\u6CD5, \uC601\uC5B4: hydraulic fracturing) \uD639\uC740 \uD504\uB798\uD0B9(\uC601\uC5B4: fracking)\uC740 \uACE0\uC555\uC758 \uC561\uCCB4\uB97C \uC774\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uAD11\uC11D\uC744 \uD30C\uC1C4\uD558\uB294 \uCC44\uAD11 \uBC29\uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC29\uBC95\uC5D0\uB294 \uB192\uC740 \uC555\uB825\uC758 '\uD504\uB798\uD0B9 \uC561\uCCB4' (\uB300\uBD80\uBD84 \uBB3C\uACFC \uBAA8\uB798 \uD639\uC740 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC99D\uC810\uC81C\uB97C \uCD94\uAC00\uD55C \uD504\uB85C\uD310\uB4DC\uB4F1\uC774 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4)\uB97C \uB4DC\uB9B4\uAD6C\uBA4D\uC5D0 \uC9D1\uC5B4\uB123\uC5B4 \uC2EC\uCE35\uC5D0 \uB9E4\uC7A5\uB41C \uAD11\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC744 \uD30C\uC1C4\uD558\uC5EC \uCC9C\uC5F0\uAC00\uC2A4, \uC11D\uC720, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC18C\uAE08\uB4F1\uC774 \uC798 \uD750\uB97C\uC218 \uC788\uAC8C \uB9CC\uB4E0\uB2E4. \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uAC00 \uB05D\uB098\uACE0 \uB098\uBA74 \uC791\uC740 \uC785\uC790\uB85C \uB41C \uD504\uB85C\uD310\uD2B8\uB97C \uC9D1\uC5B4\uB123\uC5B4\uC11C \uC774 \uADE0\uC5F4\uB4E4\uC744 \uC720\uC9C0\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC218\uC555\uD30C\uC1C4\uBC95\uC740 1947\uB144\uC5D0 \uCC98\uC74C \uC2E4\uD5D8\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 1950\uB144 \uC0C1\uC5C5\uC801\uC778 \uAE30\uC220\uB85C \uC4F0\uC774\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. 2012\uB144, \uC804\uC138\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC11D\uC720\uACFC \uCC9C\uC5F0\uAC00\uC2A4 \uD504\uB798\uD0B9\uC5D0 250\uB9CC\uBA85\uC774 \uADFC\uBB34\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uAC78\uB85C \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uC911 1\uBC31\uB9CC\uBA85 \uC774\uC0C1\uC774 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uAC78\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0AC\uB2E4. \uBA87\uBA87 \uC218\uC555 \uD30C\uC1C4\uB294 \uBA87\uBA87 \uAD11\uB9E5\uC774\uB098 \uD639\uC740 \uC554\uB9E5\uC5D0 \uC790\uC5F0\uC2A4\uB7FD\uAC8C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0A0\uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of bedrock formations by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of \"fracking fluid\" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950. As of 2012, 2.5 million \"frac jobs\" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells, over one million of those within the U.S. Such treatment is generally necessary to achieve adequate flow rates in shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas wells. Some hydraulic fractures can form naturally in certain veins or dikes. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made the United States a major crude oil exporter as of 2019, but leakage of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, has dramatically increased. Increased oil and gas production from the decade-long fracking boom has led to lower prices for consumers, with near-record lows of the share of household income going to energy expenditures. Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial. Its proponents advocate the economic benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons, as well as replacing coal with natural gas, which burns more cleanly and emits less carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy independence. Opponents of fracking argue that these are outweighed by the environmental impacts, which include groundwater and surface water contamination, noise and air pollution, and the triggering of earthquakes, along with the resulting hazards to public health and the environment. Research has found adverse health effects in populations living near hydraulic fracturing sites, including confirmation of chemical, physical, and psychosocial hazards such as pregnancy and birth outcomes, migraine headaches, chronic rhinosinusitis, severe fatigue, asthma exacerbations and psychological stress. Adherence to regulation and safety procedures are required to avoid further negative impacts. There is considerable uncertainty about the scale of methane leakage associated with hydraulic fracturing, and even some evidence that leakage may cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions benefits of natural gas relative to other fossil fuels. For example, a report by Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) highlights this issue, focusing on the leakage rate in Pennsylvania during extensive testing and analysis was found to be approximately 10%, or over five times the reported figures. This leakage rate is considered representative of the hydraulic fracturing industry in the US generally. EDF has recently announced a satellite mission to further locate and measure methane emissions. Increases in seismic activity following hydraulic fracturing along dormant or previously unknown faults are sometimes caused by the deep-injection disposal of hydraulic fracturing flowback (a byproduct of hydraulically fractured wells), and produced formation brine (a byproduct of both fractured and nonfractured oil and gas wells). For these reasons, hydraulic fracturing is under international scrutiny, restricted in some countries, and banned altogether in others. The European Union is drafting regulations that would permit the controlled application of hydraulic fracturing."