. . . . . . . . "Historio de Japanio"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . "Dokumen tertua mengenai sejarah Jepang adalah kumpulan naskah sejarah Tiongkok asal abad ke-1 Masehi. Namun bukti-bukti menunjukkan kepulauan Jepang sudah dihuni manusia sejak zaman Setelah zaman es terakhir sekitar 12.000 SM, ekosistem Kepulauan Jepang yang kaya memungkinkan manusia untuk hidup. Barang-barang tembikar tertua berasal dari zaman J\u014Dmon."@in . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria do Jap\u00E3o (em japon\u00EAs: \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 ou \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / Nihonshi?) \u00E9 a sequ\u00EAncia de eventos ocorridos no arquip\u00E9lago japon\u00EAs, com o surgimento de factos \u00FAnicos influenciados pela sua natureza geogr\u00E1fica enquanto na\u00E7\u00E3o insular, assim como por eventos inculcados por influ\u00EAncia do imp\u00E9rio Chin\u00EAs que definiram a sua l\u00EDngua, a sua escrita e tamb\u00E9m a sua cultura pol\u00EDtica. Por outro lado, o Jap\u00E3o foi ainda influenciado pelo Ocidente, convertendo-se numa na\u00E7\u00E3o industrial, mas manteve os la\u00E7os com a tradi\u00E7\u00E3o cultural do pa\u00EDs. Exerceu uma influ\u00EAncia significativa e expans\u00E3o territorial na regi\u00E3o do Pac\u00EDfico, mas ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial estacou. Ap\u00F3s a \u00FAltima idade do gelo, por volta de 12 000 AEC, o rico ecossistema do arquip\u00E9lago japon\u00EAs promoveu o desenvolvimento humano. O aparecimento das primeiras pessoas no Jap\u00E3o data do Paleol\u00EDtico, h\u00E1 cerca de 35 000 anos. Entre 11 000 e 500 AEC, estes povos desenvolveram um tipo de cer\u00E2mica designada de Jomon, a qual \u00E9 considerada das mais antigas do mundo. Posteriormente surgiu uma cultura conhecida como Yayoi, onde a produ\u00E7\u00E3o de ferramentas de metal, assim como o cultivo do arroz, foram um importante progresso. Neste per\u00EDodo existiram v\u00E1rias tribos, por\u00E9m foi no per\u00EDodo Yamato que se fez notar maior predomin\u00E2ncia de povos. S\u00E9culos depois, os governantes deste per\u00EDodo refor\u00E7aram a posi\u00E7\u00E3o do pa\u00EDs e come\u00E7aram a disseminar-se por todo o arquip\u00E9lago sob um sistema centralizado, comprimindo as in\u00FAmeras tribos existentes e alegando a pr\u00F3pria ascend\u00EAncia divina. Entretanto, o governo central havia come\u00E7ado a assimilar os costumes pr\u00F3prios da Coreia e da China. Esta r\u00E1pida imposi\u00E7\u00E3o de tradi\u00E7\u00F5es estrangeiras, contudo, produziu uma certa tens\u00E3o na sociedade japonesa e, no ano 794, a corte imperial fundou uma nova capital, Heian-ky\u014D (actual Quioto), dando origem a uma cultura aperfei\u00E7oada da aristocracia. Apesar disso, o sistema centralizado fracassou nas prov\u00EDncias e iniciou-se um processo de privatiza\u00E7\u00E3o de terras, dando origem a um colapso na administra\u00E7\u00E3o e ordem p\u00FAblicas. A aristocracia necessitava ent\u00E3o da ajuda de guerreiros para proteger a suas propriedades - mais tarde denominada a classe samurai. Em 1192, Minamoto no Yoritomo foi nomeado xogum (ditador militar) do Jap\u00E3o pelo imperador, marcando o in\u00EDcio do regime feudal xogunato (ou bakufu) Kamakura, uma institui\u00E7\u00E3o militar permanente que governaria durante quase setecentos anos. A corte viu assim o seu poder transferir-se para os samurais sob tal regime militar. A eclos\u00E3o da Guerra de \u014Cnin em 1467 provocou uma s\u00E9rie de guerras que se estenderam por todo o Jap\u00E3o, num per\u00EDodo que culminou em 1573, quando Oda Nobunaga iniciou uma unifica\u00E7\u00E3o do pa\u00EDs que n\u00E3o foi conclu\u00EDda devido \u00E0 trai\u00E7\u00E3o de um dos seus principais generais. O imperador foi morto e Toyotomi Hideyoshi vingou a sua morte, completando a unifica\u00E7\u00E3o em 1590. Depois disto, o pa\u00EDs ficou novamente dividido em dois lados: os que apoiavam o seu filho Toyotomi Hideyori e os que apoiavam um dos principais daimyos, Tokugawa Ieyasu. As duas vertentes enfrentaram-se ent\u00E3o durante a Batalha de Sekigahara, da qual Ieyasu saiu vencedor e foi oficialmente nomeado xogum em 1603, instaurando-se o Xogunato Tokugawa. O per\u00EDodo Edo caracteriza-se por ter sido uma \u00E9poca de paz e pela implementa\u00E7\u00E3o de uma nova pol\u00EDtica de rela\u00E7\u00F5es internacionais que evitou o contacto com o exterior. Este isolamento teve o seu t\u00E9rmino em 1853, quando Matthew Calbraith Perry for\u00E7ou o Jap\u00E3o a abrir portas e assinar uma s\u00E9rie de tratados com as grandes pot\u00EAncias estrangeiras (tratados desiguais), causando desconforto entre alguns samurais que apoiavam o imperador a favor da retomada do seu papel na pol\u00EDtica. O \u00FAltimo xogum Tokugawa renunciou ao cargo em 1868, dando in\u00EDcio \u00E0 era Meiji, em homenagem ao imperador Meiji que havia assumido o poder pol\u00EDtico. Iniciou-se ent\u00E3o a moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o do pa\u00EDs com a evacua\u00E7\u00E3o do sistema feudal e dos samurais, e com a transfer\u00EAncia da capital para T\u00F3quio. Um forte processo de ocidentaliza\u00E7\u00E3o teve lugar, e o Jap\u00E3o emergiu no mundo enquanto primeiro pa\u00EDs asi\u00E1tico industrializado. O pa\u00EDs encontrava-se num processo de expansionismo territorial sobre as na\u00E7\u00F5es vizinhas, o que originou conflitos com o Imp\u00E9rio Russo e o Imp\u00E9rio Chin\u00EAs. Com a morte do imperador Meiji, o pa\u00EDs havia se convertido numa na\u00E7\u00E3o moderna, industrializada, com um governo central, assim como uma superpot\u00EAncia na \u00C1sia que rivalizava com o ocidente. Isto reflectiu-se numa explos\u00E3o social devido ao crescimento econ\u00F3mico e populacional. O imp\u00E9rio come\u00E7ou a conquistar terreno sob o extremismo pol\u00EDtico, sendo que em 1930 a expans\u00E3o militar se acelerou e o pa\u00EDs confrontou a China pela segunda vez. Ap\u00F3s a eclos\u00E3o da guerra na Europa, o Jap\u00E3o aproveitou-se da situa\u00E7\u00E3o para ocupar outras \u00E1reas territoriais da \u00C1sia. Durante o ano de 1941, as rela\u00E7\u00F5es diplom\u00E1ticas entre o Jap\u00E3o e os Estados Unidos complicaram-se quando o presidente dos EUA, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, interrompeu o fornecimento de petr\u00F3leo para o Jap\u00E3o e congelou todos os cr\u00E9ditos japoneses nos Estados Unidos. A 7 de dezembro de 1941 o Jap\u00E3o atacou Pearl Harbor, levando o pa\u00EDs para a Segunda Grande Guerra enquanto parte das \"Pot\u00EAncias do Eixo\". Apesar de uma s\u00E9rie de vit\u00F3rias iniciais, o Jap\u00E3o veio a sofrer derrotas frente aos aliados, como na Batalha de Midway, alterando consequentemente os pap\u00E9is na Guerra do Pac\u00EDfico. Depois dos violentos bombardeamentos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki, o Jap\u00E3o apresentou a sua incondicional rendi\u00E7\u00E3o, uma vez que estava sob ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o das for\u00E7as estadunidenses, as quais desmantelaram o ex\u00E9rcito, libertaram as zonas ocupadas, o poder pol\u00EDtico do Imperador foi suprimido e o primeiro-ministro eleito pelo parlamento. Em 1952 o Jap\u00E3o havia recuperado a sua soberania ap\u00F3s a assinatura do Tratado de San Francisco, crescendo economicamente com a ajuda da comunidade internacional. Politicamente, o Partido Liberal Democrata do Jap\u00E3o, de tend\u00EAncia conservacionista, governou quase ininterruptamente no p\u00F3s-guerra. Com o in\u00EDcio da era Heisei, o Jap\u00E3o sofreu uma crise econ\u00F3mica nos anos de 1990, enfrentando um decl\u00EDnio da taxa de natalidade e um r\u00E1pido envelhecimento da popula\u00E7\u00E3o. Em princ\u00EDpios do s\u00E9culo XXI, o Jap\u00E3o come\u00E7ou a reformar as pr\u00E1ticas que regiam desde o p\u00F3s-guerra a sociedade, o governo e a economia, o que resultou numa significante mudan\u00E7a pol\u00EDtica em 2009, com a tomada do poder por parte do Partido Democr\u00E1tico do Jap\u00E3o. Contudo, em finais de 2012, o poder voltou para as m\u00E3os do Partido Liberal Democrata."