. . "A trout"@en . . . . . . . . "Os primeiros registros escritos conhecidos da hist\u00F3ria da China datam de 1250 a.C., da dinastia Shang. Textos hist\u00F3ricos antigos como os Registros do Grande Historiador (c. 100 a.C.) e os Anais do Bambu (296 a.C.) descrevem uma dinastia Xia (c. 2070\u20131600 a.C.) antes dos Shang, mas nenhuma escrita \u00E9 conhecida do per\u00EDodo, e os escritos de Shang n\u00E3o indicam a exist\u00EAncia do dinastia Xia. Documentos que datam do s\u00E9culo XVI a.C. em diante e que demonstram que aquele pa\u00EDs \u00E9 uma das civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es mais antigas do mundo com exist\u00EAncia cont\u00EDnua. Os estudiosos entendem que a civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o chinesa surgiu em cidades-Estado no vale do rio Amarelo. O ano 221 a.C. costuma ser referido como o momento em que a China foi unificada na forma de um grande reino ou imp\u00E9rio, apesar de j\u00E1 haver v\u00E1rios estados e dinast"@pt . "Flower Theatre, a Qing period guildhall."@en . . "Northern and Southern dynasties"@en . "Qin empire 210 BCE.jpg"@en . . "\u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0447\u0443\u0454 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 5000 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . "Geschichte Chinas"@de . . . "Bombing of Chongqing in 1940"@en . . . . . . . . "center"@en . . . . "Xinye, a village noted for its well-preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "China geh\u00F6rt zu den \u00E4ltesten Zivilisationen und Hochkulturen der Menschheit. Als Tr\u00E4ger dieser Kultur und dominierende Volksgruppe haben sich in der Geschichte Chinas (chinesisch \u4E2D\u570B\u6B77\u53F2 / \u4E2D\u56FD\u5386\u53F2, Pinyin Zh\u014Dnggu\u00F3 L\u00ECsh\u01D0) die Han-Chinesen etabliert. F\u00FCr eine schematische zeitliche \u00DCbersicht siehe: Zeittafel der chinesischen Geschichte."@de . . . . . . . "Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty by Li Song.jpg"@en . . . "L'histoire de la Chine commence peu apr\u00E8s l'invention de l'\u00E9criture, soit vers 1 300 avant J.-C., avec l'\u00E9mergence des premi\u00E8res cit\u00E9s. Les \u00E9crits sont d'abord rares et ne se r\u00E9pandent qu'au cours du Ier mill\u00E9naire av. J.-C. La civilisation chinoise s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e au fil des si\u00E8cles, en passant progressivement de rites ancestraux de type chamanique au tao\u00EFsme et au bouddhisme, tout en int\u00E9grant la philosophie confuc\u00E9enne. L'\u00E9criture chinoise non phon\u00E9tique, partag\u00E9e par des langues diverses qui utilisent les m\u00EAmes signes en les pronon\u00E7ant diff\u00E9remment, a permis de cr\u00E9er une intercompr\u00E9hension \u00E9crite entre locuteurs instruits parlant diff\u00E9rentes langues. Lorsque la Chine fut conquise \u00E0 plusieurs reprises par des tribus nomades venues du Nord ou de l'Ouest, comme les Mongols au XIIIe si\u00E8cl"@fr . . . "Historia Chin \u2013 historia Chin od czas\u00F3w najdawniejszych a\u017C do dnia dzisiejszego."@pl . . . . "\u9890\u548C\u56ED\u4E07\u5BFF\u5C71\u4F5B\u9999\u9601.jpg"@en . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F"@ru . . . . . . . "Butterfly-shaped ivory vessel with the pattern of two birds facing the sun in Zhejiang Museum.JPG"@en . . "\u664B\u57CE\u7687\u57CE\u76F8\u5E9C - panoramio .jpg"@en . "\u6CB3\u5357 \u6D1B\u9633 \u9F99\u95E8\u77F3\u7A9F - panoramio.jpg"@en . . "Txinako historia milaka urtez okupatua izan den lurralde batean garatzen da. Txina munduko zibilizaziorik zaharrenetakoa da, eta, batasunik gabeko epeak izan arren, egungo estatua K.a. 221 sortutako inperioaren ondorengo zuzena da. Txinako zibilizazioaren oinarriak Qin dinastian daude. Izan ere, K.a. III. mendean idazteko sistema bera eratu zen, eta hurrengo menderako, konfuzianismo iparra zuen estatu-ideologia garatu zen. Gainera, Txinako kultura inbatzaile atzerritarrek ekarritakoak ere osatzen du. Asiako alde ezberdinetako etorkinen olatuak jatorrizko txinatarrekin integratu eta nahastu ziren."@eu . 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"Great wall of qi 2008 07 14.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "9620100911"^^ . "Tang Dynasty in 669 AD"@en . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uAC10\uC740\uC0AC\uC9C0 \uB3D9\uC0BC\uCE35\uC11D\uD0D1 \uC0AC\uB9AC\uC7A5\uC5C4\uAD6C 02.jpg"@en . "A military attire of the Qianlong Emperor"@en . "City wall of Xi'an, a UNESCO World Heritage Site built during the early Ming dynasty"@en . . "T\u00E1 an tS\u00EDn ar cheann desna sibhialtachta\u00ED is \u00E1rsa ar domhan. T\u00E9ann taifid scr\u00EDte de stair na S\u00EDne chomh fada siar le 1500 RCh, le linn R\u00EDshliocht Shang (c. 1600 \u2013 1046 RC). D\u00E9anann t\u00E9acsanna stairi\u00FAla \u00E1rsa de chuid na S\u00EDne, cos\u00FAil le Taifid an Stara\u00ED Mh\u00F3ir (c. 100 RCh) agus na hAnn\u00E1la Bamb\u00FA, tagairt ar r\u00EDshliocht ar a dtugaid R\u00EDshliocht Xia (c. 2070 \u2013 1600 RCh), r\u00EDshliocht a bh\u00ED ann roimh R\u00EDshliocht Shang ach a bh\u00ED gan ch\u00F3ras scr\u00EDbhneoireachta ar mhe\u00E1n marthanach. Deirtear gurbh \u00ED an Huang He (Gaeilge: \u2018An Abhainn Bhu\u00ED\u2019) tobar shibhialtacht na S\u00EDne, c\u00E9 gur th\u00E1inig cult\u00FAir \u00E9ags\u00FAla chun cinn le linn na tr\u00E9imhse Neoilit\u00ED in \u00E1iteanna \u00E9ags\u00FAla feadh ghleann na hAbhann Bu\u00ED agus na Chang Jiang (Gaeilge: \u2018An Abhainn Fhada\u2019) araon. Is ceann amh\u00E1in de na h\u00E1iteanna ar a dtugtar tobair na sibhialtachta an tS\u00EDn. Forbra\u00EDodh cult\u00FAr, litr\u00EDocht agus feals\u00FAnacht na S\u00EDne le linn R\u00EDshliocht Zhou (1046 \u2013 256 RCh). Do thr\u00E1igh neart an r\u00EDshleachta san 8\u00FA gc\u00E9ad RCh, \u00E1fach, de thoradh br\u00FAnna a th\u00E1inig \u00F3n dtaobh amuigh agus \u00F3n dtaobh istigh. I ndeireadh thiar thall do thit R\u00EDshliocht Zhou as a ch\u00E9ile agus do th\u00E1inig neart st\u00E1t beag ina \u00E1it. Ba le linn Thr\u00E9imhse na nEarrach agus na bhF\u00F3mhar a thosnaigh an cliseadh sin agus do bh\u00ED s\u00E9 ag a bhuaicphointe le linn Thr\u00E9imhse Choga\u00ED na St\u00E1t. Ba Thr\u00E9imhse Choga\u00ED na St\u00E1t ceann amh\u00E1in de na tr\u00E9imhs\u00ED i gcaitheamh stair na S\u00EDne inar theip ar an gc\u00F3ras st\u00E1it \u2013 is \u00E9 Cogadh Cathartha na S\u00EDne, a thosnaigh sa bhliain 1927, an tr\u00E9imhse is d\u00E9ana\u00ED d\u00E1 leith\u00E9id. Idir r\u00E9anna nuair a bh\u00EDodh r\u00EDochta\u00ED iomad\u00FAla i gcumhacht agus r\u00E9anna eile nuair a bh\u00EDodh taoisigh chogaidh i gcumhacht, do bh\u00EDodh r\u00EDshleachta S\u00EDneacha i gceannas ar an S\u00EDn ina hioml\u00E1n n\u00F3 ar chodanna di \u2013 do bh\u00EDodh tr\u00E9imhs\u00ED stairi\u00FAla ann, leis, ina raibh an tS\u00EDn i gceannas ar an r\u00E9igi\u00FAn ar a dtugtar Xinjiang (Gaeilge: \u2018Na Tiarnais Nua\u2019) agus ar an dTib\u00E9id, rud at\u00E1 f\u00EDor f\u00E9 l\u00E1thair mar shampla. Ba sa bhliain 221 RCh a d\u2019\u00E9irigh le fear darb ainm Qin Shi Huang na st\u00E1it bheaga a bh\u00EDodh i gcoimhlint le ch\u00E9ile a aont\u00FA. \u00D3 tharla go raibh seisean i gceannas na t\u00EDre go l\u00E9ir, do chruthaigh Qin Shi Huang teideal nua d\u00F3 f\u00E9in: Huangdi (Gaeilge: \u2018Impire\u2019). Ba \u00E9 Qin Shi Huang an ch\u00E9ad Impire de chuid R\u00EDshliocht Qin agus dob eisean a chuir t\u00FAs leis an R\u00E9 Impiri\u00FAil de stair na S\u00EDne. Do shaothraigh na r\u00EDshleachta a th\u00E1inig i ndiaidh R\u00EDshleachta Qin c\u00F3rais mhaorlathacha a chuireadh ar chumas Impire na S\u00EDne a \u00FAdar\u00E1s a chur i bhfeidhm caol d\u00EDreach ar fud na gcr\u00EDocha ollmh\u00F3ra a bh\u00ED faoina smacht. Ba \u00E9 R\u00EDshliocht Qing (1644 \u2013 1912) \u2013 n\u00F3 R\u00EDshliocht Manchu, mar a thugtar air leis \u2013 an r\u00EDshliocht deireanach a bh\u00ED i gceannas ar an S\u00EDn. Th\u00E1inig Poblacht na S\u00EDne i gcumhacht sa bhliain 1912 ach do ch\u00FAlaigh rialtas na Poblachta siar chuig oile\u00E1n na T\u00E9av\u00E1ine sa bhliain 1949, bliain inar th\u00E1inig na Cumannaithe i gcumhacht ar mh\u00F3rth\u00EDr na S\u00EDne agus inar mbuna\u00EDodar Daon-Phoblacht na S\u00EDne. Is iad na Maorlathaithe l\u00E9annta, n\u00F3 na Scol\u00E1ir\u00ED maorlathacha (S\u00EDnis: \u58EB\u5927\u592B ; pinyin: sh\u00EC d\u00E0f\u016B), a bh\u00EDodh ag pl\u00E9 le gn\u00E1th-ch\u00FArama\u00ED riarach\u00E1in ar feadh na tr\u00E9imhse fada \u00F3n mbliain 206 RCh go dt\u00ED AD 1912. Bhaint\u00ED \u00FAs\u00E1id as ch\u00F3ras scr\u00FAduithe deacra chun fir \u00F3ga chumasacha a roghn\u00FA chun bheith ina Maorlathaithe l\u00E9annta, agus do bh\u00EDd\u00EDs an-eolach ar an gcallagrafa\u00EDocht agus ar an bhfeals\u00FAnacht d\u00E1 bharr. Is \u00E9 an gn\u00E1th-dhearcadh at\u00E1 ag daoine ar stair na S\u00EDne n\u00E1 go n-athra\u00EDonn s\u00ED \u00F3 thr\u00E9imhs\u00ED d\u2019aontacht pholaiti\u00FAil go tr\u00E9imhs\u00ED gan aontacht pholaiti\u00FAil, agus go mb\u00EDonn tr\u00E9imhs\u00ED ann ina bhfuil an tS\u00EDn f\u00E9 cheannas mhuintir na steipe. Is \u00E9 a tharla\u00EDodh sa deireadh, \u00E1fach, n\u00E1 go nglacadh na strains\u00E9ir\u00ED sin le gn\u00E1sanna agus n\u00F3sanna mhuintir na S\u00EDne. T\u00E1 tionchair pholaiti\u00FAla agus chult\u00FArtha ina ndl\u00FAthchuid de chult\u00FAr na S\u00EDne sa l\u00E1 at\u00E1 inniu ann. Tagann na tionchair sin \u00F3 \u00E1iteanna eile na h\u00C1ise agus \u00F3n Iarthar de thoradh babhta\u00ED inimirce, comhshamhlaithe chult\u00FArtha agus teagmh\u00E1la leis an ndomhan m\u00F3r."