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0644\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0643\u064A."@ar . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432"@uk . . . . . . "Rekahan hidrolik adalah teknik stimulasi yang baik di mana batu retak oleh cairan bertekanan. Proses ini melibatkan injeksi 'fracking fluid' bertekanan tinggi (terutama air, mengandung pasir atau propan lain yang ditangguhkan dengan bantuan bahan pengental) ke dalam lubang sumur untuk menciptakan keretakan pada formasi batuan-dalam di mana gas alam, minyak bumi, dan air garam akan mengalir lebih bebas. Saat tekanan hidrolik dikeluarkan dari sumur, butiran kecil proposisi peretakan hidrolik (baik pasir atau aluminium oksida) menahan fraktur terbuka. Pematahan hidrolik dimulai sebagai percobaan pada tahun 1947, dan aplikasi pertama yang berhasil secara komersial diikuti pada tahun 1950. Pada 2012, 2,5 juta \"pekerjaan frac\" telah dilakukan di seluruh dunia pada sumur minyak dan gas; lebih dari satu juta dari mereka yang berada di AS. Perlakuan seperti itu umumnya diperlukan untuk mencapai laju aliran yang memadai di gas serpih, gas ketat, minyak ketat, dan sumur gas lapisan batubara. Beberapa fraktur hidraulik dapat terbentuk secara alami pada vena atau tanggul tertentu."@in . . "Hydraulic Fracturing oder kurz Fracking (von englisch to fracture \u201Aaufbrechen\u2018, \u201Aaufrei\u00DFen\u2018; auch \u201EHydrofracking\u201C, \u201EFraccing\u201C, Fracing oder Frac Jobs genannt, deutsch auch hydraulische Frakturierung, hydraulisches Aufbrechen, hydraulische Risserzeugung oder auch hydraulische Stimulation) ist eine Methode zur Erzeugung, Weitung und Stabilisierung von Rissen im Gestein einer Lagerst\u00E4tte im tiefen Untergrund mit dem Ziel, die Permeabilit\u00E4t (Durchl\u00E4ssigkeit) der Lagerst\u00E4ttengesteine zu erh\u00F6hen. Dadurch k\u00F6nnen darin befindliche Gase oder Fl\u00FCssigkeiten leichter und best\u00E4ndiger zur Bohrung flie\u00DFen und gewonnen werden. Beim Fracking wird durch eine Bohrung, unter hohem Druck von typischerweise mehreren hundert Bar, eine Fl\u00FCssigkeit (\"Fracking-Fluide\") in den geologischen Horizont, aus dem gef\u00F6rdert werden soll, gepresst. Als Fracking-Fluid dient Wasser, das zumeist mit St\u00FCtzmitteln, wie z. B. Quarzsand, und Verdickungsmitteln versetzt ist. \u00DCblicherweise werden zun\u00E4chst im Zielhorizont mehrere abgelenkte Bohrungen (Laterale) mittels Richtbohren angelegt, wobei der Bohrmei\u00DFel schichtparallel gef\u00FChrt wird. Dadurch ist die zur Verf\u00FCgung stehende Bohrlochl\u00E4nge in der Lagerst\u00E4tte wesentlich gr\u00F6\u00DFer, was generell die Ausbeute der F\u00F6rderung erh\u00F6ht. Zum Einsatz kommen beim Hochvolumen-Hydrofracking gro\u00DFe Fl\u00FCssigkeitsmengen mit mehr als 1000 m\u00B3 pro Frackphase bzw. insgesamt mehr als 10.000 m\u00B3 pro Bohrloch. Seit Ende der 1940er Jahre wird Fracking vor allem bei der Erd\u00F6l- und Erdgasf\u00F6rderung sowie bei der Erschlie\u00DFung tiefer Grundwasserleiter f\u00FCr die Wassergewinnung und der Verbesserung des W\u00E4rmetransportes bei der tiefen Geothermie eingesetzt. In den letztgenannten Anwendungsf\u00E4llen werden keine St\u00FCtzmittel oder chemischen Zus\u00E4tze ben\u00F6tigt. Seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre und insbesondere in den USA ab etwa dem Jahr 2000 fokussiert sich die F\u00F6rderung mittels Fracking auf sogenanntes unkonventionelles Erd\u00F6l und Erdgas (u.\u202Fa. \u201ESchiefergas\u201C). Der dortige Fracking-Boom ver\u00E4nderte den US-Energiemarkt erheblich und sorgte f\u00FCr einen Preisverfall. Dies f\u00FChrte zu einer Debatte \u00FCber die Rentabilit\u00E4t des Verfahrens. Die US-Regierung unterst\u00FCtzt daher seit etwa 2013 Bestrebungen zum verst\u00E4rkten Export von Fl\u00FCssigerdgas nach Europa und Japan, unter anderem mit beschleunigten Genehmigungsverfahren. W\u00E4hrend einige Stimmen diese geostrategische Komponente durch die Ver\u00E4nderung der internationalen Abh\u00E4ngigkeiten betonen, f\u00FChren die Umweltrisiken und m\u00F6gliche Gesundheitsgefahren des \u201EFracking-Booms\u201C vor allem in Europa zu einer kontrovers gef\u00FChrten und noch andauernden fachlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Debatte. Einige L\u00E4nder und Regionen haben Erdgas-Fracking auf ihrem Gebiet gesetzlich verboten."@de . . . . . .