@pt . . . "Die Geschichte Japans umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Staates Japan von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Sie ist gepr\u00E4gt durch ein Wechselspiel aus Isolation und \u00E4u\u00DFeren Einfl\u00FCssen. Einerseits f\u00FChrten sowohl die geographische Abgeschiedenheit als auch die selbstgew\u00E4hlte Abschottung gegen\u00FCber der Au\u00DFenwelt zu einer r\u00E4umlich begrenzten und in sich geschlossenen Entwicklung auf den japanischen Inseln; so ist die Geschichte Japans nach Auffassung mancher Historiker ein Modell f\u00FCr die Entwicklung von der Urzivilisation zur Moderne. Andererseits pr\u00E4gte vor allem China durch die Ausbreitung des Buddhismus und die Lehren des Konfuzianismus die Kultur und Sprache Japans mit. Auch im Westen nahm man Einfluss auf Japans Geschichte: Gewaltsam wurde 1854 nach \u00FCber zweihundertj\u00E4hriger Isolation die \u00D6ffnung und Modernisierung des Landes erzwungen. Das Japanische Kaiserreich wurde in der Folge nicht nur die erste asiatische Industrienation, sondern strebte alsbald eine Ausdehnung seiner Einflusssph\u00E4re im Pazifikraum an. Die Expansion endete mit der Niederlage im Zweiten Weltkrieg und mit der Besetzung durch Truppen der Vereinigten Staaten. Heute gilt Japan als technikbegeisterter und vor allem global agierender Industriestaat. F\u00FCr eine schematische Darstellung zur Aufteilung der Geschichte Japans in Perioden, siehe den Artikel zur Periodisierung der japanischen Geschichte."@de . . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019histoire du Japon commence avec le peuplement d\u00E9nisovien d'un groupe d'\u00EEles au sud-est de la p\u00E9ninsule cor\u00E9enne, environ 100 000 ans av. J.-C., l'arriv\u00E9e des premiers groupes d'homo sapiens se faisant plus tard. Les plus anciennes traces d'industrie, des pierres polies, remontent \u00E0 32 000 ans. Des poteries, parmi les plus anciennes de l'humanit\u00E9, sont produites vers 13 000 ans avant notre \u00E8re lors de la p\u00E9riode J\u014Dmon, et comprennent les premi\u00E8res formes d'\u0153uvres artistiques : les dog\u016B. 400 ans avant notre \u00E8re, au cours de la p\u00E9riode Yayoi, sont introduites des technologies venant de Chine et de Cor\u00E9e comme la riziculture et la fonte du bronze et du fer. La p\u00E9riode Yamato, qui s'\u00E9tend de 250 \u00E0 710, voit l'\u00E9mergence de la premi\u00E8re forme d'\u00C9tat structur\u00E9. Lors de sa premi\u00E8re partie, de grands tertres fun\u00E9raires, ou kofun, sont b\u00E2tis, et, progressivement, la r\u00E9gion du Kansai s'impose en tant que centre politique. Au VIe si\u00E8cle, le bouddhisme, arriv\u00E9 au Japon via la Chine et la Cor\u00E9e, bouleverse profond\u00E9ment la vie politique du pays ; une constitution en 17 articles d'inspiration bouddhique est r\u00E9dig\u00E9e en 604 pour encadrer le fonctionnement de l'\u00C9tat. De nombreux immigr\u00E9s originaires des royaumes cor\u00E9ens fa\u00E7onnent la vie politique et les arts de l'archipel japonais. Du VIIIe si\u00E8cle au XIIe si\u00E8cle, une culture classique port\u00E9e par une cour imp\u00E9riale se d\u00E9veloppe. Tr\u00E8s influenc\u00E9e par des mod\u00E8les continentaux dont elle s'\u00E9mancipe d\u00E8s le Xe si\u00E8cle, elle est \u00E0 l'origine d'\u0153uvres comme le T\u014Ddai-ji ou Le Dit du Genji. C'est aussi \u00E0 cette \u00E9poque que la sc\u00E8ne politique se divise entre le pouvoir imp\u00E9rial, et celui de chefs de clans. Les clans Fujiwara, Taira, et Minamoto vont tour \u00E0 tour accaparer la plupart des rouages de l'administration. Des famines s\u00E9vissent r\u00E9guli\u00E8rement dans le pays, et l'ins\u00E9curit\u00E9 qui s'installe entra\u00EEne la cr\u00E9ation d'une classe sociale de combattants, ou bushi. Le Moyen \u00C2ge japonais s'\u00E9tend du XIIe si\u00E8cle \u00E0 la fin du XVIe si\u00E8cle. Apr\u00E8s la guerre de Genpei, qui s'ach\u00E8ve en 1185, le pays est dirig\u00E9 pour la premi\u00E8re fois par un gouvernement ext\u00E9rieur \u00E0 la cour imp\u00E9riale : le bakufu, bas\u00E9 dans la r\u00E9gion du Kant\u014D. Ce gouvernement guerrier, dirig\u00E9 par le clan H\u014Dj\u014D marque l\u2019\u00E9poque de Kamakura (\u938C\u5009\u6642\u4EE3, Kamakura jidai, 1185\u20131333), l'une des 14 subdivisions traditionnelles de l'histoire du Japon. Cette p\u00E9riode, qui commence en 1185 et s'ach\u00E8ve en 1333, est plac\u00E9e sous l'autorit\u00E9 politique du shogunat de Kamakura et constitue la premi\u00E8re partie du \u00AB Moyen \u00C2ge \u00BB de l'histoire japonaise. Le gouvernement guerrier en place est ensuite dirig\u00E9 par les Ashikaga, qui structurent le pays \u00E0 partir de 1336. L'\u00E9poque Sengoku, ou \u00E9poque des provinces en guerre, cl\u00F4t ce Moyen \u00C2ge, marqu\u00E9 par de grandes turbulences sociales et politiques et un morcellement du pays en plusieurs provinces et potentats. La r\u00E9unification politique du pays est cependant r\u00E9alis\u00E9e sous l'impulsion successive des chefs militaires Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, puis Tokugawa Ieyasu. Le shogunat Tokugawa, qui s'ouvre en 1603 et se termine en 1868, correspond \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque d'Edo. Promouvant d'abord une politique commerciale active \u00E0 l'\u00E9tranger, il met en place une politique d'isolement par l'\u00E9dit Sakoku de 1635. Le pays conna\u00EEt une phase d'essor d\u00E9mographique et \u00E9conomique allant de la fin du XVIe si\u00E8cle au d\u00E9but du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle. Le n\u00E9o-confucianisme import\u00E9 de Chine sous-tend l'organisation de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9, et une division sociale en plusieurs classes s'instaure. Dans la culture, des formes artistiques comme le kabuki ou le ha\u00EFku voient le jour, alors que dans le domaine scientifique, les \u00E9tudes hollandaises ou Rangaku continuent de diffuser dans l'archipel les sciences et techniques occidentales. En 1868, le retour du pouvoir imp\u00E9rial au centre du syst\u00E8me politique constitue l'acte de naissance de l'Empire du Japon. En comp\u00E9tition avec le colonialisme occidental sur le continent asiatique, le pays se lance dans une politique d'expansion territoriale, qui aboutit \u00E0 l'annexion de la Cor\u00E9e en 1910, l'invasion de la Mandchourie en 1931, puis l'occupation d'une partie de la Chine \u00E0 partir de 1937. Au d\u00E9but des ann\u00E9es 1940, le pays s'engage dans une guerre contre une coalition internationale. Le conflit prend fin apr\u00E8s les bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et Nagasaki d'ao\u00FBt 1945 ; l'Empire du Japon est contraint \u00E0 la capitulation. De 1945 \u00E0 1952, l'occupant am\u00E9ricain impose la d\u00E9mocratisation du pays. Apr\u00E8s la fin de l'occupation, le Japon devient l'une des principales puissances \u00E9conomiques mondiales. Malgr\u00E9 l'opposition r\u00E9currente de ses proches voisins, son essor \u00E9conomique lui permet de diffuser dans le monde entier ses productions culturelles, substituant un soft power important \u00E0 sa domination militaire pass\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . . . . . "1124633867"^^ . . . . "Historia Japonii"@pl . . . . . . . "\u0399\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2"@el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria del Jap\u00F3 (\u65E5\u672C \u306E \u6B74\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihonshi) \u00E9s la successi\u00F3 dels fets esdevinguts dins l'arxip\u00E8lag japon\u00E8s, amb l'aparici\u00F3 de fets a\u00EFllats per la seva naturalesa geogr\u00E0fica com a naci\u00F3 insular i tamb\u00E9 per fets influ\u00EFts, en primer lloc, per l'Imperi de la Xina, el qual va definir el seu llenguatge i escriptura i, entre d'altres, la seva cultura pol\u00EDtica. D'altra banda, compta tamb\u00E9 amb la influ\u00E8ncia occidental, que converteix el pa\u00EDs en una naci\u00F3 industrial, amb la qual cosa aconsegueix exercir una esfera d'influ\u00E8ncia i una expansi\u00F3 territorial sobre l'\u00E0rea del Pac\u00EDfic, per\u00F2 despr\u00E9s de la Segona Guerra Mundial es va aturar i va mantenir un esquema de naci\u00F3 industrial amb vincles a la tradici\u00F3 cultural del pa\u00EDs. L'aparici\u00F3 dels primers habitants al Jap\u00F3 data del paleol\u00EDtic i, tot i no haver-hi consens de la data aproximada, s'assegura que va passar fa uns 35.000 anys. Entre els anys 11.000 i 500 aC, aquests habitants van desenvolupar un tipus de terrissa caracter\u00EDstica, comunament anomenada \u00ABJ\u014Dmon\u00BB, considerada la m\u00E9s antiga del m\u00F3n i amb la qual s'identifica aquest per\u00EDode. Posteriorment va apar\u00E8ixer una cultura coneguda com a \u00ABYayoi\u00BB, que feia servir eines de metall i conreava arr\u00F2s. El 794 la cort imperial va fundar una nova capital, Heian-ky\u014D (actual Kyoto), on es va establir un govern m\u00E9s acomodat amb les necessitats japoneses, cosa que don\u00E0 origen a una cultura nativa altament sofisticada provinent de l'aristocr\u00E0cia, que va desenvolupar una cultura tradicional vernacular. Un dels grups m\u00E9s destacats va ser el clan Fujiwara, que va arribar a apoderar-se del control de la fam\u00EDlia imperial