@ga . . . . . "The Dunhuang map is to date the world's oldest complete preserved star atlas."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Histoire de la Chine"@fr . "The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site."@en . . . . "Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg"@en . . . . . "Coins of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"@en . . 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"Jin, Southern Song, and Western Xia in China."@en . "400"^^ . . "Hemudu Site Museum, 2017-08-12 36.jpg"@en . . . . . . . "Geschiedenis van China"@nl . "Yixian Hongcun"@en . . "Neolithic"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\uC911\uAD6D\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . "Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sui dynasty"@en . . . . . . . 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\uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uB9CE\uC740 \uC911\uAD6D\uC778 \uAC00\uB09C\uD55C \uB18D\uBBFC, \uC18C\uC791\uB18D \uACC4\uAE09\uB4E4\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB41C \uC911\uAD6D\uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9\uC740 \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uC601\uD5A5 \uC544\uB798\uC5D0\uC11C \uD798\uC744 \uD0A4\uC6E0\uACE0 \uADF8 \uD6C4 \uC911\uC77C \uC804\uC7C1 \uC911\uC5D0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uC138\uB825 \uC544\uB798\uC5D0 \uC788\uB358 \uAD70\uBC8C\uB4E4\uC744 \uACAC\uC81C\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD558\uC5EC \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uC601\uD5A5\uB825 \uC544\uB798\uC5D0\uC11C \uC138\uB825\uC744 \uB298\uB824 \uC628 \uC911\uAD6D\uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9\uC740 \uACC4\uC18D\uB418\uB294 \uC624\uB79C \uB0B4\uC804\uC73C\uB85C \uAD70\uC778\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBC18\uBCF5\uB418\uB358 \uBBFC\uAC04\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC0B4\uC778\uACFC \uAC15\uAC04, \uBC29\uD654\uC5D0 \uC9C0\uCE5C \uC911\uAD6D\uC778\uB4E4\uC758 \uBBFC\uC2EC\uC744 \uC5BB\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1945\uB144\uC5D0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC774 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uD328\uB9DD\uD558\uACE0 \uB098\uC11C \uC911\uAD6D\uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9\uC740 \uC911\uAD6D \uB0B4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB358 \uAD6D\uACF5 \uB0B4\uC804\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2B9\uB9AC\uB97C \uAC70\uB450\uACE0 1949\uB144 10\uC6D4 1\uC77C \uC911\uD654\uC778\uBBFC\uACF5\uD654\uAD6D \uC815\uBD80\uB97C \uC138\uC6E0\uB2E4. \uC911\uD654\uC778\uBBFC\uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB9E4\uB144 10\uC6D4 1\uC77C\uC744 \uAD6D\uACBD\uC808\uB85C \uC815\uD558\uACE0 \uC774\uB97C \uAE30\uB150\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "500"^^ . "The Ayuwang Stupa in northern Shanxi, China."@en . . . . . . "5760"^^ . . "Hanging Monastery, a temple with the combination of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism."@en . . "A Qing period geomantic compass"@en . . . . . . . . . "Pilgrim flask, porcelain with underglaze blue and iron-red decoration."@en . "Porcelain Tower, from An embassy from the East-India Company by Johan Nieuhof . It was first discovered by the Western world when travelers like Johan Nieuhof visited it, sometimes listing it as one of the Seven Wonders of the World."@en . . . . . . . . . . "Liaodi Pagoda, Song dynasty"@en . "Dengfeng Observatory, the first in a series of 27 astronomical observatories built in the early Yuan dynasty."@en . . "City views of Song dynasty from paintings. Clockwise from upper left: A Northern Song Dynasty era Chinese painting of a water-powered mill for grain, with surrounding river transport. The bridge scene from Zhang Zeduan's painting Along the River During Qingming Festival. Chinese boats from Along the River During Qingming Festival. Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty by Li Song."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Southern and Northern Dynasties 440 CE.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Qing dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria de la Xina t\u00E9 m\u00E9s de 4.000 anys de registres escrits i un abundant patrimoni prehist\u00F2ric. \u00C9s, per tant, la hist\u00F2ria d'un dels primers pa\u00EFsos civilitzats. Les dinasties successives van desenvolupar un sistema burocr\u00E0tic for\u00E7a elaborat, que don\u00E0 als pagesos xinesos un avantatge important respecte als n\u00F2mades i als muntanyesos ve\u00EFns. La civilitzaci\u00F3 xinesa va estar refor\u00E7ada pel desenvolupament d'una ideologia nacional basada en el confucianisme i per una llengua escrita comuna que permet\u00E9 lligar les diferents lleng\u00FCes locals, totes molt diferents de l'oral. Quan la Xina va ser conquerida per les tribus n\u00F2mades del Nord, com els mongols al segle xiii, els invasors van adoptar tard o d'hora els costums de la civilitzaci\u00F3 xinesa i van designar xinesos per a la seva administraci\u00F3."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "View of Maijishan hill caves, grottoes and stairways."@en . . . . "Butterfly-shaped ivory vessel with the pattern of two birds facing the sun, Hemudu culture"@en . "Hist\u00F2ria de la Xina"@ca . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E"@uk . . . . . . . . "Kinas historia \u00E4r \u00F6ver 3 000 \u00E5r l\u00E5ng d\u00E5 de \u00E4ldsta skriftliga k\u00E4llorna \u00E4r fr\u00E5n 1200-talet f.Kr. De f\u00F6rsta sp\u00E5ren av en jordbruksbaserad kultur (Yangshaokulturen) dateras till cirka 6000 f.Kr. Runt 3000 f.Kr. hade man g\u00E5tt \u00F6ver till brons\u00E5lder d\u00E4r framf\u00F6rallt Sanxingduikulturen och Longshankulturen b\u00F6r n\u00E4mnas. Dessa kulturer var h\u00F6vdingastyrda stamsamh\u00E4llen, och det var tidigast n\u00E5gon g\u00E5ng runt 2200 f.Kr. som det f\u00F6rsta kungad\u00F6met uppr\u00E4ttades i form av Xiadynastin, en mytologisk dynasti vars existens inte \u00E4r vetenskapligt bevisad."@sv . . . . "The Observatory, Dengfeng, 2015-09-24 08.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "A wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty."@en . "The Pagoda of Tianing Temple, Liao dynasty"@en . . . . . "Putuo Zongcheng Temple.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Yunyan Pagoda in Jiangsu Province of Eastern China."@en . "Snow Plums and Twin Cranes by Bian Jingzhao . Located at the Guangdong Museum."@en . . "Cheui Dynasty 581 CE.png"@en . . . . . . "Xinye"@en . . . . . "Yuan Shikai2.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria da China"@pt . . . . . . . . "left/right/center"@en . . "Kinas historia"@sv . . . . "\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u4E2D\u56FD\u53F2\uFF08\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u3057\uFF09\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9678\u306E\u5730\u57DF\u53F2\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u6F22\u6C11\u65CF\u3092\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306B\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7570\u6C11\u65CF\u3092\u52A0\u3048\u305F\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u9EC4\u6CB3\u6587\u660E\u306F\u53E4\u4EE3\u306E\u4E16\u754C\u56DB\u5927\u6587\u660E\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u306B\u6570\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3001\u307E\u305F\u3001\u9EC4\u6CB3\u6587\u660E\u3088\u308A\u3082\u3055\u3089\u306B\u3055\u304B\u306E\u307C\u308B\u9577\u6C5F\u6587\u660E\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u305F\u3002\u4EE5\u964D\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u307E\u3067\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u8A18\u3059\u3002 \u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u653F\u6CBB\u7684\u7D71\u4E00\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5E73\u548C\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u3068\u3001\u56FD\u5BB6\u5D29\u58CA\u304A\u3088\u3073\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u304C\u4EA4\u4E92\u306B\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u6700\u8FD1\u306E\u3082\u306E\u306F\u56FD\u5171\u5185\u6226\uFF081927\u5E74\u20131949\u5E74\uFF09\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3068\u304D\u304A\u308A\u4E2D\u56FD\u306F\u904A\u7267\u6C11\u306B\u3088\u308B\u652F\u914D\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u3001\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u305D\u306E\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306F\u6F22\u6C11\u65CF\u306E\u6587\u5316\u306B\u540C\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306E\u738B\u671D\u3068\u6226\u56FD\u6B66\u5C06\u304C\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4E2D\u83EF\u738B\u671D\u306F\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9678\u306E\u4E00\u90E8\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5168\u90E8\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3057\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002\u3044\u304F\u3064\u304B\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u306F\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u652F\u914D\u306F\u6771\u30C8\u30EB\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u3068\u30C1\u30D9\u30C3\u30C8\u306B\u307E\u3067\u53CA\u3093\u3060\u3002 \u6B74\u4EE3\u306E\u738B\u671D\u306F\u3001\u7687\u5E1D\u304C\u5E83\u5927\u306A\u9818\u571F\u3092\u76F4\u63A5\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53EF\u80FD\u306B\u3059\u308B\u5B98\u50DA\u5236\u5EA6\u3092\u767A\u5C55\u3055\u305B\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002\u7D00\u5143\u524D206\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u897F\u66A61912\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u65E5\u5E38\u7684\u306A\u7D71\u6CBB\u696D\u52D9\u306F\u58EB\u5927\u592B\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u7279\u5225\u306A\u30A8\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u51E6\u7406\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5B98\u50DA\u306F\u79D1\u6319\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u614E\u91CD\u306B\u9078\u8003\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u738B\u671D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u6E05\u306F\u30011912\u5E74\u306E\u4E2D\u83EF\u6C11\u56FD\u5EFA\u56FD\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6EC5\u4EA1\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . "Miaoyingsi baita.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u6D1B\u9633\u9F99\u95E8\u77F3\u7A9F\uFF0CLuo Yang Dragon Gate Grottoes - panoramio .jpg"@en . . . . . "La historia de China, una de las civilizaciones m\u00E1s antiguas del mundo con continuidad hasta la actualidad, tiene sus or\u00EDgenes en la cuenca del r\u00EDo Amarillo donde surgieron las primeras dinast\u00EDas Xia, Shang y Zhou.\u200B La existencia de documentos escritos hace cerca de 3500 a\u00F1os ha permitido el desarrollo en China de una tradici\u00F3n historiogr\u00E1fica muy precisa, que ofrece una narraci\u00F3n continua desde las primeras dinast\u00EDas hasta la Edad Contempor\u00E1nea. La cultura china, seg\u00FAn el mito, se inaugura con los tres emperadores originarios: Fuxi, Shennong y finalmente el Emperador amarillo Huang, este \u00FAltimo considerado como el verdadero creador de la cultura china. Sin embargo, no existen registros hist\u00F3ricos que demuestren la existencia real de estas personalidades, las que de acuerdo con la transmis"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing wood plate, 1287 AD."@en . . . "Storia della Cina"@it . . . . . "Stair na S\u00EDne"@ga . . "Fenghuang County, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles."@en . "Gu Hongzhong 15.jpg"@en . "left"@en . . "China geh\u00F6rt zu den \u00E4ltesten Zivilisationen und Hochkulturen der Menschheit. Als Tr\u00E4ger dieser Kultur und dominierende Volksgruppe haben sich in der Geschichte Chinas (chinesisch \u4E2D\u570B\u6B77\u53F2 / \u4E2D\u56FD\u5386\u53F2, Pinyin Zh\u014Dnggu\u00F3 L\u00ECsh\u01D0) die Han-Chinesen etabliert. Schriftliche Aufzeichnungen \u00FCber die chinesische Kultur reichen \u00FCber 3500 Jahre zur\u00FCck. Im Mythos geht sie urspr\u00FCnglich auf die drei Urkaiser zur\u00FCck: Fuxi, Shennong und schlie\u00DFlich den Gelben Kaiser Huang Di als eigentlichen Kultursch\u00F6pfer \u2013 ihnen voran gingen 16 irdische und eine Reihe himmlischer Kaiser. Historische Belege f\u00FCr die Existenz dieser Pers\u00F6nlichkeiten gibt es allerdings keine, sie sollen laut \u00DCberlieferung vor 5000 bis 6000 Jahren gelebt haben. F\u00FCr eine schematische zeitliche \u00DCbersicht siehe: Zeittafel der chinesischen Geschichte."@de . "Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 947 AD"@en . . . "MilitaryCostumeEmperorKienLong1736-1796.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Pagoda of Chongjue Temple, dated to the Song dynasty. The onion-shaped S\u014Drin was a Ming dynasty addition."@en . . . . . "Zhao guan Tower 2011-10.JPG"@en . . . . "Dongyang Luzhai 2015.05.24 15-53-48.jpg"@en . "Yuan period firearm with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era . Yuan Dynasty . Discovered at the Yunju Temple, Fangshan, Beijing, 1935."@en . . "Tang dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "China qing blue.JPG"@en . . . . . . . . "People's Republic of China Beijing Tianningsi Tianing Temple David McBride Photography-0045 02.jpg"@en . . . "Chinese Geomantic Compass c. 1760, National Maritime Museum.JPG"@en . . . . "Bone Arrowheads, Jiahu site.jpg"@en . . . "Left image: Western-Han painted ceramic jar decorated with raised reliefs of dragons, phoenixes, and taotie"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "1124025086"^^ . . . . . . . . "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"@en . . "Terracotta Army-China2.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . "95"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u4E2D\u56FD\u53F2\uFF08\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u3057\uFF09\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9678\u306E\u5730\u57DF\u53F2\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u6F22\u6C11\u65CF\u3092\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306B\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7570\u6C11\u65CF\u3092\u52A0\u3048\u305F\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u9EC4\u6CB3\u6587\u660E\u306F\u53E4\u4EE3\u306E\u4E16\u754C\u56DB\u5927\u6587\u660E\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u306B\u6570\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3001\u307E\u305F\u3001\u9EC4\u6CB3\u6587\u660E\u3088\u308A\u3082\u3055\u3089\u306B\u3055\u304B\u306E\u307C\u308B\u9577\u6C5F\u6587\u660E\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u305F\u3002\u4EE5\u964D\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u307E\u3067\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u8A18\u3059\u3002 \u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u653F\u6CBB\u7684\u7D71\u4E00\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5E73\u548C\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u3068\u3001\u56FD\u5BB6\u5D29\u58CA\u304A\u3088\u3073\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u304C\u4EA4\u4E92\u306B\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u6700\u8FD1\u306E\u3082\u306E\u306F\u56FD\u5171\u5185\u6226\uFF081927\u5E74\u20131949\u5E74\uFF09\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3068\u304D\u304A\u308A\u4E2D\u56FD\u306F\u904A\u7267\u6C11\u306B\u3088\u308B\u652F\u914D\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u3001\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u305D\u306E\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306F\u6F22\u6C11\u65CF\u306E\u6587\u5316\u306B\u540C\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306E\u738B\u671D\u3068\u6226\u56FD\u6B66\u5C06\u304C\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4E2D\u83EF\u738B\u671D\u306F\u4E2D\u56FD\u5927\u9678\u306E\u4E00\u90E8\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5168\u90E8\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3057\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002\u3044\u304F\u3064\u304B\u306E\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u306F\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u652F\u914D\u306F\u6771\u30C8\u30EB\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u3068\u30C1\u30D9\u30C3\u30C8\u306B\u307E\u3067\u53CA\u3093\u3060\u3002 \u6B74\u4EE3\u306E\u738B\u671D\u306F\u3001\u7687\u5E1D\u304C\u5E83\u5927\u306A\u9818\u571F\u3092\u76F4\u63A5\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53EF\u80FD\u306B\u3059\u308B\u5B98\u50DA\u5236\u5EA6\u3092\u767A\u5C55\u3055\u305B\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002\u7D00\u5143\u524D206\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u897F\u66A61912\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u65E5\u5E38\u7684\u306A\u7D71\u6CBB\u696D\u52D9\u306F\u58EB\u5927\u592B\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u7279\u5225\u306A\u30A8\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u51E6\u7406\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5B98\u50DA\u306F\u79D1\u6319\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u614E\u91CD\u306B\u9078\u8003\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u738B\u671D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u6E05\u306F\u30011912\u5E74\u306E\u4E2D\u83EF\u6C11\u56FD\u5EFA\u56FD\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6EC5\u4EA1\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . "100"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "vertical"@en . . . . . . "Sejarah Tiongkok adalah salah satu sejarah kebudayaan tertua di dunia. Dari penemuan arkeologi dan antropologi, daerah Tiongkok telah didiami oleh manusia purba sejak 1,7 juta tahun yang lalu. Peradaban Tiongkok berawal dari berbagai negara kota di sepanjang lembah Sungai Kuning pada zaman Neolitikum. Sejarah tertulis Tiongkok dimulai sejak Dinasti Shang (k. 1750-1045 SM). Cangkang kura-kura dengan aksara Tionghoa kuno yang berasal dari Dinasti Shang memiliki penanggalan radiokarbon hingga 1500 SM. Budaya, sastra, dan filsafat Tiongkok berkembang pada zaman Dinasti Zhou (1066-221 SM) yang melanjutkan Dinasti Shang. Dinasti ini merupakan dinasti yang paling lama berkuasa dan pada zaman dinasti inilah aksara Tionghoa modern mulai berkembang. Dinasti Zhou terpecah menjadi beberapa negara kota, yang menciptakan Periode Negara Perang. Pada tahun 221 SM, Qin Shi Huang menyatukan berbagai kerajaan ini dan mendirikan kekaisaran pertama Tiongkok. Pergantian dinasti dalam sejarah Tiongkok telah mengembangkan suatu sistem birokrasi yang memungkinkan Kaisar Tiongkok memiliki kendali langsung terhadap wilayah yang luas. Pandangan konvensional terhadap sejarah Tiongkok adalah bahwa Tiongkok merupakan suatu negara yang mengalami pergantian antara periode persatuan dan perpecahan politis yang kadang-kadang dikuasai oleh suku bangsa asing (non-Han), yang sebagian besar terasimiliasi ke dalam populasi Suku Han. Pengaruh budaya dan politik dari berbagai wilayah di Asia, yang dibawa oleh gelombang imigrasi, ekspansi, dan asimilasi yang bergantian, menyatu untuk membentuk budaya Tiongkok modern."@in . "La historia de China, una de las civilizaciones m\u00E1s antiguas del mundo con continuidad hasta la actualidad, tiene sus or\u00EDgenes en la cuenca del r\u00EDo Amarillo donde surgieron las primeras dinast\u00EDas Xia, Shang y Zhou.\u200B La existencia de documentos escritos hace cerca de 3500 a\u00F1os ha permitido el desarrollo en China de una tradici\u00F3n historiogr\u00E1fica muy precisa, que ofrece una narraci\u00F3n continua desde las primeras dinast\u00EDas hasta la Edad Contempor\u00E1nea. La cultura china, seg\u00FAn el mito, se inaugura con los tres emperadores originarios: Fuxi, Shennong y finalmente el Emperador amarillo Huang, este \u00FAltimo considerado como el verdadero creador de la cultura china. Sin embargo, no existen registros hist\u00F3ricos que demuestren la existencia real de estas personalidades, las que de acuerdo con la transmisi\u00F3n oral de generaci\u00F3n en generaci\u00F3n, habr\u00EDan vivido hace unos 5000 a 6000 a\u00F1os.\u200B La enorme extensi\u00F3n geogr\u00E1fica del estado actual de la Rep\u00FAblica Popular China hace que la historia de todo este territorio abarque, en sentido amplio, a un gran n\u00FAmero de pueblos y civilizaciones. Sin embargo, la cronolog\u00EDa tradicional de la historia china se centra, en un sentido m\u00E1s restringido, en el grupo \u00E9tnico de los chinos, y est\u00E1 \u00EDntimamente asociada a la evoluci\u00F3n de la lengua china y su sistema de escritura basado en los ideogramas. Esta continuidad cultural y ling\u00FC\u00EDstica es la que permite establecer una l\u00EDnea expositiva de la historia de la civilizaci\u00F3n china, que, tanto desde los textos m\u00E1s antiguos del I milenio a. C., como desde los cl\u00E1sicos confucianos, pasando por las grandes historias din\u00E1sticas promovidas por los emperadores, ha continuado hasta el presente. Los descubrimientos arqueol\u00F3gicos del siglo XX, muy en especial los de los huesos oraculares, que recogen las primeras manifestaciones escritas en lengua china, han contribuido en las \u00FAltimas d\u00E9cadas a un conocimiento m\u00E1s detallado de los or\u00EDgenes de la civilizaci\u00F3n china.\u200B La narraci\u00F3n tradicional china de la historia se basa en el llamado ciclo din\u00E1stico, mediante el cual los acontecimientos hist\u00F3ricos se explican como el resultado de sucesivas dinast\u00EDas de reyes y emperadores que pasan por etapas alternas de auge y declive. Este modelo del ciclo din\u00E1stico ha sido criticado por muchos autores\u200B por dos razones fundamentales: En primer lugar, por su simplismo, ya que el modelo adopta un patr\u00F3n recurrente seg\u00FAn el cual los primeros emperadores son heroicos y virtuosos, mientras que los \u00FAltimos son d\u00E9biles y corruptos. Esta visi\u00F3n est\u00E1 sin duda influida por la interpretaci\u00F3n de las propias dinast\u00EDas reinantes, las cuales encontraban en la degradaci\u00F3n de la dinast\u00EDa precedente una legitimaci\u00F3n de su propio ascenso al poder. En segundo lugar, el modelo din\u00E1stico ha sido tambi\u00E9n criticado por presentar una visi\u00F3n nacionalista artificial, pues lo que en una interpretaci\u00F3n alternativa podr\u00EDa verse como una sucesi\u00F3n de diferentes estados y civilizaciones en un mismo territorio, aparece como una mera alternancia de reg\u00EDmenes de gobierno en el marco imperturbable de una entidad nacional \u00FAnica. A pesar de estas cr\u00EDticas, el modelo del ciclo din\u00E1stico permite ver los acontecimientos hist\u00F3ricos que han llevado a la formaci\u00F3n de la China actual como una estructura lineal de f\u00E1cil comprensi\u00F3n, lo cual ha mantenido su vigencia entre los historiadores hasta la actualidad. Otra raz\u00F3n principal por la que el estudio de las dinast\u00EDas y sus emperadores ha sido fundamental entre los chinos en el an\u00E1lisis de su propia historia es el sistema tradicional de dataci\u00F3n de fechas, seg\u00FAn el cual cada emperador establec\u00EDa sus periodos de reinado como marco para contabilizar los a\u00F1os. As\u00ED, el a\u00F1o cristiano de 1700 se corresponde seg\u00FAn el sistema tradicional chino con el a\u00F1o 38 de la era Kangxi, mientras que el a\u00F1o 1750 ser\u00EDa el a\u00F1o 15 de la era Qianlong. Incluso hoy en d\u00EDa, en Taiw\u00E1n el a\u00F1o 2017 se designa en contextos formales como a\u00F1o 106 de la Rep\u00FAblica. Este uso de las dinast\u00EDas y sus emperadores para la propia dataci\u00F3n de los a\u00F1os ha hecho imprescindible el dominio de la cronolog\u00EDa din\u00E1stica en la tradici\u00F3n cultural china para adentrarse en el estudio de la historia."@es . . "Historia de China"@es . . . . "120"^^ . . . . "Qin dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Southern and Northern Dynasties, 440 AD"@en . . . "Yang Guang depicted as Emperor Yang of Sui"@en . . . . . . . . "Xinye-9.jpg"@en . "\u56DB\u5DDD\u90FD\u6C5F\u58301.JPG"@en . "Western Jin Dynasty, c. 280 AD"@en . . . . . . . "Qingming Festival 2.jpg"@en . . . . "Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces in Battle of Shanghai 1937.jpg"@en . . "Os primeiros registros escritos conhecidos da hist\u00F3ria da China datam de 1250 a.C., da dinastia Shang. Textos hist\u00F3ricos antigos como os Registros do Grande Historiador (c. 100 a.C.) e os Anais do Bambu (296 a.C.) descrevem uma dinastia Xia (c. 2070\u20131600 a.C.) antes dos Shang, mas nenhuma escrita \u00E9 conhecida do per\u00EDodo, e os escritos de Shang n\u00E3o indicam a exist\u00EAncia do dinastia Xia. Documentos que datam do s\u00E9culo XVI a.C. em diante e que demonstram que aquele pa\u00EDs \u00E9 uma das civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es mais antigas do mundo com exist\u00EAncia cont\u00EDnua. Os estudiosos entendem que a civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o chinesa surgiu em cidades-Estado no vale do rio Amarelo. O ano 221 a.C. costuma ser referido como o momento em que a China foi unificada na forma de um grande reino ou imp\u00E9rio, apesar de j\u00E1 haver v\u00E1rios estados e dinastias antes disso. As dinastias sucessivas desenvolveram sistemas de controle burocr\u00E1tico que permitiriam ao imperador chin\u00EAs administrar o vasto territ\u00F3rio que viria a ser conhecido como a China. A funda\u00E7\u00E3o do que hoje se chama a civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o chinesa \u00E9 marcada pela imposi\u00E7\u00E3o de um sistema de escrita comum, criado pela dinastia Qin no s\u00E9culo III a.C., e pelo desenvolvimento de uma ideologia estatal baseada no confucionismo, no s\u00E9culo II a.C. Politicamente, a China alternou per\u00EDodos de unidade e fragmenta\u00E7\u00E3o, sendo conquistada algumas vezes por pot\u00EAncias externas, algumas das quais terminaram assimiladas pela popula\u00E7\u00E3o chinesa. Influ\u00EAncias culturais e pol\u00EDticas de diversas partes da \u00C1sia, e mais tarde algumas da Europa levadas por ondas sucessivas de imigrantes, fundiram-se para criar a imagem da atual cultura chinesa."