. "Virtudes heroicas"@pt . "Cnoty heroiczne \u2013 w etyce chrze\u015Bcija\u0144skiej cnoty, kt\u00F3re przekraczaj\u0105 pod wzgl\u0119dem doskona\u0142o\u015Bci normalne ludzkie postawy moralne mi\u0142o\u015Bci Boga i bli\u017Aniego, s\u0105 tradycyjnie okre\u015Blane mianem cn\u00F3t heroicznych. Termin po raz pierwszy zosta\u0142 u\u017Cyty przez Arystotelesa w Etyce nikomachejskiej, kt\u00F3ry m\u00F3wi\u0142 o nadludzkiej cnocie, a tak\u017Ce o cnocie moralnej w skali heroicznej albo boskiej. Nast\u0119pnie termin ten zosta\u0142 przyswojony przez chrze\u015Bcija\u0144sk\u0105 teologi\u0119 moraln\u0105 i u\u017Cywany w szczeg\u00F3lno\u015Bci w stosunku do \u015Bwi\u0119tych i m\u0119czennik\u00F3w. Poj\u0119cie cn\u00F3t heroicznych zosta\u0142o rozwini\u0119te przez Alberta Wielkiego i jego ucznia Tomasza z Akwinu (1225\u20131274). Ju\u017C w pierwszych wiekach chrze\u015Bcija\u0144stwa, Ojcowie Ko\u015Bcio\u0142a, m.in. Klemens Aleksandryjski, Orygenes, Cyprian z Kartaginy i inni, podkre\u015Blali w swych pismach nadzwyczajno\u015B\u0107 cnoty m\u0119czennik\u00F3w.Po epoce m\u0119czennik\u00F3w, kiedy w wyniku edyktu Konstantyna w 313 r. usta\u0142y prze\u015Bladowania, przedmiotem zainteresowania w chrze\u015Bcija\u0144stwie sta\u0142 si\u0119 niezwyk\u0142y poziom moralny \u015Bwi\u0119tych wyznawc\u00F3w (\u0142ac. Confessores). Pierwszy formalny proces ko\u015Bcielny, zmierzaj\u0105cy do ustalenia stopnia doskona\u0142o\u015Bci cn\u00F3t osoby zmar\u0142ej w opinii \u015Bwi\u0119to\u015Bci odby\u0142 si\u0119 w 1482 r. w odniesieniu do jednego z pierwszych franciszkan\u00F3w, doktora Ko\u015Bcio\u0142a, \u015Bw. Bonawentury (1217\u20131274). Badanie przeprowadzono wed\u0142ug schematu trzech cn\u00F3t teologalnych \u2013 wiary, nadziei i mi\u0142o\u015Bci \u2013 oraz czterech cn\u00F3t kardynalnych. Termin cnoty heroiczne sta\u0142 si\u0119 terminem technicznym u\u017Cywanym w procesach beatyfikacyjnych i kanonizacyjnych w epoce odrodzenia. Heroiczno\u015B\u0107 cn\u00F3t wskazuje na obecno\u015B\u0107 dzia\u0142ania \u0142aski Boga w \u017Cyciu \u015Bwi\u0119tego, jest \u015Bwiadectwem jego poddania si\u0119 pod kierownictwo Ducha \u015Awi\u0119tego (por. Rz 8,14) i wsp\u00F3\u0142dzia\u0142ania z Nim. Czyny, kt\u00F3rych dokonywa\u0142 by\u0142y bardziej owocem dzia\u0142ania Boga w nim, ni\u017C jego w\u0142asnych wysi\u0142k\u00F3w. Dlatego te\u017C heroiczno\u015B\u0107 cn\u00F3t jest podstaw\u0105 do orzeczenia \u015Bwi\u0119to\u015Bci danej osoby. Przy orzekaniu heroiczno\u015Bci cn\u00F3t bierze si\u0119 pod uwag\u0119 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce okoliczno\u015Bci: \n* maj\u0105 one by\u0107 widoczne w czynach, kt\u00F3re s\u0105 wype\u0142nieniem rad ewangelicznych, zawartych w nauczaniu Kazania na g\u00F3rze (por. Mt 5-7), a nie jedynie Dekalogu. \n* czyny dokonane w spos\u00F3b heroiczny powinny by\u0107 wystarczaj\u0105co liczne, ujawniaj\u0105c si\u0119 zazwyczaj wtedy, gdy sytuacja tego si\u0119 domaga\u0142a. \n* heroiczno\u015B\u0107 ma ujawnia\u0107 si\u0119 w r\u00F3\u017Cnych rodzajach cn\u00F3t, gdy\u017C cnoty s\u0105 zale\u017Cne od siebie. Osoba, je\u015Bli jest \u015Bwi\u0119ta, posiad\u0142a je wszystkie w stopniu doskona\u0142ym. \n* pope\u0142nianie grzech\u00F3w powszednich, nawet dobrowolnie i po tym, jak osoba osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142a poziom cn\u00F3t heroicznych, nie stanowi przeszkody do beatyfikacji \u2013 pod warunkiem, \u017Ce osoba ta dokona\u0142a zado\u015B\u0107uczynienia i podj\u0119\u0142a \u015Brodki, by unikn\u0105\u0107 ich w przysz\u0142o\u015Bci. \n* cnoty heroiczne powinny przejawia\u0107 si\u0119 w \u017Cyciu