durant 300 anys i va exercir fins i tot els deures assignats a l'emperador. Minamoto no Yoritomo va assumir el lideratge del Jap\u00F3 el 1192 i instaur\u00E0 la figura del shogunat com una instituci\u00F3 militar permanent que governaria el pa\u00EDs de facto durant gaireb\u00E9 700 anys. El r\u00E8gim, conegut com a shogunat Kamakura, va donar inici al sistema pol\u00EDtic feudal, per\u00F2 fou desarticulat el 1333 i la cort imperial proclam\u00E0 la restauraci\u00F3. Malgrat tot, fracass\u00E0 poc despr\u00E9s de la decepci\u00F3 dels samurais i, el 1336, Ashikaga Takauji aconseguiria restablir el govern militar sota el shogunat Ashikaga, govern que dur\u00E0 fins a l'any 1600, any en qu\u00E8 es produ\u00ED la batalla de Sekigahara. Posteriorment, Tokugawa Ieyasu lider\u00E0 el shogunat Tokugawa, des del 1603 fins al 1868, any en qu\u00E8 s'inicia l'era Meiji, per\u00EDode durant el qual es produeix la modernitzaci\u00F3 del pa\u00EDs, que abandona definitivament el sistema feudal. Amb la mort de l'emperador Meiji, el Jap\u00F3 s'havia convertit en un estat modern industrialitzat, amb un govern central, i s'havia situat com una pot\u00E8ncia dins d'\u00C0sia, rivalitzant amb Occident. El Jap\u00F3 va participar durant la Primera Guerra Mundial en el b\u00E0ndol dels \u00ABAliats\u00BB al costat dels Estats Units i Anglaterra i lluit\u00E0 contra l'Imperi alemany. Cap a la d\u00E8cada de 1930 es va accelerar l'expansi\u00F3 militar i eventualment el Jap\u00F3 es va confrontar amb la Xina per segona vegada, cosa que provoc\u00E0 la protesta de la comunitat internacional, i despr\u00E9s de l'esclat de la guerra a Europa va aprofitar l'annexi\u00F3 d'altres zones d'\u00C0sia. El 7 de desembre de 1941, va atacar Pearl Harbor, i amb aix\u00F2 aquest pa\u00EDs entrava a la Segona Guerra Mundial com a part de les \u00ABPot\u00E8ncies de l'Eix\u00BB. Tot i una s\u00E8rie de vict\u00F2ries inicials, derrotes davant els Aliats en batalles com la de Midway van canviar els papers a l'escenari del Pac\u00EDfic. Despr\u00E9s dels bombardejos at\u00F2mics d'Hiroshima i Nagasaki, el Jap\u00F3 va decidir presentar la seva rendici\u00F3 incondicional, per la qual cosa va estar ocupat per les forces nord-americanes, que durant un per\u00EDode de set anys van desmantellar l'ex\u00E8rcit amb una cl\u00E0usula de ren\u00FAncia a la guerra, van alliberar les zones ocupades militarment, el poder pol\u00EDtic de l'emperador va ser suprimit i el primer ministre seria elegit pel parlament; aix\u00ED convertien el Jap\u00F3 en un pa\u00EDs pac\u00EDfic i democr\u00E0tic. El 1952, el Jap\u00F3 va recuperar la seva sobirania amb la signatura del Tractat de San Francisco i amb l'ajuda de la comunitat internacional va cr\u00E9ixer econ\u00F2micament. Cap a la d\u00E8cada de 1960 ja competia amb altres pot\u00E8ncies, des del 1968 ha esdevingut la segona pot\u00E8ncia econ\u00F2mica mundial, i en la d\u00E8cada de 1980 esdevingu\u00E9 l\u00EDder de la ind\u00FAstria automotriu. Pol\u00EDticament, el Partit Liberal Democr\u00E0tic, de tend\u00E8ncia conservadora, va estar governant de manera gaireb\u00E9 ininterrompuda durant la postguerra. Els primers anys del segle xxi, el Jap\u00F3 ha comen\u00E7at a reformar les pr\u00E0ctiques que des de la postguerra regien la societat, el govern i l'economia, sumats a un canvi pol\u00EDtic radical el 2009 amb l'aparici\u00F3 d'un govern de centreesquerra."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Japanaj militkrimoj de la Imperio de Japanio okazis en multaj Azi-Pacifikaj landoj dum la periodo de japana imperiismo, \u0109efe dum la Dua \u0108ina-Japana Milito kaj la Dua Mondmilito. Tiuj okaza\u0135oj estis priskribita foje kiel Azia Holoka\u016Dsto. Kelkaj militkrimoj estis fifaritaj de militistoj el la Imperio de Japanio fine de la 19a jarcento, kvankam plej okazis dum la unua parto de la \u015Co\u016Da-erao, nomo havigita por la regado de la imperiestro Hirohito, \u011Dis la kapitulaco de la Imperio de Japanio en 1945. \n* Heisei (1989 - )"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Japans historia har under historisk tid starkt pr\u00E4glats av kinesiska inflytelser, fr\u00E5n den dominerande h\u00F6gkulturen i Asien. M\u00E5nga omv\u00E4lvande tekniska och kulturella innovationer importerades fr\u00E5n fastlandet, ofta via Korea. \u00C4ven om japaner omn\u00E4mns i kinesiska k\u00E4llor redan p\u00E5 300-talet, \u00E4r det f\u00F6rst p\u00E5 600-talet som man finner skriftliga k\u00E4llor skrivna i Japan. En av de f\u00F6rsta k\u00E4llorna \u00E4r \"De sjutton principerna\", en sorts tidig konstitution, undertecknad av fursten Shotoku, som dikterade villkoren f\u00F6r sitt styre efter kinesiska konfucianska principer. Fram till slutet av 1500-talet avl\u00F6ste en rad mer eller mindre starka kejserliga regimer varandra, oftast under egentlig ledning av en shogun, en form av milit\u00E4rdiktator som under sig hade ett omfattande n\u00E4tverk av l\u00E4nsherrar, daimyo, och vasaller, samurajer (fr\u00E5n verbet saburau, \"att tj\u00E4na\"). Den milit\u00E4ra institutionen uppstod f\u00F6rsta g\u00E5ngen p\u00E5 700-talet och skulle efter daimyon Oda Nobunagas enande av Japan p\u00E5 1500-talet f\u00E5 en maktst\u00E4llning, som kvarstod \u00E4nda in p\u00E5 sent 1800-tal. Under mitten av 1800-talet uppstod en r\u00F6relse som f\u00F6respr\u00E5kade modernisering och industrialisering f\u00F6r att Japan skulle kunna st\u00E5 emot det \u00F6kande trycket fr\u00E5n v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndsk imperialism. Det n\u00E4stan 300 \u00E5r gamla shogunatet st\u00F6rtades och man \u00E5teruppr\u00E4ttade en minder\u00E5rig kejsares \u00F6verh\u00F6ghet under ledning av en f\u00F6rmyndarregering. P\u00E5 bara n\u00E5gra decennier avskaffades det gamla klassamh\u00E4llet, och det mesta av makten koncentrerades i en form av monarki. Arm\u00E9n och flottan omstrukturerades efter v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndsk modell med hj\u00E4lp av utl\u00E4ndska r\u00E5dgivare. N\u00E4ringsliv, industri och undervisningsv\u00E4sendet genomgick samma f\u00F6r\u00E4ndring. Det nya Japan odlade nu en nationalistisk politik och kom snart i konflikt med andra stater. 1904\u20131905 utk\u00E4mpade Japan det rysk-japanska kriget mot Ryssland, och f\u00F6r f\u00F6rsta g\u00E5ngen i modern historia besegrades en europeisk nation av en modern asiatisk stat. Den nya japanska nationalstaten b\u00F6rjade bedriva en allt aggressivare kolonial politik under tidigt 1900-tal och annekterade Korea 1912. Man deltog i begr\u00E4nsad utstr\u00E4ckning i f\u00F6rsta v\u00E4rldskriget, men gick till stor del miste om att f\u00E5 ta \u00F6ver gamla tyska kolonier och alienerades av Ententen n\u00E4r Versaillesfreden sammanst\u00E4lldes. Under 1920- och 1930-talen inkorporerades Taiwan och man b\u00F6rjade f\u00F6ra ett krig mot Kina som ofta ledde till brutala \u00F6vergrepp mot civilbefolkningen. Senare sl\u00F6ts en allians med Axelmakterna Tyskland och Italien och fr\u00E5n 1937 till 1941 utdelade den japanska krigsmakten en rad f\u00F6r\u00F6dande slag mot brittiska och nederl\u00E4ndska kolonier i Syd- och Sydostasien. V\u00E4ndpunkten intr\u00E4ffade n\u00E4r man till slut anf\u00F6ll USA och provocerade fram ett direkt amerikanskt deltagande i andra v\u00E4rldskriget. P\u00E5 drygt fyra \u00E5r utpl\u00E5nades den japanska krigsmaskinen n\u00E4stan totalt. Den slutgiltiga och villkorsl\u00F6sa kapitulationen intr\u00E4ffade efter att det amerikanska flygvapnet f\u00F6r f\u00F6rsta g\u00E5ngen i v\u00E4rldshistorien f\u00E4llde atombomber \u00F6ver civilbefolkningen i Hiroshima och Nagasaki och Sovjetunionens krigsf\u00F6rklaring n\u00E5gra dagar efter bomben \u00F6ver Hiroshima. Det japanska politiska samh\u00E4llets framv\u00E4xt f\u00F6re modern tid har m\u00E5nga paralleller med europeisk feodalism; en inhemsk krigarkultur baserad p\u00E5 klantillh\u00F6righet blandades med en st\u00F6rre n\u00E4raliggande h\u00F6gkulturs centraliserande ideologi och religion (konfucianism och buddhism)."