@pt . "Yuan dynasty"@en . . . "De geschiedenis van China geeft een overzicht van de historische ontwikkeling van China. China bezit een van de oudste beschavingen ter wereld, met een ononderbroken ontwikkeling van prehistorie tot heden. Zelf spreken de Chinezen graag van '5000 jaar geschiedenis en 7000 jaar cultuur' (wuqian nian de lishi, qiqian nian de wenhua, \u4E94\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u6B77\u53F2\uFF0C\u4E03\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u6587\u5316), waarbij zij hun geschiedenis traditioneel laten beginnen met de Gele Keizer en hun cultuur met Fuxi of met Youchao. De oudste geschreven Chinese historische bronnen, de orakelbotten dateren uit de 13e eeuw v.Chr."@nl . . "Historia Chin"@pl . . . . "\u4F1A\u82B3.jpg"@en . . . "A residential building of Qiao Family Compound, built in the Qing period."@en . . "Hongcun, a village in Yi County in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A donkey"@en . . . . . . . "Txinako historia milaka urtez okupatua izan den lurralde batean garatzen da. Txina munduko zibilizaziorik zaharrenetakoa da, eta, batasunik gabeko epeak izan arren, egungo estatua K.a. 221 sortutako inperioaren ondorengo zuzena da. Txinako zibilizazioaren oinarriak Qin dinastian daude. Izan ere, K.a. III. mendean idazteko sistema bera eratu zen, eta hurrengo menderako, konfuzianismo iparra zuen estatu-ideologia garatu zen. Gainera, Txinako kultura inbatzaile atzerritarrek ekarritakoak ere osatzen du. Asiako alde ezberdinetako etorkinen olatuak jatorrizko txinatarrekin integratu eta nahastu ziren."@eu . . . . . "\u8F5F\u70B8\u91CD\u6176.jpg"@en . . "\u4EE3\u53BF\u963F\u80B2\u738B\u5854.jpg"@en . . . . "Sejarah Tiongkok adalah salah satu sejarah kebudayaan tertua di dunia. Dari penemuan arkeologi dan antropologi, daerah Tiongkok telah didiami oleh manusia purba sejak 1,7 juta tahun yang lalu. Peradaban Tiongkok berawal dari berbagai negara kota di sepanjang lembah Sungai Kuning pada zaman Neolitikum. Sejarah tertulis Tiongkok dimulai sejak Dinasti Shang (k. 1750-1045 SM). Cangkang kura-kura dengan aksara Tionghoa kuno yang berasal dari Dinasti Shang memiliki penanggalan radiokarbon hingga 1500 SM. Budaya, sastra, dan filsafat Tiongkok berkembang pada zaman Dinasti Zhou (1066-221 SM) yang melanjutkan Dinasti Shang. Dinasti ini merupakan dinasti yang paling lama berkuasa dan pada zaman dinasti inilah aksara Tionghoa modern mulai berkembang."@in . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny jsou, v modern\u00EDm pojet\u00ED d\u011Bjin, d\u011Bjinami prav\u011Bk\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDny, \u010C\u00EDny za dob c\u00EDsa\u0159stv\u00ED a \u010C\u00EDny za dob jednotn\u00E9 republiky a\u017E do roku 1949, kdy do\u0161lo k roz\u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED \u00FAzem\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny mezi \u010C\u00EDnskou republiku a \u010C\u00EDnskou lidovou republiku. Tento stav trv\u00E1 dodnes. Prvn\u00ED historicky dolo\u017Eenou \u010D\u00EDnskou dynasti\u00ED je dynastie Sia. Ta byla dlouho pokl\u00E1d\u00E1na za pouhou legendu, dokud nebyly uskute\u010Dn\u011Bny vykop\u00E1vky ze star\u0161\u00ED doby bronzov\u00E9 v lokalit\u011B Er-li-tchou v provincii Che-nan. Od t\u00E9 doby archeologov\u00E9 odkryli hrobky a nalezli bronzov\u00E9 p\u0159edm\u011Bty poukazuj\u00EDc\u00ED na mo\u017Enou existenci dynastie Sia na m\u00EDstech uv\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00FDch starod\u00E1vn\u00FDmi \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FDmi texty. Dal\u0161\u00ED, tentokr\u00E1t u\u017E historicky v\u011Brohodnou dynasti\u00ED, byla dynastie \u0160ang, kter\u00E1 se us\u00EDdlila pod\u00E9l \u017Dlut\u00E9 \u0159eky na v\u00FDchod\u011B \u010C\u00EDny v dob\u011B mezi 18. a 12. stolet\u00EDm p\u0159. n. l. Dynastie byla pot\u00E9 napadena ze z\u00E1padu kmeny \u010Cou, kter\u00E9 pot\u00E9 vl\u00E1dly do 5. stolet\u00ED p\u0159. n. l., ale jejich autorita byla postupn\u011B oslabena. V obdob\u00ED Jar a podzim\u016F (ozna\u010Dov\u00E1no podle Konfuciovy knihy) existovalo mnoho nez\u00E1visl\u00FDch, mezi sebou v\u00E1l\u010D\u00EDc\u00EDch st\u00E1t\u016F, kter\u00E9 se k dynastii hl\u00E1sily pouze jm\u00E9nem. Prvn\u00ED jednotn\u00FD st\u00E1t byl zalo\u017Een dynasti\u00ED \u010Cchin v roce 221 p\u0159. n. l., kdy byl vytvo\u0159en \u00FA\u0159ad c\u00EDsa\u0159e. Jako prvn\u00ED na n\u011Bj dosedl c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u0160'-chuang-ti (v p\u0159ekladu Prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159). Kv\u016Fli legistick\u00E9 filosofii, kter\u00E1 zp\u016Fsobila vzpouru, v\u0161ak dynastie u moci nevydr\u017Eela p\u0159\u00EDli\u0161 dlouho a ji\u017E v roce 206 p\u0159. n. l. se k moci dostala dynastie Chan, kter\u00E1 pot\u00E9 vl\u00E1dla a\u017E do roku 220. Obdob\u00ED vl\u00E1dy dynastie Chan b\u00FDv\u00E1 n\u011Bkdy historiky naz\u00FDv\u00E1no jako st\u0159\u00EDbrn\u00FD v\u011Bk \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FDch d\u011Bjin. Pot\u00E9 za\u010Dala dal\u0161\u00ED \u00E9ra neshod a \u010C\u00EDna byla znovusjednocena a\u017E v roce 580 za vl\u00E1dy dynastie Suej. N\u00E1sledn\u011B \u010C\u00EDna pro\u017Eila zlat\u00FD v\u011Bk za vl\u00E1dy dynasti\u00ED Tchang a Sung. Mezi 7. a 14. stolet\u00EDm byla \u010C\u00EDna jednou z nejvysp\u011Blej\u0161\u00EDch civilizac\u00ED na sv\u011Bt\u011B s rozvinutou kulturou i technologi\u00ED. V roce 1271 napadl zbytky dynastie Sung mongolsk\u00FD v\u016Fdce Kublajch\u00E1n a po v\u00EDt\u011Bzstv\u00ED zalo\u017Eil v roce 1279 dynastii J\u00FCan. Mongolov\u00E9 vydr\u017Eeli na \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9m tr\u016Fn\u011B t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 sto let, a\u017E v roce 1368 dynastii svrhl roln\u00EDk \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang a zalo\u017Eil novou \u010D\u00EDnskou dynastii Ming, kter\u00E1 vl\u00E1dla \u010C\u00EDn\u011B a\u017E do roku 1644. Tehdy Mand\u017Euov\u00E9 ze severu napadli oslabenou \u0159\u00ED\u0161i a vl\u00E1dy se uj\u00EDm\u00E1 mand\u017Eusk\u00E1 dynastie \u010Cching. Jej\u00ED moc nad \u010C\u00EDnou p\u0159etrvala a\u017E do po\u010D\u00E1tku 20. stolet\u00ED, kdy byl sesazen posledn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 monarchie, nezletil\u00FD Pchu-i, a byla zalo\u017Eena republika."@cs . . 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\u03BA\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2, \u03B5\u03C0\u03AD\u03BA\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03BC\u03BF\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2, \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03C1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03BB\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2."@el . "10000"^^ . "Deva King of the East.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . . "YunYanSiPagoda.jpg"@en . "Dongyang Luzhai"@en . . "The Imperial Japanese Navy Special Naval Landing Forces troops in gas masks prepare for an advance in the rubble of Shanghai, China."@en . . . . . . . "Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0789.tif"@en . . . . . . . . . "Da Ming Baochao, a series of banknotes issued by the Ming government."@en . . "1836"^^ . "Gilt silver jar with pattern of dancing horses.jpg"@en . . . . "Ruins of the ancient Great Wall of Qi on the Dafeng Mountain in the Changqing District of Jinan, Shandong province, dated back to the Warring States period"@en . . "Sunyatsen1.jpg"@en . . . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny jsou, v modern\u00EDm pojet\u00ED d\u011Bjin, d\u011Bjinami prav\u011Bk\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDny, \u010C\u00EDny za dob c\u00EDsa\u0159stv\u00ED a \u010C\u00EDny za dob jednotn\u00E9 republiky a\u017E do roku 1949, kdy do\u0161lo k roz\u0161t\u011Bpen\u00ED \u00FAzem\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny mezi \u010C\u00EDnskou republiku a \u010C\u00EDnskou lidovou republiku. Tento stav trv\u00E1 dodnes. Pot\u00E9 za\u010Dala dal\u0161\u00ED \u00E9ra neshod a \u010C\u00EDna byla znovusjednocena a\u017E v roce 580 za vl\u00E1dy dynastie Suej. N\u00E1sledn\u011B \u010C\u00EDna pro\u017Eila zlat\u00FD v\u011Bk za vl\u00E1dy dynasti\u00ED Tchang a Sung. Mezi 7. a 14. stolet\u00EDm byla \u010C\u00EDna jednou z nejvysp\u011Blej\u0161\u00EDch civilizac\u00ED na sv\u011Bt\u011B s rozvinutou kulturou i technologi\u00ED."