danej osoby przez pewien okres. Jednak wysoki stopie\u0144 heroiczno\u015Bci cn\u00F3t mo\u017Ce zrekompensowa\u0107 kr\u00F3tki czas ich posiadania. \n* cnoty heroiczne niekoniecznie musz\u0105 i\u015B\u0107 w parze z kontemplacj\u0105 wlan\u0105, dlatego niedo\u015Bwiadczanie kontemplacji przez dan\u0105 osob\u0119, nie stanowi przeszkody w ich orzeczeniu. \n* takie charyzmaty, jak dar proroctwa, ekstaza czy wizje same z siebie nie s\u0105 dostatecznym \u015Bwiadectwem heroiczno\u015Bci cn\u00F3t. Nie s\u0105 nimi tak\u017Ce cuda dokonywane za \u017Cycia doczesnego przez dan\u0105 osob\u0119."@pl . "Heroick\u00E1 ctnost nebo prost\u011B hrdinsk\u00E1 ctnost je kanonick\u00FD n\u00E1zev pro soubor po\u017Eadavk\u016F p\u0159\u00EDkladn\u00E9ho \u017Eivota, kter\u00E9 je t\u0159eba prok\u00E1zat, aby mohl b\u00FDt zah\u00E1jen form\u00E1ln\u00ED proces kanonizace v \u0159\u00EDmskokatolick\u00E9 c\u00EDrkvi a dal\u0161\u00EDch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00FDch konfes\u00EDch. Existence hrdinsk\u00FDch ctnost\u00ED se prokazuje posmrtnou anal\u00FDzou kandid\u00E1tova chov\u00E1n\u00ED a \u017Eivotn\u00EDho b\u011Bhu, z n\u00ED\u017E mus\u00ED b\u00FDt nade v\u0161\u00ED pochybnost z\u0159ejm\u00E9, \u017Ee kandid\u00E1tovo chov\u00E1n\u00ED bylo b\u011Bhem jeho \u017Eivota vedeno praktikov\u00E1n\u00EDm ctnost\u00ED nad r\u00E1mec b\u011B\u017En\u00FDch teologick\u00FDch a kardin\u00E1ln\u00EDch ctnost\u00ED. V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00E9 etice tradi\u010Dn\u011B ozna\u010Duj\u00ED ctnosti, kter\u00E9 svou dokonalost\u00ED p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ED b\u011B\u017En\u00E9 lidsk\u00E9 mor\u00E1ln\u00ED postoje l\u00E1sky k Bohu a bli\u017En\u00EDmu."@cs . . "Heroick\u00E1 ctnost nebo prost\u011B hrdinsk\u00E1 ctnost je kanonick\u00FD n\u00E1zev pro soubor po\u017Eadavk\u016F p\u0159\u00EDkladn\u00E9ho \u017Eivota, kter\u00E9 je t\u0159eba prok\u00E1zat, aby mohl b\u00FDt zah\u00E1jen form\u00E1ln\u00ED proces kanonizace v \u0159\u00EDmskokatolick\u00E9 c\u00EDrkvi a dal\u0161\u00EDch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00FDch konfes\u00EDch. Existence hrdinsk\u00FDch ctnost\u00ED se prokazuje posmrtnou anal\u00FDzou kandid\u00E1tova chov\u00E1n\u00ED a \u017Eivotn\u00EDho b\u011Bhu, z n\u00ED\u017E mus\u00ED b\u00FDt nade v\u0161\u00ED pochybnost z\u0159ejm\u00E9, \u017Ee kandid\u00E1tovo chov\u00E1n\u00ED bylo b\u011Bhem jeho \u017Eivota vedeno praktikov\u00E1n\u00EDm ctnost\u00ED nad r\u00E1mec b\u011B\u017En\u00FDch teologick\u00FDch a kardin\u00E1ln\u00EDch ctnost\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . "Virtudes heroicas, ou simplesmente virtude heroica, \u00E9 a designa\u00E7\u00E3o can\u00F3nica dada ao conjunto de requisitos de exemplaridade de vida que devem ser demonstrados para que se inicie o processo formal de canoniza\u00E7\u00E3o na Igreja Cat\u00F3lica Romana e noutras confiss\u00F5es crist\u00E3s. A demonstra\u00E7\u00E3o da exist\u00EAncia de virtude heroica \u00E9 feita pela an\u00E1lise, post mortem, do comportamento e percurso de vida do candidato \u00E0 santidade, tendo de ficar claro, e para al\u00E9m de qualquer d\u00FAvida, que em vida a conduta do candidato se pautou pela pr\u00E1tica para al\u00E9m do comum das virtudes teologais e das virtudes cardeais."@pt . . . . "Cnoty heroiczne"@pl . . . . . . . . . "Kebajikan heroik adalah sebuah frase yang dicetuskan oleh Agustinus dari Hippo untuk menyebut kebajikan dari para martir gereja perdana dan dipakai oleh Gereja Katolik. Istilah pagan Yunani pahlawan menyebut seseorang yang diyakini memiliki kemampuan melebihi manusia dan kebaikan yang besar, dan \"itu mengartikan tingkat keberanian, ketenaran dan kekhasan yang menempatkan seseorang lebih tinggi dari para rekannya\". Istilah tersebut kemudian dipakai untuk orang-orang berkebajikan tinggi lainnya yang melakukan karya-karya kebaikan yang luar biasa."