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u306B\u307B\u3093\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u53F2\uFF08\u306B\u307B\u3093\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u56FD\u53F2\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u3057\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u307E\u305F\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u5217\u5CF6\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6B74\u53F2\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u672C\u9805\u3067\u306F\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u89B3\u70B9\u3092\u4EA4\u3048\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u89B3\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u5404\u6642\u4EE3\u306E\u8A73\u7D30\u306F\u3001\u5404\u6642\u4EE3\u533A\u5206\u9805\u76EE\uFF08\u5404\u7BC0\u306E\u5192\u982D\u306E\u30EA\u30F3\u30AF\u5148\uFF09\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u305F\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia Japonii jest wypadkow\u0105 w\u0142asnej polityki izolacji tego kraju oraz wp\u0142yw\u00F3w zewn\u0119trznych \u2013 Chin i Zachodu. Oddalenie geograficzne i dobrowolne zamkni\u0119cie si\u0119 od \u015Bwiata w okresie Edo doprowadzi\u0142y do niezale\u017Cnego rozwoju o oryginalnych cechach, a przejmowanie przez stulecia element\u00F3w cywilizacji chi\u0144skiej i nast\u0119pnie otwarcie na Zach\u00F3d, wymuszone w 1854 roku, doprowadzi\u0142y Japoni\u0119 do pozycji pierwszej azjatyckiej pot\u0119gi przemys\u0142owej. Wynikaj\u0105ca z tego si\u0142a doprowadzi\u0142a do planu szerokiej ekspansji w regionie Azji Wschodniej i Pacyfiku, co zako\u0144czy\u0142o si\u0119 kl\u0119sk\u0105 podczas II wojny \u015Bwiatowej i okupacj\u0105 wojsk ameryka\u0144skich."@pl . . . . 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"\u65E5\u672C\u5386\u53F2"@zh . "Dit artikel beoogt een overzicht te geven van de geschiedenis van Japan. Japan is een eilandengroep. Het ligt vrijwel geheel in de gematigde klimaatzone. Er valt veel neerslag en de bodem is er tamelijk vruchtbaar. Hoewel Japan op niet al te grote afstand van het vasteland van Azi\u00EB ligt, lag het wel altijd in de periferie. Het heeft daardoor een tamelijk bescheiden rol in de wereldgeschiedenis gespeeld. De werd diepgaand en langdurig be\u00EFnvloed door China. De geschiedenis van Japan in strikte zin begint op het moment dat de invloed van de Chinese beschaving zich in den brede deed gelden. De kennismaking leidde onder andere tot de introductie van het schrift."@nl . . . . . "\uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Dit artikel beoogt een overzicht te geven van de geschiedenis van Japan. Japan is een eilandengroep. Het ligt vrijwel geheel in de gematigde klimaatzone. Er valt veel neerslag en de bodem is er tamelijk vruchtbaar. Hoewel Japan op niet al te grote afstand van het vasteland van Azi\u00EB ligt, lag het wel altijd in de periferie. Het heeft daardoor een tamelijk bescheiden rol in de wereldgeschiedenis gespeeld. De werd diepgaand en langdurig be\u00EFnvloed door China. De geschiedenis van Japan in strikte zin begint op het moment dat de invloed van de Chinese beschaving zich in den brede deed gelden. De kennismaking leidde onder andere tot de introductie van het schrift."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Japans historia"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Jap\u00F3n (\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 o \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / Nihonshi?) es la sucesi\u00F3n de hechos acontecidos dentro del archipi\u00E9lago japon\u00E9s. Algunos de estos hechos aparecen aislados e influenciados por la naturaleza geogr\u00E1fica de Jap\u00F3n como naci\u00F3n insular, en tanto que otra serie de hechos, obedece a influencias for\u00E1neas como en el caso del Imperio chino, el cual defini\u00F3 su idioma, su escritura y, tambi\u00E9n, su cultura pol\u00EDtica. Asimismo, otra de las influencias for\u00E1neas fue la de origen occidental, lo que convirti\u00F3 al pa\u00EDs en una naci\u00F3n industrial, ejerciendo con ello una esfera de influencia y una expansi\u00F3n territorial sobre el \u00E1rea del Pac\u00EDfico. No obstante, dicho expansionismo se detuvo tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el pa\u00EDs se posicion\u00F3 en un esquema de naci\u00F3n industrial con v\u00EDnculos a su t"@es . . . "History of Japan"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria del Jap\u00F3 (\u65E5\u672C \u306E \u6B74\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihonshi) \u00E9s la successi\u00F3 dels fets esdevinguts dins l'arxip\u00E8lag japon\u00E8s, amb l'aparici\u00F3 de fets a\u00EFllats per la seva naturalesa geogr\u00E0fica com a naci\u00F3 insular i tamb\u00E9 per fets influ\u00EFts, en primer lloc, per l'Imperi de la Xina, el qual va definir el seu llenguatge i escriptura i, entre d'altres, la seva cultura pol\u00EDtica. D'altra banda, compta tamb\u00E9 amb la influ\u00E8ncia occidental, que converteix el pa\u00EDs en una naci\u00F3 industrial, amb la qual cosa aconsegueix exercir una esfera d'influ\u00E8ncia i una expansi\u00F3 territorial sobre l'\u00E0rea del Pac\u00EDfic, per\u00F2 despr\u00E9s de la Segona Guerra Mundial es va aturar i va mantenir un esquema de naci\u00F3 industrial amb vincles a la tradici\u00F3 cultural del pa\u00EDs."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u6B77\u53F2\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u53F2\u662F\u6307\u65E5\u672C\u6216\u65E5\u672C\u5217\u5CF6\u5167\u7684\u6B77\u53F2\u3002 \u6839\u64DA\u50B3\u8AAA\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u65BC\u516C\u5143\u524D660\u5E742\u670811\u65E5\u5EFA\u570B\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u5728\u516C\u51434\u4E16\u7D00\u51FA\u73FE\u9996\u500B\u7D71\u4E00\u653F\u6B0A\u502D\u570B\uFF0C\u5176\u5F8C\u65BC\u5927\u5316\u9769\u65B0\u5F8C\u78BA\u7ACB\u5929\u7687\u9AD4\u5236\uFF0C\u5F15\u5165\u5510\u671D\u6587\u5316\uFF0C\u5B78\u7FD2\u6F22\u5B57\u8207\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6771\u4E9E\u7684\u7FD2\u4FD7\u8207\u50F9\u503C\u89C0\uFF0C\u5C0D\u65E5\u672C\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u6DF1\u9060\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\u300212\u4E16\u7D00\u672B\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u958B\u59CB\u516D\u767E\u591A\u5E74\u7684\u5E55\u5E9C\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u671F\u9593\u66FE\u7D93\u6B77\u4E00\u500B\u534A\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u6230\u570B\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u7531\u8C50\u81E3\u79C0\u5409\u65BC1590\u5E74\u521D\u6B65\u7D71\u4E00\u30021600\u5E74\uFF0C\u5FB7\u5DDD\u5BB6\u5EB7\u5728\u95DC\u539F\u4E4B\u6230\u6253\u6557\u5176\u4ED6\u5927\u540D\u5F8C\uFF0C\u65BC17\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6C5F\u6236\u5E55\u5E9C\uFF0C\u4E26\u4ECE\u7B2C\u4E09\u4EE3\u5C06\u519B\u5FB7\u5DDD\u5BB6\u5149\u8D77\u5BE6\u884C\u9396\u570B\u653F\u7B56\u4E8C\u767E\u591A\u5E74\u3002 1853\u5E74\u9ED1\u8239\u4E8B\u4EF6\u5F8C\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u5167\u6709\u5FD7\u4E4B\u58EB\u63D0\u51FA\u300C\u5C0A\u738B\u6518\u5937\u300D\u7B49\u865F\u53EC\uFF0C\u6C5F\u6236\u5E55\u5E9C\u5728\u8F3F\u8AD6\u58D3\u529B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u88AB\u8FEB\u5C07\u653F\u6B0A\u9084\u7D66\u660E\u6CBB\u5929\u7687\uFF0C\u53F2\u7A31\u300C\u5927\u653F\u5949\u9084\u300D\u30021868\u5E74\uFF0C\u660E\u6CBB\u5929\u7687\u7ECF\u7531\u620A\u8FB0\u6218\u4E89\u80DC\u5229\u65BD\u884C\u660E\u6CBB\u7DAD\u65B0\u6574\u9813\u5167\u653F\uFF0C\u5BCC\u570B\u5F37\u5175\u7684\u653F\u7B56\u4E3B\u5C0E\u8FD1\u4EE3\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u958B\u7AEF\u30021920\u5E74\u4EE3\u4E00\u6230\u5F8C\u77ED\u66AB\u7D93\u6B77\u5927\u6B63\u6C11\u4E3B\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u52301930\u5E74\u4EE3\u843D\u5165\u8ECD\u90E8\u63A7\u5236\uFF0C\u5BE6\u884C\u8ECD\u570B\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u4F46\u65BC1945\u5E74\u88AB\u76DF\u570B\u64CA\u6557\u5F8C\u5BA3\u5E03\u6295\u964D\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u5728\u6062\u5FA9\u4E3B\u6B0A\u5F8C\u7D93\u6FDF\u9AD8\u901F\u589E\u9577\uFF0C\u8E8B\u8EAB\u5148\u9032\u570B\u5BB6\u4E4B\u5217\uFF1B1990\u5E74\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6CE1\u6CAB\u7D93\u6FDF\u7834\u706D\uFF1B2012\u5E74\u5B89\u500D\u7D93\u6FDF\u5B78\u91CD\u632F\u65E5\u672C\u7D93\u6FDF\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Japanaj militkrimoj de la Imperio de Japanio okazis en multaj Azi-Pacifikaj landoj dum la periodo de japana imperiismo, \u0109efe dum la Dua \u0108ina-Japana Milito kaj la Dua Mondmilito. Tiuj okaza\u0135oj estis priskribita foje kiel Azia Holoka\u016Dsto. Kelkaj militkrimoj estis fifaritaj de militistoj el la Imperio de Japanio fine de la 19a jarcento, kvankam plej okazis dum la unua parto de la \u015Co\u016Da-erao, nomo havigita por la regado de la imperiestro Hirohito, \u011Dis la kapitulaco de la Imperio de Japanio en 1945. La kapitulaco de Japanio okazis post la faligo de la atombomboj sur Hiro\u015Dimon la 6-an de a\u016Dgusto 1945 kaj sur Nagasakon la 9-an de a\u016Dgusto 1945. La lastaj malvenkoj de la Japana Imperio estis la Soveta invado de Man\u0109urio kaj la Sovet\u2013Japana Milito. La Okupacio de Japanio fare de Aliancanoj fine de la Dua Mondmilito estis