@cs . . "130"^^ . . . . . . . "The Fengxian cave of the Longmen Grottoes, commissioned by Wu Zetian."@en . . . . "\u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0447\u0443\u0454 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 5000 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . . . . . . "Lin Liang-Eagles.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . "La estas lulilo de la \u0109ina nacio kaj en suda Shanxi-provinco, kie kuni\u011Das la meza kaj malsupra partoj de la Flava Rivero, estis sala lago kun perimetro de 60 km, kiun oni nomis . Proksime de la lago oni malkovris resta\u0135ojn kun historio de 1.8 milionoj da jaroj, 600 mil jaroj kaj 5000-3000 jaroj respektive. La besta osto bruligita anta\u016D 1.8 milionoj da jaroj estas plej frua atesto pri fajrouzado de la homoj. Huangdi estas rigardata kiel prapatro de la \u0109ina nacio. Li estis tribestro en la lasta periodo de la primitiva socio. Legendo diras, ke li gvidis akran batalon kantra\u016D la suda tribo gvidata de . Fine Chiyou estis senkapigita kaj lia sango transformi\u011Dis en salakvon de la lago. Hodia\u016D sude de la lago ankora\u016D estas vila\u011Do kun la nomo Chiyou. La unuan de la kvara monato \u0109iujare la\u016D \u0109iuj v"@eo . . . . . . . "The Dujiangyan, an irrigation project completed in 256 BC during the Warring States period of China by the State of Qin"@en . . . "Fenghuang old town"@en . . . . . . . . "Pottery artifacts from Hemudu culture"@en . . "La estas lulilo de la \u0109ina nacio kaj en suda Shanxi-provinco, kie kuni\u011Das la meza kaj malsupra partoj de la Flava Rivero, estis sala lago kun perimetro de 60 km, kiun oni nomis . Proksime de la lago oni malkovris resta\u0135ojn kun historio de 1.8 milionoj da jaroj, 600 mil jaroj kaj 5000-3000 jaroj respektive. La besta osto bruligita anta\u016D 1.8 milionoj da jaroj estas plej frua atesto pri fajrouzado de la homoj. Huangdi estas rigardata kiel prapatro de la \u0109ina nacio. Li estis tribestro en la lasta periodo de la primitiva socio. Legendo diras, ke li gvidis akran batalon kantra\u016D la suda tribo gvidata de . Fine Chiyou estis senkapigita kaj lia sango transformi\u011Dis en salakvon de la lago. Hodia\u016D sude de la lago ankora\u016D estas vila\u011Do kun la nomo Chiyou. La unuan de la kvara monato \u0109iujare la\u016D \u0109iuj vila\u011Danoj pendigas soforajn frondojn sur sia pardo, dum membroj de aliaj vila\u011Doj pendigas gledi\u0109iajn frondojn anta\u016D sia domo. La kutimo devenis de antikva legendo: Post morto de Chiyou fantomoj tumultis \u0109e la lago kaj estis mortigitaj de iu generalo. Tiam la soldatoj de Chiyou estis kovritaj per soforaj frondoj, dum iliaj rivaloj per ta gledi\u0109iaj. Arkeologoj multe interesi\u011Das pri la ka\u016Dzo de la batalo. Jam de antikve en suda \u0108inio estas varmete kaj abundas pluvo. Tie la tero estas fekunda, riveroj multaj, arboj kaj herboj prosperaj, kaj la naturaj fontoj de man\u011Da\u0135oj multe pli abundaj ol tiuj \u0109e la supre menciita lago, sed kial Chiyou avidis la mezan kaj malsupran basenojn de la Flava Rivero? Pluraj erudiciuloj konjektis, ke li sin trudis norden por rabi salon. Tio kompreneble indignigis \u0109iujn tribojn \u0109irka\u016D la sala lago. Ili do kune batalis kontra\u016D Chiyou, elektinte Huangdi, kiu rajtis disponi je la lago, kiel estron de la alianca armeo. Anka\u016D la posteuloj de Huangdi, nome, Yao, Shun kaj , starigis sian \u0109efurbon en loko distanca de la sala lago je 20-140 km."@eo . . "Sejarah Tiongkok"@in . . "Chinese Gunpowder Formula.JPG"@en . . . . "La storia della Cina e della sua civilt\u00E0 ha origine dai piccoli insediamenti sorti lungo le vallate del Fiume Giallo (che \u00E8 considerato la \"culla della civilt\u00E0 cinese\") e del Fiume Azzurro intorno al 3000 a.C. Le prime informazioni della storia scritta della Cina risalgono alla dinastia Shang (1600-1046 a.C.). Gli ossi oracolari con i primi caratteri cinesi della dinastia Shang sono stati datati attraverso il radiocarbonio al 1250 a.C., servivano a effettuare divinazioni sul futuro e da essi si compiono studi sulla paleografia, filologia dei caratteri e sul cinese antico. La cultura, letteratura e filosofia cinesi iniziarono il loro sviluppo durante la successiva dinastia Zhou (1046-256 a.C.)."@it . . . . . . . "Later Han.png"@en . "180"^^ . "L'histoire de la Chine commence peu apr\u00E8s l'invention de l'\u00E9criture, soit vers 1 300 avant J.-C., avec l'\u00E9mergence des premi\u00E8res cit\u00E9s. Les \u00E9crits sont d'abord rares et ne se r\u00E9pandent qu'au cours du Ier mill\u00E9naire av. J.-C. La civilisation chinoise s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e au fil des si\u00E8cles, en passant progressivement de rites ancestraux de type chamanique au tao\u00EFsme et au bouddhisme, tout en int\u00E9grant la philosophie confuc\u00E9enne. L'\u00E9criture chinoise non phon\u00E9tique, partag\u00E9e par des langues diverses qui utilisent les m\u00EAmes signes en les pronon\u00E7ant diff\u00E9remment, a permis de cr\u00E9er une intercompr\u00E9hension \u00E9crite entre locuteurs instruits parlant diff\u00E9rentes langues. Lorsque la Chine fut conquise \u00E0 plusieurs reprises par des tribus nomades venues du Nord ou de l'Ouest, comme les Mongols au XIIIe si\u00E8cle, les envahisseurs adopt\u00E8rent les coutumes chinoises et utilis\u00E8rent le syst\u00E8me administratif en place pour gouverner \u00E0 leur profit l'empire de Chine."@fr . . . "Hanging Monastery 02.JPG"@en . . . "La hist\u00F2ria de la Xina t\u00E9 m\u00E9s de 4.000 anys de registres escrits i un abundant patrimoni prehist\u00F2ric. \u00C9s, per tant, la hist\u00F2ria d'un dels primers pa\u00EFsos civilitzats. Les dinasties successives van desenvolupar un sistema burocr\u00E0tic for\u00E7a elaborat, que don\u00E0 als pagesos xinesos un avantatge important respecte als n\u00F2mades i als muntanyesos ve\u00EFns. La civilitzaci\u00F3 xinesa va estar refor\u00E7ada pel desenvolupament d'una ideologia nacional basada en el confucianisme i per una llengua escrita comuna que permet\u00E9 lligar les diferents lleng\u00FCes locals, totes molt diferents de l'oral. Quan la Xina va ser conquerida per les tribus n\u00F2mades del Nord, com els mongols al segle xiii, els invasors van adoptar tard o d'hora els costums de la civilitzaci\u00F3 xinesa i van designar xinesos per a la seva administraci\u00F3. La Xina \u00E9s una de les civilitzacions m\u00E9s antigues del m\u00F3n amb continu\u00EFtat fins a l'actualitat; t\u00E9 els seus or\u00EDgens a la conca del riu Groc, on van sorgir les primeres dinasties, Xia i Shang. L'exist\u00E8ncia de documents escrits fa prop de 3.500 anys ha perm\u00E8s el desenvolupament a la Xina d'una tradici\u00F3 historiogr\u00E0fica molt precisa, que ofereix una narraci\u00F3 cont\u00EDnua des de les primeres dinasties fins a l'edat contempor\u00E0nia. La cultura xinesa, segons el mite, s'inaugura amb els tres emperadors originaris: Fu Xi, Shennong i finalment l'emperador Groc, aquest \u00FAltim considerat com el veritable creador de la cultura xinesa. No obstant aix\u00F2, no existeixen registres hist\u00F2rics que demostrin l'exist\u00E8ncia real d'aquestes personalitats, les quals, d'acord amb la transmissi\u00F3 oral de generaci\u00F3 en generaci\u00F3, haurien viscut fa uns 5.000 o 6.000 anys."@ca . . . . "Taierzhuang.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . "Historia Chin \u2013 historia Chin od czas\u00F3w najdawniejszych a\u017C do dnia dzisiejszego."@pl . . "Bronze mirror with painted designs, Western Han.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Eagles by Lin Liang . Located at the National Palace Museum."@en . "Song Dynasty Hydraulic Mill for Grain.JPG"@en . . . "Sui Yangdi Tang.jpg"@en . . . . "131265"^^ . . . . . . . . "Haihui Temple Pagodas, built in the Ming period."@en . . . . . . . "left"@en . . . "\u67CF\u6797\u7985\u5BFA\u820D\u5229\u5854 - panoramio.jpg"@en . "\u0399\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2"@el . . . . "XiAn CityWall DiLou.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Dingzhou Liaodi Pagoda 3.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . "--07-10"^^ . "Bone Arrowheads, Peiligang culture"@en . . . "The Pagoda of Bailin Temple, an octagonal-based brick pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty ."@en . . . "Bronze cannon of 1332.jpg"@en . . . "\u82B1\u620F\u697C \u5C71\u95E8 \u526F\u672C.jpg"@en . . . . . . "XiAn CityWall DiLou"@en . "\u4E2D\u56FD\u5386\u53F2"@zh . . "Fenghuang old town.JPG"@en . . "T\u00E1 an tS\u00EDn ar cheann desna sibhialtachta\u00ED is \u00E1rsa ar domhan. T\u00E9ann taifid scr\u00EDte de stair na S\u00EDne chomh fada siar le 1500 RCh, le linn R\u00EDshliocht Shang (c. 1600 \u2013 1046 RC). D\u00E9anann t\u00E9acsanna stairi\u00FAla \u00E1rsa de chuid na S\u00EDne, cos\u00FAil le Taifid an Stara\u00ED Mh\u00F3ir (c. 100 RCh) agus na hAnn\u00E1la Bamb\u00FA, tagairt ar r\u00EDshliocht ar a dtugaid R\u00EDshliocht Xia (c. 2070 \u2013 1600 RCh), r\u00EDshliocht a bh\u00ED ann roimh R\u00EDshliocht Shang ach a bh\u00ED gan ch\u00F3ras scr\u00EDbhneoireachta ar mhe\u00E1n marthanach."@ga . . . . . . . . . "The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600\u20131046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding, referred to in the records as the twenty-first King of Shang. Ancient historical texts such as the Book of Documents (early chapters, 11th century BC), the Bamboo Annals (c. 296 BC) and the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 91 BC) describe a Xia dynasty before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is among the world's oldest civilizations and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. The Zhou dynasty (1046\u2013256 BC) supplanted the Shang, and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and fought with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times. It was during this period that rival kingdoms developed bureaucratic systems that enabled them to control vast territories directly, laying the foundation for the imperial system of government. In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or \"emperor\" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC \u2013 220 AD). In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1636\u20131912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and then in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949. The Republic of China retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949. Both the PRC and the ROC currently claim to be the sole legitimate government of China, resulting in an ongoing dispute even after the United Nations recognized the PRC as the government to represent China at all UN conferences in 1971. Hong Kong and Macau transferred sovereignty to China in 1997 and 1999 from the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, becoming special administrative regions (SARs) of the PRC. Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood\u2014the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927\u20131949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, especially the Mongols and Manchus, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China."@en . . "center"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A stupa on top of an arch , is a common form of architecture during Yuan period."@en . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646"@ar . . . "Haihui Temple .JPG"@en . . . . . . "Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate 1287.jpg"@en . . . "Jiangjieshi-declare.jpg"@en . . . . 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"Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD."@en . "Putuo Zongcheng Temple, a Buddhist temple complex built between 1767 and 1771. The temple was modeled after the Potala Palace of Tibet."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Inside a cave of Longmen Grottoes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site."@en . 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"200"^^ . . "The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600\u20131046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding, referred to in the records as the twenty-first King of Shang. Ancient historical texts such as the Book of Documents (early chapters, 11th century BC), the Bamboo Annals (c. 296 BC) and the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 91 BC) describe a Xia dynasty before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze "@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2016-12-15"^^ . . . . 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"A gilt Buddhist reliquary with decorations of armored guards, from Silla, 7th-century"@en . . . "\u6E05\u660E\u4E0A\u6CB3\u56FE.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Jining Chongjue Si Tieta 2015.08.13 17-18-45.jpg"@en . . . 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"National Museum of China 2014.02.01 14-43-38.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "A Tang period gilt-silver jar, shaped in the style of northern nomad's leather bag decorated with a horse dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth, as the horses of Emperor Xuanzong were trained to do."@en . . . . . . . . "Historio de \u0108inio"@eo . . . . . "Western Jeun Dynasty 280 CE.png"@en . . . . . . . . "Right image: Reverse side of a Western-Han bronze mirror with painted designs of a flower motif"@en . "De geschiedenis van China geeft een overzicht van de historische ontwikkeling van China. China bezit een van de oudste beschavingen ter wereld, met een ononderbroken ontwikkeling van prehistorie tot heden. Zelf spreken de Chinezen graag van '5000 jaar geschiedenis en 7000 jaar cultuur' (wuqian nian de lishi, qiqian nian de wenhua, \u4E94\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u6B77\u53F2\uFF0C\u4E03\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u6587\u5316), waarbij zij hun geschiedenis traditioneel laten beginnen met de Gele Keizer en hun cultuur met Fuxi of met Youchao. De oudste geschreven Chinese historische bronnen, de orakelbotten dateren uit de 13e eeuw v.Chr."@nl . . . . . "Sun Yat-sen, the intellectual leader of the Revolution."@en . . . . "Jin dynasty"@en . . "Carte generale de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon .jpg"@en . . . . . . "\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . . . "Asia in 1100-1200 AD.jpg"@en . . "Deva King of the East on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sui dynasty c. 609"@en . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . "Kinas historia \u00E4r \u00F6ver 3 000 \u00E5r l\u00E5ng d\u00E5 de \u00E4ldsta skriftliga k\u00E4llorna \u00E4r fr\u00E5n 1200-talet f.Kr. De f\u00F6rsta sp\u00E5ren av en jordbruksbaserad kultur (Yangshaokulturen) dateras till cirka 6000 f.Kr. Runt 3000 f.Kr. hade man g\u00E5tt \u00F6ver till brons\u00E5lder d\u00E4r framf\u00F6rallt Sanxingduikulturen och Longshankulturen b\u00F6r n\u00E4mnas. Dessa kulturer var h\u00F6vdingastyrda stamsamh\u00E4llen, och det var tidigast n\u00E5gon g\u00E5ng runt 2200 f.Kr. som det f\u00F6rsta kungad\u00F6met uppr\u00E4ttades i form av Xiadynastin, en mytologisk dynasti vars existens inte \u00E4r vetenskapligt bevisad. Shangdynastin (cirka 1600\u20131000 f.Kr.) var tills relativt nyligen \u00E4ven den ansedd som rent mytisk tills en av dess huvudst\u00E4der gr\u00E4vdes ut och man fann ett arkiv, varvid uppgifter i senare skriftliga k\u00E4llor kunde bekr\u00E4ftas. Shangdynastins h\u00E4rskare var p\u00E5 m\u00E5nga s\u00E4tt lik de egyptiska faraonerna; han s\u00E5gs som en levande gud som var absolut h\u00E4rskare \u00F6ver b\u00E5de v\u00E4rldsliga och andliga fr\u00E5gor. Efter Shangdynastins fall uppr\u00E4ttades 1040 f.Kr. Zhoudynastin, det f\u00F6rsta fullt utvecklade feodalsystemet i Kinas historia. I och med Zhou inf\u00F6rdes begreppet \"Himlens mandat\" (\u5929\u547D t\u012Banm\u00ECng) som det som legitimerade den h\u00E4rskande monarkens styre. H\u00E4rskaren var inte l\u00E4ngre en gud i sig sj\u00E4lv, som under Shang, utan som en \"\" (\u5929\u5B50 t\u012Banzi) som styrde med den mer abstrakta \"Himlens\" till\u00E5telse. Detta kom genom Kinas historia att utnyttjas av s\u00E5v\u00E4l sittande h\u00E4rskare som upprorsm\u00E4n f\u00F6r att antingen uppr\u00E4tth\u00E5lla eller st\u00F6rta det styre som f\u00F6respr\u00E5kades. Konceptet om ett Kina som ett enat rike uppstod d\u00E4remot inte f\u00F6rr\u00E4n 221 f.Kr. d\u00E5 kejsaren av Qin tog makten genom att med milit\u00E4ra medel krossa allt motst\u00E5nd och ena Kina under en kejsare. Den resulterande Qindynastin blev mycket kortlivad och splittrades efter kejsaren Qin Shi Huangs d\u00F6d 210 f.Kr. Arvet kejsaren av Qin l\u00E4mnade efter sig var mycket p\u00E5tagligt. Id\u00E9n om ett enat Kina i form av ett kejsard\u00F6me hade slagit rot i det kinesiska medvetandet. Under 2000 \u00E5r varvades perioder av splittring och decentralisering med uppr\u00E4ttandet av nya kejsardynastier (vanligen efter en invasion norrifr\u00E5n) med centralisering och m\u00E5nga blomstringsperioder inom kultur, vetenskap och jordbruk. Inte f\u00F6rr\u00E4n 1912, d\u00E5 den moderna Republiken Kina grundades upph\u00F6rde den sista kejsardynastins (Qingdynastin) formella makt \u00F6ver Kina."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinese soldiers in house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Tai'erzhuang"@en . . . "Yixian Hongcun 2016.09.09 17-27-03.jpg"@en . "Yuan Shikai, the first official president of the Republic of China."