@in . . . . . . . . "4059063"^^ . . . . . . . "Heroic virtue is a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs and used by the Catholic Church. The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness, and \"it connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his fellows\". The term was later applied to other highly virtuous persons who do extraordinary good works. Heroic virtue is one of the requirements for beatification in the Catholic Church. The modern process for declaring heroic virtue is internal to the church and conducted by those in senior positions. Quoting the Catholic view from the article on Heroic Virtue by J. Wilhelm in the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia: Together with the four cardinal virtues the Christian saint must be endowed with the three theological virtues, especially with Divine charity, the virtue which informs all other virtues. As charity stands at the summit of all virtues, so faith stands at their foundation. For by faith God is first apprehended, and the soul lifted up to supernatural life. Faith is the secret of one's conscience; to the world it is made manifest by the good works in which it lives, \"Faith without works is dead\" (James 2:2). Such works are: the external profession of faith, strict observance of the Divine commands, prayer, filial devotion to the Church, the fear of God, the horror of sin, penance for sins committed, patience in adversity, etc. All or any of these attain the grade of heroicity when practiced with unflagging perseverance, during a long period of time, or under circumstances so trying that by them men of but ordinary perfection would be deterred from acting. Hope is a firm trust that God will give us eternal life and all the means necessary to obtain it; it attains heroicity when it amounts to unshakeable confidence and security in God's help throughout all the untoward events of life, when it is ready to forsake and sacrifice all other goods in order to obtain the promised felicity of heaven. Charity inclines man to love God above all things with the love of friendship. The perfect friend of God says with St. Paul: \"With Christ I am nailed to the cross. And I live, now not I; but Christ liveth in me\" (Galatians 2:19-20). For love means union. Its type in heaven is the Divine Trinity in Unity; its highest degree in God's creatures is the beatific vision, i.e. participation in God's life. On earth it is the fruitful mother of holiness, the one thing necessary, the one all-sufficient possession. It is extolled in I Cor., xiii, and in St. John's Gospel and Epistles; the beloved disciple and the fiery missionary of the cross are the best interpreters of the mystery of love revealed to them in the Heart of Jesus. With the commandment to love God above all Jesus coupled another: \"And the second is like to it: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. There is no other commandment greater than these\" (Mark 12:31). The likeness, or the linking of the two commandments, lies in this: that in our neighbor we love God's image and likeness, His adopted children and the heirs of His Kingdom. Hence, serving our neighbor is serving God. And the works of spiritual and temporal mercy performed in this world will decide our fate in the next: \"Come, ye blessed of my Father, possess you the kingdom. . .For I was hungry, and you gave me to eat. . .Amen I say to you, as