estrita de la Generalo Douglas MacArthur, nome Supera Komandanto de la Aliancaj Armeoj, kun subteno de la Brita Komunumo. Malkiel \u0109e la Okupacio de Germanio, Sovetunio ne estis rajtigita influi super Japanio. Tiu eksterlanda \u0109eesto markis la nuran fojon en la historio de Japanio kiam \u011Di estis okupaciita de eksterlanda potenco. La lando i\u011Dis parlamenta demokratio kiu kongruis kun la prioritatoj de la 1930-aj jaroj en la tiam nova politiko \"New Deal\" de Roosevelt. Tiu okupacio, kun kodonomo Operaco Nigra Listo, finis per la San-Francisko Pactraktato, subskribita la 8an de septembro, 1951, kaj valida el la 28a de aprilo, 1952, post kio la suvereneco de Japanio \u2013 kun la escepto, \u011Dis 1972, de la Rjukjua Insularo \u2013 estis tute resta\u016Drita. \n* Heisei (1989 - )"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC77C\uBCF8 \uC5ED\uC0AC(\u65E5\u672C-\u6B77\u53F2, \uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 \uB2C8\uD63C\uB178\uB808\uD0A4\uC2DC[*])\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8\uACFC \uC77C\uBCF8\uC778\uC774 \uD604\uC7AC\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0B4\uC544\uC628 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801 \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uC774\uB974\uB294 \uB9D0\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . "Japoniako historia Japoniar uharteak eta japoniarrak barne hartzen dituen historia da, bertako antzinako historian hasi eta egungo Japoniaren historia modernoa nazio estatu gisa. Japoniaren lehen erreferentzia idatzia txinatar jatorriko Hogeita Lau Historietan agertzen den informazio laburra da, I. mendean. Hala ere, badakigu uharteetan Goi Paleolito garaitik jendea bizi zela. Tradizionalki, Japoniako historia arotan banatzen da, J\u014Dmon Arotik hasi eta egungo Haisei arte. Horien artean ezagun eta garrantzitsuenak Nara Aroa (710-794), Edo Aroa (1603-1867) eta Meiji Aroa (1866-1869) dira."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia Japonii jest wypadkow\u0105 w\u0142asnej polityki izolacji tego kraju oraz wp\u0142yw\u00F3w zewn\u0119trznych \u2013 Chin i Zachodu. Oddalenie geograficzne i dobrowolne zamkni\u0119cie si\u0119 od \u015Bwiata w okresie Edo doprowadzi\u0142y do niezale\u017Cnego rozwoju o oryginalnych cechach, a przejmowanie przez stulecia element\u00F3w cywilizacji chi\u0144skiej i nast\u0119pnie otwarcie na Zach\u00F3d, wymuszone w 1854 roku, doprowadzi\u0142y Japoni\u0119 do pozycji pierwszej azjatyckiej pot\u0119gi przemys\u0142owej. Wynikaj\u0105ca z tego si\u0142a doprowadzi\u0142a do planu szerokiej ekspansji w regionie Azji Wschodniej i Pacyfiku, co zako\u0144czy\u0142o si\u0119 kl\u0119sk\u0105 podczas II wojny \u015Bwiatowej i okupacj\u0105 wojsk ameryka\u0144skich. Obecnie Japonia jest jednym z czo\u0142owych pa\u0144stw \u015Bwiata pod wzgl\u0119dem rozwoju nauki, nowoczesnych technologii i przemys\u0142u, zachowuj\u0105cym jednocze\u015Bnie odmienno\u015B\u0107 w\u0142asnych tradycji historycznych i realizuj\u0105cym pokojow\u0105 polityk\u0119 mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 i demokratyczny system spo\u0142eczny wewn\u0105trz kraju."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Japoniako historia"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0397 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03AC \u03C0\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C7\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1. \u039F\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9 \u0399\u03AC\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2, \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u039A\u03BF\u03C1\u03AD\u03B1. \u039F\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03B5\u03B9\u03BA\u03BD\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B9\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03AE\u03B4\u03B7 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 30.000 \u03C0.\u03A7."@el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Geschiedenis van Japan"@nl . . . . "The first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago have been traced to prehistoric times around 30,000 BC. The J\u014Dmon period, named after its cord-marked pottery, was followed by the Yayoi period in the first millennium BC when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese Book of Han in the first century AD."@en . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . . . . . . . "Die Geschichte Japans umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Staates Japan von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Sie ist gepr\u00E4gt durch ein Wechselspiel aus Isolation und \u00E4u\u00DFeren Einfl\u00FCssen. Einerseits f\u00FChrten sowohl die geographische Abgeschiedenheit als auch die selbstgew\u00E4hlte Abschottung gegen\u00FCber der Au\u00DFenwelt zu einer r\u00E4umlich begrenzten und in sich geschlossenen Entwicklung auf den japanischen Inseln; so ist die Geschichte Japans nach Auffassung mancher Historiker ein Modell f\u00FCr die Entwicklung von der Urzivilisation zur Moderne. Andererseits pr\u00E4gte vor allem China durch die Ausbreitung des Buddhismus und die Lehren des Konfuzianismus die Kultur und Sprache Japans mit. Auch im Westen nahm man Einfluss auf Japans Geschichte: Gewaltsam wurde 1854 nach \u00FCber zweihundertj\u00E4"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "129189"^^ . . . . . . . . "Storia del Giappone"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Histoire du Japon"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . "D\u011Bjiny Japonska"@cs . . . . . . . . "25890428"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La storia del Giappone inizia con un primo spostamento umano in un gruppo di isole nella parte sud-orientale della penisola coreana, intorno al 10.000 a.C. Le prime tracce di industria litica e utensili primordiali risalgono a 32.000 anni fa. Alcune delle ceramiche pi\u00F9 antiche mai scoperte furono prodotte proprio qui intorno al durante il periodo J\u014Dmon rappresentando una delle prime forme di lavoro artistico della storia dell'umanit\u00E0: le figurine dog\u016B risalenti al 4000 a.C. durante il periodo Yayoi, furono realizzate grazie a tecnologie importate dalla Cina e dalla Corea, come la coltivazione del riso e l'estrazione del bronzo e ferro."@it . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u306B\u307B\u3093\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u53F2\uFF08\u306B\u307B\u3093\u3057\uFF09\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u56FD\u53F2\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u3057\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u307E\u305F\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u5217\u5CF6\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6B74\u53F2\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u672C\u9805\u3067\u306F\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u89B3\u70B9\u3092\u4EA4\u3048\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u89B3\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u5404\u6642\u4EE3\u306E\u8A73\u7D30\u306F\u3001\u5404\u6642\u4EE3\u533A\u5206\u9805\u76EE\uFF08\u5404\u7BC0\u306E\u5192\u982D\u306E\u30EA\u30F3\u30AF\u5148\uFF09\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u305F\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC77C\uBCF8 \uC5ED\uC0AC(\u65E5\u672C-\u6B77\u53F2, \uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 \uB2C8\uD63C\uB178\uB808\uD0A4\uC2DC[*])\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8\uACFC \uC77C\uBCF8\uC778\uC774 \uD604\uC7AC\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0B4\uC544\uC628 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801 \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uC774\uB974\uB294 \uB9D0\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny Japonska jsou d\u011Bjinami ostrovn\u00EDho n\u00E1roda, kter\u00FD za\u017Eil dlouh\u00E1 obdob\u00ED dobrovoln\u00E9 izolace od okoln\u00EDho sv\u011Bta i obdob\u00ED radik\u00E1ln\u00EDch zm\u011Bn a p\u0159ej\u00EDm\u00E1n\u00ED ciz\u00EDch vzor\u016F."@cs . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny Japonska jsou d\u011Bjinami ostrovn\u00EDho n\u00E1roda, kter\u00FD za\u017Eil dlouh\u00E1 obdob\u00ED dobrovoln\u00E9 izolace od okoln\u00EDho sv\u011Bta i obdob\u00ED radik\u00E1ln\u00EDch zm\u011Bn a p\u0159ej\u00EDm\u00E1n\u00ED ciz\u00EDch vzor\u016F."@cs . "Historia de Jap\u00F3n"@es . . . . . . . "Dokumen tertua mengenai sejarah Jepang adalah kumpulan naskah sejarah Tiongkok asal abad ke-1 Masehi. Namun bukti-bukti menunjukkan kepulauan Jepang sudah dihuni manusia sejak zaman Setelah zaman es terakhir sekitar 12.000 SM, ekosistem Kepulauan Jepang yang kaya memungkinkan manusia untuk hidup. Barang-barang tembikar tertua berasal dari zaman J\u014Dmon."