@en . . . . . . . "Section and detail of Night Revels of Han Xizai, by Gu Hongzhong"@en . . "La storia della Cina e della sua civilt\u00E0 ha origine dai piccoli insediamenti sorti lungo le vallate del Fiume Giallo (che \u00E8 considerato la \"culla della civilt\u00E0 cinese\") e del Fiume Azzurro intorno al 3000 a.C. Le prime informazioni della storia scritta della Cina risalgono alla dinastia Shang (1600-1046 a.C.). Gli ossi oracolari con i primi caratteri cinesi della dinastia Shang sono stati datati attraverso il radiocarbonio al 1250 a.C., servivano a effettuare divinazioni sul futuro e da essi si compiono studi sulla paleografia, filologia dei caratteri e sul cinese antico. La cultura, letteratura e filosofia cinesi iniziarono il loro sviluppo durante la successiva dinastia Zhou (1046-256 a.C.). La dinastia Zhou cominci\u00F2 a cedere alle pressioni interne ed esterne durante l'VIII secolo a.C. e la sua abilit\u00E0 nel controllare i signorotti locali, and\u00F2 indebolendosi fino al punto che il territorio si suddivise in piccoli Stati regionali, dando inizio al periodo delle primavere e degli autunni, che sfoci\u00F2 successivamente nel periodo dei regni combattenti. Nel 221 a.C. Qin Shi Huangdi unific\u00F2 i bellicosi regni locali e cre\u00F2 il primo Impero cinese. Le successive dinastie della storia cinese svilupparono sistemi burocratici che permisero all'imperatore della Cina di mantenere il controllo dei suoi vasti territori. L\u2019impero cinese era il terzo pi\u00F9 vasto dell\u2019antichit\u00E0, dopo i soli imperi achemenide e Xiongnu. La sua superficie massima era di 8 milioni di km\u00B2 sotto la dinastia Han unita (6,5 in seguito). Sotto la dinastia Yuan, cio\u00E8 il khanato mongolo (1279-1368) durante il quale Marco Polo visit\u00F2 la Cina, riusc\u00EC a raggiungere persino i 15 milioni di km\u00B2, nel 1330, e la stessa estensione fu mantenuta con i Qing, i successori dei Ming (15 milioni nel 1790; l'ultimo Imperatore abdica nel 1912), mentre si colloca al terzo posto la dinastia Tang (13,72 milioni nel 715). Nel corso della sua storia i vari imperi cinesi furono i pi\u00F9 vasti del mondo in almeno 54 occasioni, sotto 49 diverse dinastie fino al XIX secolo. Globalmente invece la Cina fu il quinto impero pi\u00F9 vasto della storia, quattro volte pi\u00F9 vasto dell'impero romano di Traiano. Al suo apice governava il 40% della popolazione mondiale, sotto la dinastia Han nel II secolo a.C., risultando in questo il terzo impero per popolazione dopo quello mediano e achemenide. Nell'era moderna, invece, l'impero del Grande Qing governava il 36,6% della popolazione mondiale nel XIX secolo. La storia cinese risulta cos\u00EC caratterizzata dall'alternanza di periodi di unit\u00E0 e divisioni. In qualche occasione il territorio fu dominato da popoli provenienti dall'Asia centrale, che furono poi assimilati nella popolazione Han. Influenze culturali e politiche da molte parti del continente asiatico, portate da ondate successive di immigrazione, espansione e assimilazione culturale, sono parte della moderna cultura della Cina."@it . . "Museum f\u00FCr Ostasiatische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 041.jpg"@en . . 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. . "horizontal"@en . . "\uC911\uAD6D\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uCD5C\uCD08\uC758 \uAE30\uB85D\uC740 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 1250\uB144 \uBB34\uC815\uC758 \uD1B5\uCE58\uAE30\uC778 \uC0C1\uB098\uB77C(\uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 1600~1046\uB144 \uACBD)\uB85C \uAC70\uC2AC\uB7EC \uC62C\uB77C\uAC04\uB2E4. \uD669\uD558 \uBB38\uBA85\uC740 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uB2E4\uB978 \uBB38\uBA85\uC758 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1B\uC558\uC73C\uBA70 \uC911\uAD6D \uBCF8\uD1A0\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uD558\uB098\uB77C, \uC0C1\uB098\uB77C, \uC8FC\uB098\uB77C \uC774\uB798 \uC57D 5000\uB144 \uB3D9\uC548 \uC218\uB9CE\uC740 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC655\uC870\uAC00 \uD765\uB9DD\uC744 \uBC18\uBCF5\uD574 \uC654\uB2E4. \uD55C\uB098\uB77C \uB54C\uB294 \uD604\uC7AC \uC911\uAD6D \uBBFC\uC871\uC758 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC744 \uCC28\uC9C0\uD558\uB294 \uD55C\uC871\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uAC1C\uB150\uC774 \uC0DD\uACA8\uB0AC\uACE0 \uB2F9\uB098\uB77C\uB294 \uC11C\uBC29\uC758 \uD398\uB974\uC2DC\uC544, \uC774\uC2AC\uB78C \uC81C\uAD6D, \uB3D9\uB85C\uB9C8 \uC81C\uAD6D\uACFC\uC758 \uAD50\uB958\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB358 \uC911 \uC704, \uCD09, \uC624\uC758 \uC5F0\uC774\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC2F8\uC6C0\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uD55C\uB098\uB77C\uAC00 \uBD84\uC5F4\uB418\uACE0 \uD569\uCCD0\uC9C0\uAE38 \uBC18\uBCF5\uD558\uB2E4 \uD55C\uB098\uB77C\uB294 \uBA78\uB9DD\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uD55C\uB098\uB77C\uC758 \uBA78\uB9DD \uC774\uD6C4 \uD55C\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uCDE8\uC57D\uD574\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC11C\uC9C4\uC758 \uBA78\uB9DD \uC774\uD6C4\uB85C \uBD81\uBC29 \uBBFC\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uD654\uBD81 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uB300\uB300\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uCCD0\uB4E4\uC5B4\uC628 \uB4A4\uBD80\uD130 \uC218\uB098\uB77C\uAC00 \uC911\uAD6D\uC744 \uD1B5\uC77C\uD558\uAE30 \uC804\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uD654\uBD81\uC740 \uC774\uBBFC\uC871\uB4E4\uC758 \uBB34\uB300\uAC00 \uB41C\uB2E4. \uD55C\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uAC74\uAD6D\uD55C \uC1A1\uB098\uB77C \uB54C\uB294 \uC911\uAD6D \uC911\uC138 \uBB38\uD654\uAC00 \uC804\uC131\uAE30\uB97C \uC774\uB8E8\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098 \uAD70\uC0AC\uB825\uC774 \uB108\uBB34 \uC57D\uD574 \uC8FC\uBCC0 \uC774\uBBFC\uC871\uB4E4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uB04A\uC784\uC5C6\uB294 \uCE68\uB7B5\uC744 \uBC1B\uB2E4\uAC00 \uB0A8\uC1A1\uC774 \uBABD\uACE8\uC871\uC758 \uBABD\uACE8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBA78\uB9DD\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC0AC\uB77C\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uBABD\uACE8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC774 4\uAC1C\uC758 \uCE78\uAD6D\uD558\uACE0 \uC6D0\uB098\uB77C\uB85C \uBD84\uC5F4\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD55C\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uBABD\uACE8\uC871\uC744 \uBAB0\uC544\uB0B4\uACE0 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uB97C \uAC74\uAD6D\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uB294 \uC601\uB77D\uC81C \uB54C \uB300\uB300\uC801\uC778 \uC601\uD1A0 \uD655\uC7A5\uC744 \uD3EC\uD568\uD574 \uC815\uD654\uC758 \uC6D0\uC815 \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uD070 \uC804\uC131\uAE30\uB97C \uB9DE\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC784\uC9C4\uC65C\uB780\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uAC00 \uC57D\uD574\uC9C0\uC790 \uC5EC\uC9C4\uC871\uC740 \uC774\uD2C8\uC744 \uD0C0\uC11C \uD6C4\uAE08\uC744 \uAC74\uAD6D\uD55C \uC774\uD6C4 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uB97C \uBA78\uB9DD\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uCCAD\uB098\uB77C\uB97C \uAC74\uAD6D\uD558\uC5EC \uC9C0\uBC30\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC911\uAD6D\uC744 \uC190\uC5D0 \uB123\uACE0 \uD1B5\uCE58\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 19\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uC11C \uC81C1\uCC28 \uC544\uD3B8 \uC804\uC7C1\uACFC \uC81C2\uCC28 \uC544\uD3B8 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0\uC11C \uCCAD\uB098\uB77C\uAC00 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uD328\uBC30\uD55C \uC774\uD6C4, \uC911\uAD6D \uBCF8\uD1A0\uB294 \"\uC544\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uBCD1\uC790\" \uC11C\uAD6C \uC5F4\uAC15\uC758 \uBC18\uC2DD\uBBFC\uC9C0\uB85C \uC804\uB77D\uD558\uACE0 \uB9D0\uC558\uACE0 \uB300\uB9CC\uACFC \uB9CC\uC8FC"@ko . "250"^^ . . . . "Residence of the Lu Family in Dongyang, built in the Ming period."@en . . . . "A giant \"squatting-tiger fire trebuchet\" located at the Wolongtai Great Wall section, Xinyang, Henan, China."@en . . . . "The House of the Huangcheng Chancellor, a 10-hectare walled estate on Phoenix Hill in southeastern Shanxi, China."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bian Jingzhao-Snow Plum and Twin Cranes.jpg"@en . "The White Stupa of Miaoying Temple in Beijing."@en . . . . "Ming dynasty"@en . "Dunhuang star map.jpg"@en . "History of China"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5510\u671D\u7586\u57DF\uFF08\u7E41\uFF09.png"@en . . . "Txinako historia"@eu . "300"^^ . "The territory of the Qin dynasty in 210 BC"@en . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . "Summer Palace, an imperial garden in Qing dynasty."@en . "border:none;"@en .