long as you did it to one of these my least brethren, you did it to me\" (Matthew 25:34\u201340). Prudence, which enables us to know what to desire or to avoid, attains heroicity when it coincides with the \"gift of counsel\", i.e. a clear, Divinely aided insight into right and wrong conduct. Justice, which gives every one his due, is the pivot on which turn the virtues of religion, piety, obedience, gratitude, truthfulness, friendship, and many more. Jesus sacrificing His life to give God His due, Abraham willing to sacrifice his son in obedience to God's will, these are acts of heroic justice. Fortitude, which urges us on when difficulty stands in the way of our duty, is itself the heroic element in the practice of virtue; it reaches its apex when it overcomes obstacles which to ordinary virtue are insurmountable. Temperance, which restrains us when passions urge us to what is wrong, comprises becoming deportment, modesty, abstinence, chastity, sobriety, and others. In fine it should be remarked that almost every act of virtue proceeding from the Divine principle within us has in it the elements of all the virtues; only mental analysis views the same act under various aspects."@en . "Heroic virtue"@en . "1100362684"^^ . . "Heroic virtue is a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs and used by the Catholic Church. The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness, and \"it connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his fellows\". The term was later applied to other highly virtuous persons who do extraordinary good works. Quoting the Catholic view from the article on Heroic Virtue by J. Wilhelm in the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia:"@en . . "Kebajikan heroik adalah sebuah frase yang dicetuskan oleh Agustinus dari Hippo untuk menyebut kebajikan dari para martir gereja perdana dan dipakai oleh Gereja Katolik. Istilah pagan Yunani pahlawan menyebut seseorang yang diyakini memiliki kemampuan melebihi manusia dan kebaikan yang besar, dan \"itu mengartikan tingkat keberanian, ketenaran dan kekhasan yang menempatkan seseorang lebih tinggi dari para rekannya\". Istilah tersebut kemudian dipakai untuk orang-orang berkebajikan tinggi lainnya yang melakukan karya-karya kebaikan yang luar biasa."@in . . "Virtudes heroicas, ou simplesmente virtude heroica, \u00E9 a designa\u00E7\u00E3o can\u00F3nica dada ao conjunto de requisitos de exemplaridade de vida que devem ser demonstrados para que se inicie o processo formal de canoniza\u00E7\u00E3o na Igreja Cat\u00F3lica Romana e noutras confiss\u00F5es crist\u00E3s. A demonstra\u00E7\u00E3o da exist\u00EAncia de virtude heroica \u00E9 feita pela an\u00E1lise, post mortem, do comportamento e percurso de vida do candidato \u00E0 santidade, tendo de ficar claro, e para al\u00E9m de qualquer d\u00FAvida, que em vida a conduta do candidato se pautou pela pr\u00E1tica para al\u00E9m do comum das virtudes teologais e das virtudes cardeais."@pt . . . . "Kebajikan heroik"@in . . . . "5581"^^ . . . "Cnoty heroiczne \u2013 w etyce chrze\u015Bcija\u0144skiej cnoty, kt\u00F3re przekraczaj\u0105 pod wzgl\u0119dem doskona\u0142o\u015Bci normalne ludzkie postawy moralne mi\u0142o\u015Bci Boga i bli\u017Aniego, s\u0105 tradycyjnie okre\u015Blane mianem cn\u00F3t heroicznych. Termin po raz pierwszy zosta\u0142 u\u017Cyty przez Arystotelesa w Etyce nikomachejskiej, kt\u00F3ry m\u00F3wi\u0142 o nadludzkiej cnocie, a tak\u017Ce o cnocie moralnej w skali heroicznej albo boskiej. Przy orzekaniu heroiczno\u015Bci cn\u00F3t bierze si\u0119 pod uwag\u0119 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce okoliczno\u015Bci:"@pl . "Heroick\u00E1 ctnost"@cs .