@in . "\u0397 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03AC \u03C0\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C7\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1. \u039F\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9 \u0399\u03AC\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2, \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u039A\u03BF\u03C1\u03AD\u03B1. \u039F\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03B5\u03B9\u03BA\u03BD\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B9\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03AE\u03B4\u03B7 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 30.000 \u03C0.\u03A7."@el . "\u064A\u063A\u0637\u064A \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062E\u0628\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060C \u0648\u064A\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0648\u062D\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0631\u062C\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062E\u0628\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 30,000 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F \u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064B\u0627. \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062A \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629\u064E \u062C\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0633\u064F\u0645\u064A\u062A \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u064B \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062E\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062E\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0628\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629\u064F \u064A\u0627\u064A\u0648\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064F\u062F\u062E\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064A\u0627. \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629\u060C \u0633\u064F\u062C\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062C\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago have been traced to prehistoric times around 30,000 BC. The J\u014Dmon period, named after its cord-marked pottery, was followed by the Yayoi period in the first millennium BC when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese Book of Han in the first century AD. Around the 3rd century BC, the Yayoi people from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization.Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the J\u014Dmon people, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers.Between the fourth to ninth century, Japan's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government, nominally controlled by the Emperor of Japan. The imperial dynasty established at this time continues to this day, albeit in an almost entirely ceremonial role. In 794, a new imperial capital was established at Heian-ky\u014D (modern Kyoto), marking the beginning of the Heian period, which lasted until 1185. The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical Japanese culture. Japanese religious life from this time and onwards was a mix of native Shinto practices and Buddhism. Over the following centuries, the power of the imperial house decreased, passing first to great clans of civilian aristocrats \u2013 most notably the Fujiwara \u2013 and then to the military clans and their armies of samurai. The Minamoto clan under Minamoto no Yoritomo emerged victorious from the Genpei War of 1180\u201385, defeating their rival military clan, the Taira. After seizing power, Yoritomo set up his capital in Kamakura and took the title of sh\u014Dgun. In 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura shogunate withstood two Mongol invasions, but in 1333 it was toppled by a rival claimant to the shogunate, ushering in the Muromachi period. During this period, regional warlords called daimy\u014D grew in power at the expense of the sh\u014Dgun. Eventually, Japan descended into a period of civil war. Over the course of the late 16th century, Japan was reunified under the leadership of the prominent daimy\u014D Oda Nobunaga and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After Toyotomi's death in 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu came to power and was appointed sh\u014Dgun by the emperor. The Tokugawa shogunate, which governed from Edo (modern Tokyo), presided over a prosperous and peaceful era known as the Edo period (1600\u20131868). The Tokugawa shogunate imposed a strict class system on Japanese society and cut off almost all contact with the outside world. Portugal and Japan came into contact in 1543, when the Portuguese became the first Europeans to reach Japan by landing in the southern archipelago. They had a significant impact on Japan, even in this initial limited interaction, introducing firearms to Japanese warfare. The American Perry Expedition in 1853\u201354 more completely ended Japan's seclusion; this contributed to the fall of the shogunate and the return of power to the emperor during the Boshin War in 1868. The new national leadership of the following Meiji period transformed the isolated feudal island country into an empire that closely followed Western models and became a great power. Although democracy developed and modern civilian culture prospered during the Taish\u014D period (1912\u201326), Japan's powerful military had great autonomy and overruled Japan's civilian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. The Japanese military invaded Manchuria in 1931, and from 1937 the conflict escalated into a prolonged war with China. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 led to war with the United States and its allies. Japan's forces soon became overextended, but the military held out in spite of Allied air attacks that inflicted severe damage on population centers. Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The Allies occupied Japan until 1952, during which a new constitution was enacted in 1947 that transformed Japan into a constitutional monarchy. After 1955, Japan enjoyed very high economic growth under the governance of the Liberal Democratic Party, and became a world economic powerhouse. Since the Lost Decade of the 1990s, economic growth has slowed. On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered from a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded, which killed almost 20,000 people and caused the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster."@en . . . . . . . "Geschichte Japans"@de . . . . "Japoniako historia Japoniar uharteak eta japoniarrak barne hartzen dituen historia da, bertako antzinako historian hasi eta egungo Japoniaren historia modernoa nazio estatu gisa. Japoniaren lehen erreferentzia idatzia txinatar jatorriko Hogeita Lau Historietan agertzen den informazio laburra da, I. mendean. Hala ere, badakigu uharteetan Goi Paleolito garaitik jendea bizi zela. Tradizionalki, Japoniako historia arotan banatzen da, J\u014Dmon Arotik hasi eta egungo Haisei arte. Horien artean ezagun eta garrantzitsuenak Nara Aroa (710-794), Edo Aroa (1603-1867) eta Meiji Aroa (1866-1869) dira."@eu . "Hist\u00F2ria del Jap\u00F3"@ca . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0301\u0440\u0438\u044F \u042F\u043F\u043E\u0301\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u043E\u0442 40 \u0442\u044B\u0441\u044F\u0447\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043E \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u00AB\u0414\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00BB I \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430. \u041E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043C \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043F\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D \u043B\u044E\u0434\u044C\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u044B \u0438\u0437\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043C."@ru . . . . 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"La storia del Giappone inizia con un primo spostamento umano in un gruppo di isole nella parte sud-orientale della penisola coreana, intorno al 10.000 a.C. Le prime tracce di industria litica e utensili primordiali risalgono a 32.000 anni fa. Alcune delle ceramiche pi\u00F9 antiche mai scoperte furono prodotte proprio qui intorno al durante il periodo J\u014Dmon rappresentando una delle prime forme di lavoro artistico della storia dell'umanit\u00E0: le figurine dog\u016B risalenti al 4000 a.C. durante il periodo Yayoi, furono realizzate grazie a tecnologie importate dalla Cina e dalla Corea, come la coltivazione del riso e l'estrazione del bronzo e ferro. Durante il periodo Yamato, che va dal 250 al 710, si vide emergere la prima forma di uno stato strutturato. Nei primi secoli vennero costruiti grandi tumuli funerari, chiamati kofun mentre la regione del Kansai inizi\u00F2 ad imporsi come centro politico. Nel VI secolo, il Buddismo, giunto in Giappone attraverso la Cina e la Corea, cambi\u00F2 profondamente la vita politica del Paese; una costituzione di 17 articoli di ispirazione buddista venne scritta nel 604 per vigilare sul funzionamento dello Stato. Molti immigrati provenienti dai regni coreani plasmarono la vita politica e le arti dell'arcipelago giapponese. Tra l'VIII e il XII secolo and\u00F2 ad affermarsi una cultura classica che poteva godere del sostegno della corte imperiale. Fortemente influenzata da modelli continentali da cui si emancip\u00F2 durante il X secolo, fu all'origine di opere come T\u014Ddai-ji o il romanzo Genji monogatari. In questo periodo la scena politica era divisa tra il potere imperiale e il potere dei capi clan. I Fujiwara, Taira e Minamoto, a loro volta, monopolizzarono la maggior parte degli uffici dell'amministrazione. Con le carestie che regolarmente imperversano nel paese e l'insicurezza che ne derivava, si instaur\u00F2 nel paese una classe sociale di combattenti, detti bushi antesignani dei Samurai. Il medioevo giapponese si estende dal XII secolo alla fine del XVI secolo. Dopo la guerra di Genpei, conclusasi nel 1185, il paese fu governato per la prima volta da un governo esterno alla corte imperiale: il bakufu, con sede nella regione del Kant\u014D. Tale governo bellicoso, guidato dal clan H\u014Dj\u014D, segn\u00F2 l'era Kamakura (\u938C\u5009 \u6642\u4EE3, Kamakura jidai), una delle 14 tradizionali suddivisioni della storia giapponese. In questo periodo, che inizi\u00F2 nel 1185 per terminare nel 1333, il Giappone fu posto sotto l'autorit\u00E0 politica dello shogunato Kamakura, Successivamente il potere venne conquistato dagli Ashikaga che, a partire dal 1336, intrapresero una intensa politica di ristrutturazione del paese. Con il periodo Sengoku, o era degli stati belligeranti, il medioevo giapponese and\u00F2 verso il tramonto; questi furono anni segnati da grandi turbolenze sociali e politiche e dalla frammentazione del paese in diverse province e potentati. La riunificazione politica del paese fu comunque realizzata successivamente grazie all'impulso dato dai capi militari Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi e, poi, Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lo shogunato Tokugawa, iniziato nel 1603 e terminato nel 1868, corrisponde al periodo Edo, contraddistinto dapprima da una politica commerciale rivolta verso l'estero ma poi virta verso un isolamento a seguito dell' del 1635. Il paese visse una fase di crescita demografica ed economica che si protrasse dal XVI al XVIII secolo. Il neoconfucianesimo, importato dalla Cina fu la base dell'organizzazione della societ\u00E0 e stabil\u00EC una divisione sociale in pi\u00F9 classi. Nel campo della cultura, si affermarono i generi Haiku, Kabuki si akabuki o haiku, mentre in campo scientifico gli studi rangaku permisero la diffusioni della scienza e della tecnica occidentale nell'arcipelago. Nel 1868, con il ritorno del potere dell'imperatore al centro del sistema politico nacque l'Impero del Giappone. In concorrenza con il colonialismo occidentale nel continente asiatico, il Giappone intraprese una politica di espansione territoriale, culminata nel 1910 con l'annessione della Corea, l'invasione della Manciuria nel 1931 e con l'occupazione di parte della Cina nel 1937. Nel 1941 il paese intraprese una guerra contro una coalizione internazionale che si concluse dopo i bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki avvenuti nell'agosto del 1945 che costrinsero l'impero giapponese ad arrendersi. Dal 1945 al 1952, l'occupazione statunitense impose la democratizzazione del paese e l'adozione di una nuova costituzione. Dopo il 1955, il Giappone benefici\u00F2 di una crescita economica molto elevata diventando una potenza economica mondiale pur registrando una battuta d'arresto negli anni 1990. L'11 marzo 2011, il Giappone ha subito un terremoto e maremoto di magnitudo 9.0, uno dei terremoti pi\u00F9 potenti mai registrati, che ha ucciso quasi 20 000 persone e causato il grave disastro nucleare di Fukushima Dai-ichi."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u6B77\u53F2\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u53F2\u662F\u6307\u65E5\u672C\u6216\u65E5\u672C\u5217\u5CF6\u5167\u7684\u6B77\u53F2\u3002 \u6839\u64DA\u50B3\u8AAA\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u65BC\u516C\u5143\u524D660\u5E742\u670811\u65E5\u5EFA\u570B\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u5728\u516C\u51434\u4E16\u7D00\u51FA\u73FE\u9996\u500B\u7D71\u4E00\u653F\u6B0A\u502D\u570B\uFF0C\u5176\u5F8C\u65BC\u5927\u5316\u9769\u65B0\u5F8C\u78BA\u7ACB\u5929\u7687\u9AD4\u5236\uFF0C\u5F15\u5165\u5510\u671D\u6587\u5316\uFF0C\u5B78\u7FD2\u6F22\u5B57\u8207\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6771\u4E9E\u7684\u7FD2\u4FD7\u8207\u50F9\u503C\u89C0\uFF0C\u5C0D\u65E5\u672C\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u6DF1\u9060\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\u300212\u4E16\u7D00\u672B\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u958B\u59CB\u516D\u767E\u591A\u5E74\u7684\u5E55\u5E9C\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u671F\u9593\u66FE\u7D93\u6B77\u4E00\u500B\u534A\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u6230\u570B\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u7531\u8C50\u81E3\u79C0\u5409\u65BC1590\u5E74\u521D\u6B65\u7D71\u4E00\u30021600\u5E74\uFF0C\u5FB7\u5DDD\u5BB6\u5EB7\u5728\u95DC\u539F\u4E4B\u6230\u6253\u6557\u5176\u4ED6\u5927\u540D\u5F8C\uFF0C\u65BC17\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6C5F\u6236\u5E55\u5E9C\uFF0C\u4E26\u4ECE\u7B2C\u4E09\u4EE3\u5C06\u519B\u5FB7\u5DDD\u5BB6\u5149\u8D77\u5BE6\u884C\u9396\u570B\u653F\u7B56\u4E8C\u767E\u591A\u5E74\u3002 1853\u5E74\u9ED1\u8239\u4E8B\u4EF6\u5F8C\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u5167\u6709\u5FD7\u4E4B\u58EB\u63D0\u51FA\u300C\u5C0A\u738B\u6518\u5937\u300D\u7B49\u865F\u53EC\uFF0C\u6C5F\u6236\u5E55\u5E9C\u5728\u8F3F\u8AD6\u58D3\u529B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u88AB\u8FEB\u5C07\u653F\u6B0A\u9084\u7D66\u660E\u6CBB\u5929\u7687\uFF0C\u53F2\u7A31\u300C\u5927\u653F\u5949\u9084\u300D\u30021868\u5E74\uFF0C\u660E\u6CBB\u5929\u7687\u7ECF\u7531\u620A\u8FB0\u6218\u4E89\u80DC\u5229\u65BD\u884C\u660E\u6CBB\u7DAD\u65B0\u6574\u9813\u5167\u653F\uFF0C\u5BCC\u570B\u5F37\u5175\u7684\u653F\u7B56\u4E3B\u5C0E\u8FD1\u4EE3\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u958B\u7AEF\u30021920\u5E74\u4EE3\u4E00\u6230\u5F8C\u77ED\u66AB\u7D93\u6B77\u5927\u6B63\u6C11\u4E3B\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u52301930\u5E74\u4EE3\u843D\u5165\u8ECD\u90E8\u63A7\u5236\uFF0C\u5BE6\u884C\u8ECD\u570B\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u4F46\u65BC1945\u5E74\u88AB\u76DF\u570B\u64CA\u6557\u5F8C\u5BA3\u5E03\u6295\u964D\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u5728\u6062\u5FA9\u4E3B\u6B0A\u5F8C\u7D93\u6FDF\u9AD8\u901F\u589E\u9577\uFF0C\u8E8B\u8EAB\u5148\u9032\u570B\u5BB6\u4E4B\u5217\uFF1B1990\u5E74\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6CE1\u6CAB\u7D93\u6FDF\u7834\u706D\uFF1B2012\u5E74\u5B89\u500D\u7D93\u6FDF\u5B78\u91CD\u632F\u65E5\u672C\u7D93\u6FDF\u3002"@zh . . . . . "La historia de Jap\u00F3n (\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 o \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / Nihonshi?) es la sucesi\u00F3n de hechos acontecidos dentro del archipi\u00E9lago japon\u00E9s. Algunos de estos hechos aparecen aislados e influenciados por la naturaleza geogr\u00E1fica de Jap\u00F3n como naci\u00F3n insular, en tanto que otra serie de hechos, obedece a influencias for\u00E1neas como en el caso del Imperio chino, el cual defini\u00F3 su idioma, su escritura y, tambi\u00E9n, su cultura pol\u00EDtica. Asimismo, otra de las influencias for\u00E1neas fue la de origen occidental, lo que convirti\u00F3 al pa\u00EDs en una naci\u00F3n industrial, ejerciendo con ello una esfera de influencia y una expansi\u00F3n territorial sobre el \u00E1rea del Pac\u00EDfico. No obstante, dicho expansionismo se detuvo tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el pa\u00EDs se posicion\u00F3 en un esquema de naci\u00F3n industrial con v\u00EDnculos a su tradici\u00F3n cultural. La aparici\u00F3n de los primeros habitantes humanos en el archipi\u00E9lago japon\u00E9s data del Paleol\u00EDtico aproximadamente 35 000 a\u00F1os atr\u00E1s.\u200B Entre los a\u00F1os 11 000 y 500 a. C. dichos habitantes desarrollaron un tipo de cer\u00E1mica, llamado \u00ABJ\u014Dmon\u00BB, considerada la m\u00E1s antigua del mundo.\u200B Posteriormente apareci\u00F3 una cultura conocida como \u00ABYayoi\u00BB, que utilizaba herramientas de metal y cultivaba arroz. En ella exist\u00EDan varios cacicazgos, aunque sobresaldr\u00EDa el de Yamato.\u200B En siglos posteriores los gobernantes de Yamato afianzaron su posici\u00F3n y comenzaron a expandirse por el archipi\u00E9lago bajo un sistema centralizado, doblegando a las diversas tribus existentes, alegando su descendencia divina. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno central comenz\u00F3 a asimilar costumbres de Corea y de China. La r\u00E1pida imposici\u00F3n de tradiciones for\u00E1neas produjo una tensi\u00F3n en la sociedad japonesa y en el a\u00F1o 794 la corte imperial fund\u00F3 una nueva capital, Heian-ky\u014D (actual Kioto), dando origen a una cultura propia altamente sofisticada proveniente de la aristocracia. No obstante, en las provincias el sistema centralizado fue un fracaso y se inici\u00F3 un proceso de privatizaci\u00F3n de tierras, dando como consecuencia un colapso de la administraci\u00F3n p\u00FAblica y la ruptura del orden p\u00FAblico. La aristocracia comenz\u00F3 a necesitar la ayuda de guerreros para la protecci\u00F3n de sus propiedades, dando origen a la clase samur\u00E1i. Minamoto no Yoritomo asumi\u00F3 en 1192 el liderazgo de Jap\u00F3n, instaurando la figura del shogunato como una instituci\u00F3n militar permanente que gobernar\u00EDa de facto durante casi 700 a\u00F1os. El estallido de la Guerra \u014Cnin en 1467 provoc\u00F3 una cadena de guerras que se extendieron por Jap\u00F3n, periodo que culmin\u00F3 en 1573, cuando Oda Nobunaga comenz\u00F3 a unificar el pa\u00EDs, pero no pudo terminar la tarea debido a que fue traicionado por uno de sus principales generales. Toyotomi Hideyoshi veng\u00F3 su muerte y culmin\u00F3 la unificaci\u00F3n en 1590. A su muerte, el pa\u00EDs volvi\u00F3 a dividirse en dos bandos, los que apoyaban a su hijo Hideyori y los que apoyaban a uno de los daimy\u014D principales, Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ambos bandos se enfrentaron durante la batalla de Sekigahara, de la cual Ieyasu sali\u00F3 con la victoria, siendo nombrado oficialmente sh\u014Dgun en 1603, instaurando el shogunato Tokugawa. El per\u00EDodo Edo se caracteriz\u00F3 por ser pac\u00EDfico, y por la decisi\u00F3n de cerrar las fronteras para evitar el contacto con el exterior. El aislamiento termin\u00F3 en 1853 cuando el comodoro Matthew Perry oblig\u00F3 a Jap\u00F3n a abrir sus puertas y firmar una serie de tratados con las potencias extranjeras (llamados \u00ABTratados Desiguales\u00BB), lo que ocasion\u00F3 malestar entre algunos samur\u00E1is, quienes apoyaron al emperador para que retomara su protagonismo en la pol\u00EDtica. El \u00FAltimo sh\u014Dgun Tokugawa renunci\u00F3 en 1868, dando comienzo a la era Meiji, llamada as\u00ED en honor al emperador reinante que asumi\u00F3 el poder pol\u00EDtico. Se inici\u00F3 la modernizaci\u00F3n del pa\u00EDs abandonando el sistema feudal y el de los samur\u00E1i, la capital fue trasladada a Tokio, se inici\u00F3 un fuerte proceso de occidentalizaci\u00F3n y Jap\u00F3n emerger\u00EDa como el primer pa\u00EDs asi\u00E1tico industrializado. Surgi\u00F3 un proceso de expansionismo territorial hacia naciones vecinas, lo que los llev\u00F3 a enfrentarse militarmente al Imperio ruso y al Imperio Chino. A la muerte del emperador Meiji, Jap\u00F3n se hab\u00EDa convertido en un estado moderno, industrializado, con un gobierno central y como potencia dentro de Asia, rivalizando con Occidente. Hubo una explosi\u00F3n social debido al crecimiento econ\u00F3mico y poblacional y comenz\u00F3 a ganar terreno el extremismo pol\u00EDtico y hacia la d\u00E9cada de 1930 se aceler\u00F3 la expansi\u00F3n militar, confrontando con China por segunda vez. Tras el estallido de la guerra en Europa, Jap\u00F3n aprovech\u00F3 la situaci\u00F3n para la anexi\u00F3n de otras zonas de Asia. Durante el a\u00F1o 1941 las relaciones diplom\u00E1ticas entre Jap\u00F3n y los Estados Unidos eran tensas, ya que el presidente estadounidense Franklin Delano Roosevelt hab\u00EDa bloqueado los suministros petrol\u00EDferos a Jap\u00F3n y hab\u00EDa congelado todos los cr\u00E9ditos japoneses en los Estados Unidos. El 7 de diciembre de 1941 Jap\u00F3n atac\u00F3 Pearl Harbor, con lo que este pa\u00EDs entr\u00F3 a la Segunda Guerra Mundial como parte de las \u00ABPotencias del Eje\u00BB. A pesar de una serie de victorias iniciales, derrotas frente a los Aliados en batallas como la de Midway cambiaron los papeles en el escenario del Pac\u00EDfico. Despu\u00E9s de los terribles bombardeos at\u00F3micos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki Jap\u00F3n present\u00F3 su rendici\u00F3n incondicional, por lo que estuvo ocupado por fuerzas estadounidenses, las cuales desmantelaron el ej\u00E9rcito, liberaron las zonas ocupadas, el poder pol\u00EDtico del Emperador fue suprimido y el primer ministro ser\u00EDa elegido por el parlamento. En 1952 Jap\u00F3n recuper\u00F3 su soberan\u00EDa tras la firma del Tratado de San Francisco y creci\u00F3 econ\u00F3micamente con la ayuda de la comunidad internacional. Pol\u00EDticamente, el Partido Liberal Democr\u00E1tico, de tendencia conservadora, estuvo gobernando de manera casi ininterrumpida durante la posguerra. Con el inicio de la era Heisei, Jap\u00F3n sufri\u00F3 una recesi\u00F3n econ\u00F3mica en la d\u00E9cada de 1990 y socialmente se enfrent\u00F3 a un descenso de la natalidad y al r\u00E1pido envejecimiento de la poblaci\u00F3n. En los primeros a\u00F1os del siglo XXI, Jap\u00F3n ha comenzado a reformar las pr\u00E1cticas que reg\u00EDan desde la posguerra a la sociedad, al gobierno y a la econom\u00EDa."@es . . . . . . . . . "Sejarah Jepang"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019histoire du Japon commence avec le peuplement d\u00E9nisovien d'un groupe d'\u00EEles au sud-est de la p\u00E9ninsule cor\u00E9enne, environ 100 000 ans av. J.-C., l'arriv\u00E9e des premiers groupes d'homo sapiens se faisant plus tard. Les plus anciennes traces d'industrie, des pierres polies, remontent \u00E0 32 000 ans. Des poteries, parmi les plus anciennes de l'humanit\u00E9, sont produites vers 13 000 ans avant notre \u00E8re lors de la p\u00E9riode J\u014Dmon, et comprennent les premi\u00E8res formes d'\u0153uvres artistiques : les dog\u016B. 400 ans avant notre \u00E8re, au cours de la p\u00E9riode Yayoi, sont introduites des technologies venant de Chine et de Cor\u00E9e comme la riziculture et la fonte du bronze et du fer."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria do Jap\u00E3o (em japon\u00EAs: \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u6B74\u53F2 ou \u65E5\u672C\u53F2 Nihon no rekishi / Nihonshi?) \u00E9 a sequ\u00EAncia de eventos ocorridos no arquip\u00E9lago japon\u00EAs, com o surgimento de factos \u00FAnicos influenciados pela sua natureza geogr\u00E1fica enquanto na\u00E7\u00E3o insular, assim como por eventos inculcados por influ\u00EAncia do imp\u00E9rio Chin\u00EAs que definiram a sua l\u00EDngua, a sua escrita e tamb\u00E9m a sua cultura pol\u00EDtica. Por outro lado, o Jap\u00E3o foi ainda influenciado pelo Ocidente, convertendo-se numa na\u00E7\u00E3o industrial, mas manteve os la\u00E7os com a tradi\u00E7\u00E3o cultural do pa\u00EDs. Exerceu uma influ\u00EAncia significativa e expans\u00E3o territorial na regi\u00E3o do Pac\u00EDfico, mas ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial estacou."@pt . . . . "Japans historia har under historisk tid starkt pr\u00E4glats av kinesiska inflytelser, fr\u00E5n den dominerande h\u00F6gkulturen i Asien. M\u00E5nga omv\u00E4lvande tekniska och kulturella innovationer importerades fr\u00E5n fastlandet, ofta via Korea. \u00C4ven om japaner omn\u00E4mns i kinesiska k\u00E4llor redan p\u00E5 300-talet, \u00E4r det f\u00F6rst p\u00E5 600-talet som man finner skriftliga k\u00E4llor skrivna i Japan. En av de f\u00F6rsta k\u00E4llorna \u00E4r \"De sjutton principerna\", en sorts tidig konstitution, undertecknad av fursten Shotoku, som dikterade villkoren f\u00F6r sitt styre efter kinesiska konfucianska principer. Fram till slutet av 1500-talet avl\u00F6ste en rad mer eller mindre starka kejserliga regimer varandra, oftast under egentlig ledning av en shogun, en form av milit\u00E4rdiktator som under sig hade ett omfattande n\u00E4tverk av l\u00E4nsherrar, daimyo, och vas"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria do Jap\u00E3o"@pt . . . . . . .