. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il Grande atamano (Hetman Wielki in lingua polacca, letteralmente \"Capo Supremo\") era il pi\u00F9 elevato grado militare nelle forze armate della Confederazione polacco-lituana. Il titolo ebbe origine nel 1505 nel Granducato di Lituania per indicare il capo militare (\"atamano\", italianizzazione di hetman) designato dal granduca quale comandante supremo di una specifica campagna militare: cio\u00E8 l'atamano che avrebbe dovuto comandare su tutti gli atamani le cui truppe componevano l'esercito lituano secondo il modello della leva feudale. Quando la Lituania si confeder\u00F2 al Regno di Polonia tramite l'Unione di Lublino (4 luglio 1569), la pratica di designare specificatamente un comandante unico per il grande esercito confederato durante i conflitti divenne la prassi. La carica di grande atamano divenne permanente, come tutti gli altri titoli nel regno polacco e nella Confederazione, e non revocabile nel 1581.Dal 1585 venne specificato che il titolo di grande atamano poteva essere revocato in caso di alto tradimento. Esistevano due grandi atamani: all'originale Grande atamano di Lituania (Hetman Wielki Litewski), responsabile per l'esercito lituano, venne affiancato il Grande atamano della Corona (Hetman Wielki Koronny), vero e proprio comandante generale delle forze confederate secondo solo al sovrano polacco nella linea di comando. Quello di Grande atamano era un titolo onorifico, simboleggiato dalla coppia di mazze (bulava) incrociate, e non si era remunerati per il suo esercizio."@it . . . . . . . . "Hetmans of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury."@en . "\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3068\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u306E\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u4E00\u89A7\u306F\u3001\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u56FD\uFF08\u738B\u51A0\u9818\uFF09\u3068\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u5927\u516C\u56FD\u3001\u305D\u3057\u30661569\u5E74\u306B\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u4E21\u8005\u306E\u9023\u5408\u4F53\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u30FB\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u56FD\u738B\u306B\u6B21\u3050\u6700\u9AD8\u8ECD\u53F8\u4EE4\u5B98\u306E\u8077\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F1505\u5E74\u306B\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u56FD\u3067\u5275\u8A2D\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F1581\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u306F\u6226\u6642\u306E\u307F\u8ECD\u53F8\u4EE4\u5B98\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u306F\u7D42\u8EAB\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u30021585\u5E74\u4EE5\u5F8C\u3001\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F\u305D\u308C\u3092\u5E2F\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308B\u8005\u306E\u56FD\u5BB6\u53CD\u9006\u884C\u70BA\u304C\u8A3C\u660E\u3055\u308C\u306A\u3044\u9650\u308A\u3001\u5265\u596A\u3055\u308C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304C\u53D6\u308A\u6C7A\u3081\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . "\u0413\u0435\u0301\u0442\u043C\u0430\u043D \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u2014 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0446\u043E \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0435\u0439."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0435\u0301\u0442\u043C\u0430\u043D \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u2014 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0446\u043E \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0435\u0439."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . "Grande atamano di Lituania"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "25241"^^ . . . . "Hetman van het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest"@nl . . . . . . . . . . "De hetman van het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest was de hoogste militaire officier, naast de koning, van het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest."@nl . . . . . . "1112168305"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0435\u0442\u043C\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0420\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439"@ru . . . . . . . . "\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3068\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u306E\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u4E00\u89A7"@ja . "Hetmans of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth"@en . . . . . "Il Grande atamano (Hetman Wielki in lingua polacca, letteralmente \"Capo Supremo\") era il pi\u00F9 elevato grado militare nelle forze armate della Confederazione polacco-lituana. Il titolo ebbe origine nel 1505 nel Granducato di Lituania per indicare il capo militare (\"atamano\", italianizzazione di hetman) designato dal granduca quale comandante supremo di una specifica campagna militare: cio\u00E8 l'atamano che avrebbe dovuto comandare su tutti gli atamani le cui truppe componevano l'esercito lituano secondo il modello della leva feudale. Quando la Lituania si confeder\u00F2 al Regno di Polonia tramite l'Unione di Lublino (4 luglio 1569), la pratica di designare specificatamente un comandante unico per il grande esercito confederato durante i conflitti divenne la prassi. La carica di grande atamano diven"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hetmans of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury."@en . . . . . . . . "Hetmans du royaume de Pologne et du grand-duch\u00E9 de Lituanie"@fr . . . . . . . "\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3068\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u306E\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u4E00\u89A7\u306F\u3001\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u56FD\uFF08\u738B\u51A0\u9818\uFF09\u3068\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u5927\u516C\u56FD\u3001\u305D\u3057\u30661569\u5E74\u306B\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u4E21\u8005\u306E\u9023\u5408\u4F53\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u30FB\u30EA\u30C8\u30A2\u30CB\u30A2\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u56FD\u738B\u306B\u6B21\u3050\u6700\u9AD8\u8ECD\u53F8\u4EE4\u5B98\u306E\u8077\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F1505\u5E74\u306B\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u56FD\u3067\u5275\u8A2D\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F1581\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u306F\u6226\u6642\u306E\u307F\u8ECD\u53F8\u4EE4\u5B98\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u306F\u7D42\u8EAB\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u30021585\u5E74\u4EE5\u5F8C\u3001\u30D8\u30C8\u30DE\u30F3\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u306F\u305D\u308C\u3092\u5E2F\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308B\u8005\u306E\u56FD\u5BB6\u53CD\u9006\u884C\u70BA\u304C\u8A3C\u660E\u3055\u308C\u306A\u3044\u9650\u308A\u3001\u5265\u596A\u3055\u308C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304C\u53D6\u308A\u6C7A\u3081\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . "Les hetmans du royaume de Pologne ou hetmans de la Couronne (hetmani koronni) et les hetmans du grand-duch\u00E9 de Lituanie (hetmani litewscy) sont les responsables militaires les plus haut plac\u00E9s de la R\u00E9publique des Deux Nations. Ils ne sont pas r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9s par le tr\u00E9sor royal."@fr . "Les hetmans du royaume de Pologne ou hetmans de la Couronne (hetmani koronni) et les hetmans du grand-duch\u00E9 de Lituanie (hetmani litewscy) sont les responsables militaires les plus haut plac\u00E9s de la R\u00E9publique des Deux Nations. Ils ne sont pas r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9s par le tr\u00E9sor royal."@fr . . . . "1278655"^^ . . . "De hetman van het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest was de hoogste militaire officier, naast de koning, van het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .