. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1119021365"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "November 2019"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mount vernon stamp.JPG"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Generals Lee and Jackson-1937 Issue-4c.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Virginia sobre la que existen registros, comenz\u00F3 hace miles de a\u00F1os con el asentamiento en la regi\u00F3n geogr\u00E1fica ahora conocida como la Commonwealth de Virginia en los Estados Unidos, por los indios americanos. El establecimiento europeo permanente no ocurri\u00F3 hasta el establecimiento de Jamestown en 1607, por colonos ingleses. Cuando el tabaco surgi\u00F3 como una exportaci\u00F3n provechosa, Virginia import\u00F3 trabajadores africanos para cultivarlo y endureci\u00F3 los l\u00EDmites legales de la esclavitud. La Colonia de Virginia se convirti\u00F3 la colonia brit\u00E1nica m\u00E1s rica y poblada de Norteam\u00E9rica. Virginia fue una de las Trece Colonias originales que consiguieron la independencia de Gran Breta\u00F1a durante la Guerra de Independencia. El estado vio nacer a m\u00E1s l\u00EDderes nacionales que cualquier otro estado de la naci\u00F3n, incluidos cuatro de los cinco primeros presidentes: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor y Woodrow Wilson. Cuando la cuesti\u00F3n de esclavitud dividi\u00F3 la joven naci\u00F3n, el estado esclavista de Virginia era inicialmente reluctante a la secesi\u00F3n en 1861, pero tras la exigencia de tropas de Abraham Lincoln, el estado decidi\u00F3 separarse de la Uni\u00F3n (esta decisi\u00F3n provoc\u00F3 la divisi\u00F3n de Virginia en dos estados, Virginia y Virginia Occidental, esta \u00FAltima permanecer\u00EDa fiel a la Uni\u00F3n). Tras la secesi\u00F3n, Virginia se convirti\u00F3 en el principal campo de batalla de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense. Virginia comparti\u00F3 la recesi\u00F3n agr\u00EDcola con otros estados del Sur despu\u00E9s de la guerra y se esforz\u00F3 por su reconstrucci\u00F3n. Como en otros antiguos estados Confederados, cuando los dem\u00F3cratas blancos recobraron el poder, aprobaron leyes para la segregaci\u00F3n racial de instalaciones p\u00FAblicas y una Constituci\u00F3n que privaba de sus derechos civiles a los negros. La larga lucha larga por parte de los afroamericanos para ganar derechos protegidos a trav\u00E9s de la educaci\u00F3n, los litigios y el activismo no violento dur\u00F3 hasta bien entrados los a\u00F1os 1960, antes de que consiguieran una legislaci\u00F3n pro derechos civiles que protegi\u00F3 a ciudadanos de la discriminaci\u00F3n racial. El 2007 se celebr\u00F3 el cuadringent\u00E9simo aniversario del primer establecimiento ingl\u00E9s permanente en Jamestown. Una celebraci\u00F3n de 18 meses de duraci\u00F3n denominada \u00ABJamestown 2007\u00BB comenz\u00F3 en 2006. Distintos eventos celebraron las contribuciones de los nativos americanos, los europeos y los africanos a la historia de Virginia.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Coming ashore at Jamestown"@en . . . . "1907"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "168560"^^ . . "The written History of Virginia begins with documentation by the first Spanish explorers to reach the area in the 1500s, when it was occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. In 1607, English colonization began in Virginia with Jamestown, which would become the first permanent English settlement in North America. The Virginia Company colony was looking for gold and spices, and land to grow crops, however they would find no fortunes in the area, and struggled to maintain a food supply. The famine during the harsh winter of 1609 forced the colonists to eat leather from their clothes and boots, and resort to cannibalism. In 1610, survivors would abandon Jamestown, although they returned after meeting a resupply convoy in the James River. Soon thereafter during the early 1600s, tobacco emerged as a profitable export. It was chiefly grown on plantations, using primarily slaves for the intensive hand labor involved. After 1662, the colony turned black slavery into a hereditary racial caste. By 1750, the primary cultivators of the cash crop were West African slaves. While the plantations thrived because of the high demand for tobacco, most white settlers would raise their families on subsistence farms. Warfare with the Virginia Indian nations had been an ongoing factor during the 17th century. After 1700, there was continued conflict with natives east of the Alleghenies, especially in the French and Indian War (1754\u20131763), when the tribes were allied with the French. The Virginia Colony became the wealthiest and most populated of the Thirteen Colonies in North America with an elected General Assembly. The colony was dominated by rich planters, who were also in control of the established Anglican Church. Baptist and Methodist preachers brought the Great Awakening, welcoming black members, and leading to many evangelical and racially integrated churches. In 1776, Virginia and the rest of the American Colonies, would declare independence from Great Britain, helping form the United States. Virginia planters had a major role in gaining independence and in the development of Democratic-Republican ideals of the United States. They were important in the Declaration of Independence, writing the Constitutional Convention (and preserving protection for the slave trade), and establishing the Bill of Rights. Virginia was the tenth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on June 25, 1788. The state of Kentucky separated from Virginia in 1792. Four of the first five U.S. presidents were Virginians: George Washington, the \"Father of his country\"; and after 1800, \"The Virginia Dynasty\" of presidents for 24 years: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. During the first half of the 1800s, tobacco prices declined and tobacco lands lost much of their fertility. Planters adopted mixed farming, with an emphasis on wheat and livestock, which required less labor. The Constitutions of 1830 and 1850 expanded suffrage but did not equalize white male apportionment statewide. The population grew slowly from 700,000 in 1790, to 1 million in 1830, to 1.2 million in 1860. Virginia was the largest state population wise to join the Confederate States in 1861. It became the major theater of war during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865). Unionists in western Virginia created the separate state of West Virginia in 1863. Virginia's economy was devastated during the Civil War and disrupted in the Reconstruction era (1865\u20131877), when it was administered as Military District Number One. The first signs of recovery were seen in tobacco cultivation and the related cigarette industry, followed by coal mining, and increasing industrialization within the state. In 1883, conservative white Democrats regained power in the state government, leading to the implementation of Jim Crow laws. The 1902 Constitution would hinder many poor white voters and effectively disfranchised blacks from voting, until federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s. From the early to mid-20th century, the state was dominated by the Byrd Organization, with dominance by rural counties aligned in a Democratic party machine. Their hold was broken over their failed Massive Resistance to school integration. As with the rest of the country the Great Depression of the 1930s brought hard economic times. During and after World War II, the state's economy thrived, with a new industrial and urban base. A statewide community college system would develop during the 1960s. By the 1980s, Virginia's population growth was mainly fueled from economic growth in the Washington, D.C. area in Northern Virginia, in large part due to expansion of the federal government. The first African American governor of a U.S. state since the Reconstruction era, and first African American ever to be elected as state governor, was Virginia's Douglas Wilder in 1990. From the late 20th century and into the 21st century, the contemporary economy of Virginia continued to grow and become more diversified, with added high-tech industries and defense-related businesses. Virginia's changing demography makes for closely divided voting in national elections, but it is still generally conservative in state politics. In the 2010 U.S. census, Virginia's population reached 8 million people."@en . . . . . "\u041F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 XVI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0446\u044B \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044E, \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0430\u043B\u0433\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438, \u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0435\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0443 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0412 1607 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043C\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0443\u043D, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435. \u0423\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0442\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043B\u044B\u043C\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0446\u044B \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u0432 1610 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u043D\u043E \u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E. \u0412\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043A\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0432, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1662 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0443. \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044C XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0430\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0441 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1700 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u044B \u0441 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0441 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 (1754-1763). \u041A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0422\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0432\u044B\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0431\u043B\u0435\u044E (\u041F\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0411\u044E\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432). \u041A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B, \u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044C. \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044B \u0431\u0430\u043F\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432. \u0412 1776 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043E \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412 1792 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043E\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u0451 \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0441\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u041A\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0443\u043A\u043A\u0438. \u0418\u0437 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u044F\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0430\u043C\u0438: \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0442\u043E\u043D, \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D, \u041C\u044D\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043D \u0438 \u041C\u043E\u043D\u0440\u043E. \u0412 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043A \u0443\u043F\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0435\u0440\u044B \u043E\u0442\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E. \u0412 1830 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0438 1850 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B \u043D\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E. \u041D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E, \u0438 \u0441 700 000 \u0432 1790 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E \u0434\u043E 1 \u043C\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0432 1830 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u043E 1,2 \u043C\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u043A 1861 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u041A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430, \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0435\u0451 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 1863 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u043A\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043A \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0443. \u041A \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F: \u0432\u044B\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043A\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0441\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043D\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u044B. \u041A 1883 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043A \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044B, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u044B \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043C\u0430 \u041A\u0440\u043E\u0443. \u041A 1902 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0430\u0444\u0440\u043E\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u044B, \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u044B \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1936"^^ . "1937"^^ . . . . . . . "Jamestown founding 1907 U.S. stamp.1.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0438"@ru . . "Mount Vernon, home of G. Washington"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Virginia sobre la que existen registros, comenz\u00F3 hace miles de a\u00F1os con el asentamiento en la regi\u00F3n geogr\u00E1fica ahora conocida como la Commonwealth de Virginia en los Estados Unidos, por los indios americanos. El establecimiento europeo permanente no ocurri\u00F3 hasta el establecimiento de Jamestown en 1607, por colonos ingleses. Cuando el tabaco surgi\u00F3 como una exportaci\u00F3n provechosa, Virginia import\u00F3 trabajadores africanos para cultivarlo y endureci\u00F3 los l\u00EDmites legales de la esclavitud. La Colonia de Virginia se convirti\u00F3 la colonia brit\u00E1nica m\u00E1s rica y poblada de Norteam\u00E9rica."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Histoire de la Virginie"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The written History of Virginia begins with documentation by the first Spanish explorers to reach the area in the 1500s, when it was occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. In 1607, English colonization began in Virginia with Jamestown, which would become the first permanent English settlement in North America. The Virginia Company colony was looking for gold and spices, and land to grow crops, however they would find no fortunes in the area, and struggled to maintain a food supply. The famine during the harsh winter of 1609 forced the colonists to eat leather from their clothes and boots, and resort to cannibalism. In 1610, survivors would abandon Jamestown, although they returned after meeting a resupply convoy in the James River."@en . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "185"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u5DDE\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u3057\u3085\u3046\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u306E\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u5DDE\u306E\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u3001\u6570\u5343\u5E74\u524D\u30A4\u30F3\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u30F3\u90E8\u65CF\u304C\u4F4F\u307F\u7740\u3044\u3066\u304B\u3089\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u5DDE\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia de Virginia"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "215"^^ . . "\u041F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 XVI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0446\u044B \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044E, \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0430\u043B\u0433\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438, \u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0435\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0443 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0412 1607 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043C\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0443\u043D, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435. \u0423\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0442\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043B\u044B\u043C\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0446\u044B \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u0432 1610 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u043D\u043E \u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E. \u0412\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043A\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0432, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1662 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0443. \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044C XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0430\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0441 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1700 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442"@ru . "210"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of Virginia"@en . . "La Virginie est la premi\u00E8re colonie anglaise d'Am\u00E9rique du Nord. Fond\u00E9e en 1584, elle disparut ensuite pendant une vingtaine d'ann\u00E9es et ne prit son essor que lors d'une premi\u00E8re vague d'immigration blanche, pendant la Premi\u00E8re R\u00E9volution anglaise, puis noire lors de l'expansion des grandes plantations de tabac, apr\u00E8s la Restauration anglaise en 1660. Au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, elle est le berceau de nombreux dirigeants militaires lors de la Guerre de Sept Ans puis lors de la Guerre d'ind\u00E9pendance ainsi que le point de d\u00E9part des premi\u00E8res tentatives de s'\u00E9tendre vers l'Ouest, comme la Ohio Company."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Stratford Hall, birthplace of Robert E. Lee"@en . . . . . . . . . "La Virginie est la premi\u00E8re colonie anglaise d'Am\u00E9rique du Nord. Fond\u00E9e en 1584, elle disparut ensuite pendant une vingtaine d'ann\u00E9es et ne prit son essor que lors d'une premi\u00E8re vague d'immigration blanche, pendant la Premi\u00E8re R\u00E9volution anglaise, puis noire lors de l'expansion des grandes plantations de tabac, apr\u00E8s la Restauration anglaise en 1660. Au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, elle est le berceau de nombreux dirigeants militaires lors de la Guerre de Sept Ans puis lors de la Guerre d'ind\u00E9pendance ainsi que le point de d\u00E9part des premi\u00E8res tentatives de s'\u00E9tendre vers l'Ouest, comme la Ohio Company."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "similar to retinal"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u5DDE\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u3057\u3085\u3046\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u306E\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u30D0\u30FC\u30B8\u30CB\u30A2\u5DDE\u306E\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u3001\u6570\u5343\u5E74\u524D\u30A4\u30F3\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u30F3\u90E8\u65CF\u304C\u4F4F\u307F\u7740\u3044\u3066\u304B\u3089\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "2164837"^^ . . . . . . . "center"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .