. . . . . . . . . . . . "The glass\u2013liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle \"glassy\" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is called a glass. The reverse transition, achieved by supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state, is called vitrification. The glass-transition temperature Tg of a material characterizes the range of temperatures over which this glass transition occurs (as an experimental definition, typically marked as 100 s of relaxation time). It is always lower than the melting temperature, Tm, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. Hard plastics like polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) are used well below their glass transition temperatures, i.e., when they are in their glassy state. Their Tg values are both at around 100 \u00B0C (212 \u00B0F). Rubber elastomers like polyisoprene and polyisobutylene are used above their Tg, that is, in the rubbery state, where they are soft and flexible; crosslinking prevents free flow of their molecules, thus endowing rubber with a set shape at room temperature (as opposed to a viscous liquid). Despite the change in the physical properties of a material through its glass transition, the transition is not considered a phase transition; rather it is a phenomenon extending over a range of temperature and defined by one of several conventions. Such conventions include a constant cooling rate (20 kelvins per minute (36 \u00B0F/min)) and a viscosity threshold of 1012 Pa\u00B7s, among others. Upon cooling or heating through this glass-transition range, the material also exhibits a smooth step in the thermal-expansion coefficient and in the specific heat, with the location of these effects again being dependent on the history of the material. The question of whether some phase transition underlies the glass transition is a matter of ongoing research. IUPAC definition Glass transition (in polymer science): process in which a polymer melt changes on cooling to a polymer glass or a polymer glass changes on heating to a polymer melt. 1. \n* Phenomena occurring at the glass transition of polymers are still subject to ongoing scientific investigation and debate. The glass transition presents features of a second-order transition since thermal studies often indicate that the molar Gibbs energies, molarenthalpies, and the molar volumes of the two phases, i.e., the melt and the glass, areequal, while the heat capacity and the expansivity are discontinuous. However, the glasstransition is generally not regarded as a thermodynamic transition in view of the inherent difficulty in reaching equilibrium in a polymer glass or in a polymer melt at temperatures close to the glass-transition temperature. 1. \n* In the case of polymers, conformational changes of segments, typically consisting of 10\u201320 main-chain atoms, become infinitely slow below the glass transition temperature. 2. \n* In a partially crystalline polymer the glass transition occurs only in the amorphous parts of the material. 3. \n* The definition is different from that in ref. 4. \n* The commonly used term \u201Cglass-rubber transition\u201D for glass transition is not recommended."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "55666"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C8\u03CD\u03BE\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 Tm \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03BC\u03C0\u03CD\u03BB\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03CC \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF. \u0394\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC\u03C4\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C4\u03B9\u03BC\u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03AE \u03C6\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B1\u03C4\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B1\u03C6\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03B8\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1. \u03A9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03B8\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03B8\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03AF\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9\u03C2 \u03CC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03A4 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C5\u03B1\u03BB\u03CE\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03CD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF (glass transition temperature). \u03A3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03AE \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1. \u039C\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C5\u03B1\u03BB\u03CE\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03A1 \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03CC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03CC \u03AE \u03C4\u03AE\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C8\u03CD\u03BE\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 (\u03C5\u03C0\u03CC\u03C8\u03C5\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03CC)."@el . . . . "IUPAC definition"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C8\u03CD\u03BE\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 Tm \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03BC\u03C0\u03CD\u03BB\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03CC \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF. \u0394\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC\u03C4\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C4\u03B9\u03BC\u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03AE \u03C6\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B1\u03C4\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B1\u03C6\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03B8\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1. \u03A9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BF \u03CC\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C5\u03B3\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03B8\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03B8\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03AF\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9\u03C2 \u03CC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03A4 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C5\u03B1\u03BB\u03CE\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03CD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF (glass transition temperature). \u03A3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1"@el . . . . "Transition vitreuse"@fr . . . . "\u03A5\u03B1\u03BB\u03CE\u03B4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03C0\u03C4\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7"@el . . . . . . . . "\uC720\uB9AC \uC804\uC774"@ko . . . "1122108784"^^ . . . . "A transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea \u00E9 a transi\u00E7\u00E3o revers\u00EDvel em materiais amorfos (ou em regi\u00F5es amorfas de materiais semi-cristalinos) entre um estado duro e relativamente r\u00EDgido e um estado mole e \"borrachoso\" (como um l\u00EDquido de ultra-alta viscosidade). Um s\u00F3lido amorfo que exibe uma transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea \u00E9 dito v\u00EDtreo. O processo de super-resfriar um l\u00EDquido viscoso at\u00E9 o estado v\u00EDtreo \u00E9 chamado de vitrifica\u00E7\u00E3o, do latim vitreum, \"vidro\" via franc\u00EAs vitrifier, \"vitrificar\". Apesar de uma mudan\u00E7a profunda nas propriedades f\u00EDsicas de um material quando da sua transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea, esse processo n\u00E3o \u00E9 uma mudan\u00E7a de fase (como fus\u00E3o ou solidifica\u00E7\u00E3o), mas sim um fen\u00F4meno que se estende ao longo de uma faixa de temperatura definido por uma s\u00E9rie de conven\u00E7\u00F5es. Tais conven\u00E7\u00F5es incluem uma constante de taxa de resfriamento (20 K/min) e um limiar de viscosidade de 1012 Pa\u00B7s, entre outros par\u00E2metros. Aquecendo-se ou resfriando-se um material no intervalo de temperatura no qual ocorre a transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea, esse material tamb\u00E9m apresenta uma suave varia\u00E7\u00E3o no coeficiente de expans\u00E3o t\u00E9rmica e no calor espec\u00EDfico, efeito que depender\u00E1 do hist\u00F3rico do material (varia\u00E7\u00F5es de temperatura e/ou press\u00E3o ou aplica\u00E7\u00F5es de for\u00E7as \u00E0s quais o material foi submetido ao longo do tempo). Entretanto, a quest\u00E3o de quando uma transi\u00E7\u00E3o de fase constitui uma transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea continua sendo estudada. A temperatura de transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea, Tg (do ingl\u00EAs glass transition temperature), \u00E9 um valor representativo de aproximadamente metade do intervalo de transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea, e \u00E9 sempre menor que a temperatura de fus\u00E3o, Tm (do ingl\u00EAs melting temperature) ou Tf , do material no estado cristalino, se esse existir."@pt . . . . . "La transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtreo-l\u00EDquido, o transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea, es la transici\u00F3n gradual y reversible en materiales amorfos (o en regiones amorfas dentro de materiales semicristalinos), desde un estado \"v\u00EDtreo\" duro y relativamente quebradizo a un estado viscoso o gomoso a medida que aumenta la temperatura\u200B Un s\u00F3lido amorfo que muestra una transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea se llama vidrio. La transici\u00F3n inversa, que se logra al enfriar demasiado un l\u00EDquido viscoso en el estado de vidrio, se llama vitrificaci\u00F3n. La temperatura de transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea Tg de un material caracteriza el rango de temperaturas en el que se produce esta transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea. Siempre es m\u00E1s baja que la temperatura de fusi\u00F3n, Tm, del estado cristalino del material, si existe. Los pl\u00E1sticos duros como el poliestireno y el poli (metacrilato de metilo) se usan muy por debajo de sus temperaturas de transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea, es decir, cuando est\u00E1n en su estado v\u00EDtreo. Sus valores de Tg est\u00E1n muy por encima de la temperatura ambiente, ambos a unos 100 \u00B0C (212 \u00B0F). Los elast\u00F3meros de caucho como el poliisopreno y el poliisobutileno se utilizan por encima de su Tg, es decir, en el estado gomoso, donde son suaves y flexibles.\u200B A pesar del cambio en las propiedades f\u00EDsicas de un material a trav\u00E9s de su transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea, la transici\u00F3n no se considera una transici\u00F3n de fase; m\u00E1s bien es un fen\u00F3meno que se extiende sobre un rango de temperatura y est\u00E1 definido por una de varias convenciones.\u200B\u200B Dichas convenciones incluyen una velocidad de enfriamiento constante (20 kelvins por minuto (36 \u00B0F/min)).\u200B y un umbral de viscosidad de 1012 Pa \u00B7 s, entre otros. Al enfriarse o calentarse a trav\u00E9s de este rango de transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea, el material tambi\u00E9n muestra un paso suave en el coeficiente de expansi\u00F3n t\u00E9rmica y en el calor espec\u00EDfico, y la ubicaci\u00F3n de estos efectos depende nuevamente de la historia del material.\u200B La cuesti\u00F3n de si alguna transici\u00F3n de fase subyace a la transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea es una cuesti\u00F3n de investigaci\u00F3n continua.\u200B\u200B\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F (Tg) \u0647\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062F\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0644\u0647\u0627 (plastic deformation) \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. Tg \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 Tg \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u064A\u062C\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0643\u064A (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064A\u0646\u064A) \u0644\u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 (\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u0627\u062D\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u062A\u064A\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u062A\u064A\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0647\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0624\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0624\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 Tg \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629. Tg \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0628\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0644 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0644 ( \u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644 \u062C\u064A\u062F \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0634\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u064A\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u0641\u062A\u062A \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0634\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629). \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A, Tg \u064A\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647 \u062A\u062E\u0637\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062C\u064A\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0634\u064A\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062E\u0645\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064A\u0633\u0645\u062D \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0628\u064A\u0631\u060C \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0627 (\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u062D\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064A\u0646) \u0633\u064A\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A Tg. \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C (\u0645\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0645). Tg \u062A\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F \u0645\u0627 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064A \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062F \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u0623\u062B\u0631 Tg \u0628\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C. \u0641\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 B, Na, K or Ca \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0648\u064A\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064A \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062F \u0648\u064A\u0642\u0644\u0644 Tg. \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 P \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0644\u0647 \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u062E\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064A \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0632\u064A\u062F Tg. \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062B\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062A\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0646\u062C\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062D\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0645\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F:"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "30.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "22122416"^^ . . "\uC720\uB9AC \uC804\uC774(\u7409\u7483\u8F49\u79FB, glass transition)\uB294 \uC561\uCCB4 \uB530\uC704\uB97C \uB0C9\uAC01\uD560 \uB54C, \uADF8 \uBB3C\uC9C8 \uACE0\uC720\uC758 \uC628\uB3C4\uC601\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uACE0\uBB34 \uAC19\uC740 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB85C \uBE60\uB974\uAC8C \uAD73\uC5B4\uBC84\uB9AC\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC774\uB2E4. \uC720\uB9AC \uC804\uC774 \uC628\uB3C4 Tg\uB294 \uC5B8\uC81C\uB098 \uD604\uC874\uD558\uB294 \uACB0\uC815\uCCB4 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC758 \uB179\uB294\uC810 Tm\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uB0AE\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u8EE2\u79FB\u70B9"@ja . . . . "2007-06-28"^^ . . . . . . "\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A"@ar . . "\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u6E29\u5EA6\uFF08glass transition temperature, Tg\uFF09\u662F\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8D28\u5728\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u548C\u4E4B\u95F4\u76F8\u4E92\u53EF\u9006\u8F49\u5316\u7684\u6E29\u5EA6\u3002 \u7576\u9054\u5230\u67D0\u4E00\u6EAB\u5EA6\u6642\uFF0C\u9019\u5340\u57DF\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u6703\u505A\u5C40\u90E8\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u9019\u500B\u6EAB\u5EA6\u7A31\u4F5C\u300C\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u79FB\u6EAB\u5EA6\u300D\uFF08Tg\uFF09\u3002\u82E5\u6EAB\u5EA6\u4F4E\u65BCTg\uFF0C\u56E0\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u7121\u6CD5\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u9019\u6642\u6750\u6599\u8655\u65BC\u525B\u786C\u7684\u300C\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u300D\u3002\u7576\u6EAB\u5EA6\u9AD8\u65BCTg\u6642\uFF0C\u7121\u5B9A\u5F62\u72C0\u614B\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u958B\u59CB\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u6750\u6599\u6703\u5448\u73FE\u985E\u4F3C\u6A61\u81A0\u822C\u67D4\u8EDF\u53EF\u6493\u7684\u6027\u8CEA\u3002 \u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u8868\u73FE\u51FA\u4E8C\u7EA7\u76F8\u8B8A\u7684\u8868\u73B0\uFF0C\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u70ED\u5BB9\u6703\u767C\u751F\u9023\u7E8C\u7684\u8B8A\u5316\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u5BE6\u969B\u4E0A\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u52D5\u529B\u5B66\u8F49\u5316\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u6E29\u5EA6\u7684\u5177\u9AD4\u6570\u503C\u662F\u8207\u6E29\u5EA6\u8B8A\u5316\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u76F8\u95DC\u3002\u5E38\u898B\u7684\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8CEA\u6709\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u548C\u73BB\u7483\u7B49\u7B49\uFF0C\u5728\u5DE5\u696D\u4E0A\u6709\u91CD\u8981\u61C9\u7528\u7684\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8CEA\u9084\u6709\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u91D1\u5C5E\u3002 \u6C7A\u5B9A\u7121\u5B9A\u5F62\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u5805\u786C\u6216\u8005\u662F\u67D4\u8EDF\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\uFF1A\u82E5 Tg > \u5BA4\u6EAB\uFF0C\u5247\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u5805\u786C\u7684\uFF1B\u82E5 Tg < \u5BA4\u6EAB\uFF0C\u5247\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u67D4\u8EDF\u7684\u3002"@zh . "\u0422\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . . "\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F (Tg) \u0647\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062F\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0644\u0647\u0627 (plastic deformation) \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. Tg \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062B\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062A\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0646\u062C\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062D\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0645\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F:"@ar . . "June 2019"@en . . "\u0422\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0301\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u044B\u043C, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435. \u041E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u2014 Tg ."@ru . . . . "A transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea \u00E9 a transi\u00E7\u00E3o revers\u00EDvel em materiais amorfos (ou em regi\u00F5es amorfas de materiais semi-cristalinos) entre um estado duro e relativamente r\u00EDgido e um estado mole e \"borrachoso\" (como um l\u00EDquido de ultra-alta viscosidade). Um s\u00F3lido amorfo que exibe uma transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea \u00E9 dito v\u00EDtreo. O processo de super-resfriar um l\u00EDquido viscoso at\u00E9 o estado v\u00EDtreo \u00E9 chamado de vitrifica\u00E7\u00E3o, do latim vitreum, \"vidro\" via franc\u00EAs vitrifier, \"vitrificar\"."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u8EE2\u79FB\u70B9\uFF08\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u3066\u3093\u3044\u3066\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u8EE2\u79FB\u304C\u8D77\u304D\u308B\u6E29\u5EA6\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u901A\u5E38 Tg \u3068\u8A18\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0301\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u044B\u043C, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435. \u041E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u2014 Tg ."@ru . . . . . "La transition vitreuse est un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne r\u00E9versible de transition d'\u00E9tat, entre la forme dure et relativement cassante et la forme \u00AB fondue \u00BB ou caoutchouteuse d'un mat\u00E9riau amorphe (ou d'un mat\u00E9riau semi-cristallin avec des r\u00E9gions amorphes). Un solide amorphe qui montre une telle forme de transition vitreuse est appel\u00E9 un verre. Le refroidissement intense d'un liquide visqueux vers sa forme vitreuse est appel\u00E9 la vitrification."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u6E29\u5EA6\uFF08glass transition temperature, Tg\uFF09\u662F\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8D28\u5728\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u548C\u4E4B\u95F4\u76F8\u4E92\u53EF\u9006\u8F49\u5316\u7684\u6E29\u5EA6\u3002 \u7576\u9054\u5230\u67D0\u4E00\u6EAB\u5EA6\u6642\uFF0C\u9019\u5340\u57DF\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u6703\u505A\u5C40\u90E8\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u9019\u500B\u6EAB\u5EA6\u7A31\u4F5C\u300C\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u79FB\u6EAB\u5EA6\u300D\uFF08Tg\uFF09\u3002\u82E5\u6EAB\u5EA6\u4F4E\u65BCTg\uFF0C\u56E0\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u7121\u6CD5\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u9019\u6642\u6750\u6599\u8655\u65BC\u525B\u786C\u7684\u300C\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u300D\u3002\u7576\u6EAB\u5EA6\u9AD8\u65BCTg\u6642\uFF0C\u7121\u5B9A\u5F62\u72C0\u614B\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u93C8\u958B\u59CB\u904B\u52D5\uFF0C\u6750\u6599\u6703\u5448\u73FE\u985E\u4F3C\u6A61\u81A0\u822C\u67D4\u8EDF\u53EF\u6493\u7684\u6027\u8CEA\u3002 \u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u8868\u73FE\u51FA\u4E8C\u7EA7\u76F8\u8B8A\u7684\u8868\u73B0\uFF0C\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u70ED\u5BB9\u6703\u767C\u751F\u9023\u7E8C\u7684\u8B8A\u5316\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u5BE6\u969B\u4E0A\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u52D5\u529B\u5B66\u8F49\u5316\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u73BB\u7483\u8F49\u5316\u6E29\u5EA6\u7684\u5177\u9AD4\u6570\u503C\u662F\u8207\u6E29\u5EA6\u8B8A\u5316\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u76F8\u95DC\u3002\u5E38\u898B\u7684\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8CEA\u6709\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u548C\u73BB\u7483\u7B49\u7B49\uFF0C\u5728\u5DE5\u696D\u4E0A\u6709\u91CD\u8981\u61C9\u7528\u7684\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u7269\u8CEA\u9084\u6709\u73BB\u7483\u614B\u91D1\u5C5E\u3002 \u6C7A\u5B9A\u7121\u5B9A\u5F62\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u5805\u786C\u6216\u8005\u662F\u67D4\u8EDF\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\uFF1A\u82E5 Tg > \u5BA4\u6EAB\uFF0C\u5247\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u5805\u786C\u7684\uFF1B\u82E5 Tg < \u5BA4\u6EAB\uFF0C\u5247\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u6750\u6599\u662F\u67D4\u8EDF\u7684\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Glass transition : process in which a polymer melt changes on cooling to a polymer glass or a polymer glass changes on heating to a polymer melt.\n# Phenomena occurring at the glass transition of polymers are still subject to ongoing scientific investigation and debate. The glass transition presents features of a second-order\ntransition since thermal studies often indicate that the molar Gibbs energies, molar\nenthalpies, and the molar volumes of the two phases, i.e., the melt and the glass, are\nequal, while the heat capacity and the expansivity are discontinuous. However, the glass\ntransition is generally not regarded as a thermodynamic transition in view of the inherent difficulty in reaching equilibrium in a polymer glass or in a polymer melt at temperatures close to the glass-transition temperature.\n\n# In the case of polymers, conformational changes of segments, typically consisting of 10\u201320 main-chain atoms, become infinitely slow below the glass transition temperature.\n# In a partially crystalline polymer the glass transition occurs only in the amorphous parts of the material.\n# The definition is different from that in ref.\n# The commonly used term \u201Cglass-rubber transition\u201D for glass transition is not recommended."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "this feeds into the common misconception that glass does not have a viscosity comparable to solids, when it is a few orders of magnitude more viscous than lead at room temperature. Needs to be reworded or removed."@en . . . . . "La transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtreo-l\u00EDquido, o transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea, es la transici\u00F3n gradual y reversible en materiales amorfos (o en regiones amorfas dentro de materiales semicristalinos), desde un estado \"v\u00EDtreo\" duro y relativamente quebradizo a un estado viscoso o gomoso a medida que aumenta la temperatura\u200B Un s\u00F3lido amorfo que muestra una transici\u00F3n v\u00EDtrea se llama vidrio. La transici\u00F3n inversa, que se logra al enfriar demasiado un l\u00EDquido viscoso en el estado de vidrio, se llama vitrificaci\u00F3n."@es . . "Transici\u00F3n V\u00EDtrea"@es . . . . . . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u8EE2\u79FB\u70B9\uFF08\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u3066\u3093\u3044\u3066\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u8EE2\u79FB\u304C\u8D77\u304D\u308B\u6E29\u5EA6\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u901A\u5E38 Tg \u3068\u8A18\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "\uC720\uB9AC \uC804\uC774(\u7409\u7483\u8F49\u79FB, glass transition)\uB294 \uC561\uCCB4 \uB530\uC704\uB97C \uB0C9\uAC01\uD560 \uB54C, \uADF8 \uBB3C\uC9C8 \uACE0\uC720\uC758 \uC628\uB3C4\uC601\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uACE0\uBB34 \uAC19\uC740 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB85C \uBE60\uB974\uAC8C \uAD73\uC5B4\uBC84\uB9AC\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC774\uB2E4. \uC720\uB9AC \uC804\uC774 \uC628\uB3C4 Tg\uB294 \uC5B8\uC81C\uB098 \uD604\uC874\uD558\uB294 \uACB0\uC815\uCCB4 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC758 \uB179\uB294\uC810 Tm\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uB0AE\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . "\u73BB\u7483\u8F6C\u5316"@zh . "right"@en . . . . . . . "Glass transition"@en . "Transi\u00E7\u00E3o v\u00EDtrea"@pt . . "La transition vitreuse est un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne r\u00E9versible de transition d'\u00E9tat, entre la forme dure et relativement cassante et la forme \u00AB fondue \u00BB ou caoutchouteuse d'un mat\u00E9riau amorphe (ou d'un mat\u00E9riau semi-cristallin avec des r\u00E9gions amorphes). Un solide amorphe qui montre une telle forme de transition vitreuse est appel\u00E9 un verre. Le refroidissement intense d'un liquide visqueux vers sa forme vitreuse est appel\u00E9 la vitrification."@fr . "The glass\u2013liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle \"glassy\" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is called a glass. The reverse transition, achieved by supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state, is called vitrification. IUPAC definition"@en . . . . . . . . . .