. . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . "14856988"^^ . . . . . . . . . "1119911216"^^ . . . . . . "Most textbooks date the establishment of the \"Publicity Bureau\" in 1900 as the start of the modern public relations (PR) profession. Of course, there were many early forms of public influence and communications management in history. Basil Clarke is considered the founder of the public relations profession in Britain with his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924. Academic Noel Turnball points out that systematic PR was employed in Britain first by religious evangelicals and Victorian reformers, especially opponents of slavery. In each case the early promoters focused on their particular movement and were not for hire more generally. Propaganda was used by both sides to rally domestic support and demonize enemies during the First World War. PR activists entered the private sector in the 1920s. Public relations became established first in the U.S. by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays, then spread internationally. Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe after 1948 when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall Plan. The second half of the twentieth century was the professional development building era of public relations. Trade associations, PR news magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press release services began offering social media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the impact of social media in 1999, was controversial in its time, but by 2006, the effect of social media and new internet technologies became broadly accepted."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "mayor\u00EDa de los libros de texto consideran que el establecimiento de la oficina de la publicidad en 1900 es la fundaci\u00F3n de la profesi\u00F3n de las relaciones p\u00FAblicas. Sin embargo, los acad\u00E9micos han encontrado formas tempranas de influencia p\u00FAblica y gesti\u00F3n de las comunicaciones en las civilizaciones antiguas, durante la colonizaci\u00F3n del Nuevo Mundo y durante el movimiento para abolir la esclavitud en Inglaterra. Basilio Clark es considerado el fundador de las relaciones p\u00FAblicas en el Reino Unido para su establecimiento de Servicios Editoriales en 1924, aunque el acad\u00E9mico Noel Turnball cree que las relaciones p\u00FAblicas fueron fundadas en Gran Breta\u00F1a por primera vez por los evang\u00E9licos y los reformadores victorianos. La propaganda fue utilizada por los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido, Alemania y otros para reunir ayuda interna y demonizar a los enemigos durante las guerras mundiales, lo que llev\u00F3 a m\u00E1s sofisticados esfuerzos publicitarios comerciales conforme el talento de relaciones p\u00FAblicas entrar en el sector privado. La mayor\u00EDa de los historiadores creen que las relaciones p\u00FAblicas se establecieron por primera vez en los EE. UU. por Ivy Lee o Edward Bernays, luego se extendi\u00F3 a nivel internacional. Muchas empresas estadounidenses con departamentos de relaciones p\u00FAblicas difundieron la pr\u00E1ctica a Europa cuando crearon filiales europeas como resultado del plan Marshall. La segunda mitad del siglo XX se considera la era de desarrollo profesional de las relaciones p\u00FAblicas. Se establecieron asociaciones comerciales, revistas de noticias de relaciones p\u00FAblicas, agencias internacionales de relaciones p\u00FAblicas y los principios acad\u00E9micos para la profesi\u00F3n. En la d\u00E9cada de 2000, servicios de prensa comenzaron a ofrecer comunicados de prensa. El Manifiesto Cluetrain, quien predijo el impacto de los medios sociales en 1999, fue pol\u00E9mico en su tiempo, pero para el 2006, el efecto de los medios sociales y las nuevas tecnolog\u00EDas de Internet lleg\u00F3 a ser ampliamente aceptado."@es . . . "Historia de las Relaciones P\u00FAblicas"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "69509"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "mayor\u00EDa de los libros de texto consideran que el establecimiento de la oficina de la publicidad en 1900 es la fundaci\u00F3n de la profesi\u00F3n de las relaciones p\u00FAblicas. Sin embargo, los acad\u00E9micos han encontrado formas tempranas de influencia p\u00FAblica y gesti\u00F3n de las comunicaciones en las civilizaciones antiguas, durante la colonizaci\u00F3n del Nuevo Mundo y durante el movimiento para abolir la esclavitud en Inglaterra. Basilio Clark es considerado el fundador de las relaciones p\u00FAblicas en el Reino Unido para su establecimiento de Servicios Editoriales en 1924, aunque el acad\u00E9mico Noel Turnball cree que las relaciones p\u00FAblicas fueron fundadas en Gran Breta\u00F1a por primera vez por los evang\u00E9licos y los reformadores victorianos."@es . . . . . . "\u0623\u0631\u062E\u062A \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633\u00AB\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0629\u00BB (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629:Publicity Bureau) \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900 \u0643\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E. \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924.\u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064A\u0644 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062C \u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u064A\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062D\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062C\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u063A\u0646\u062F\u0627\u060C \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u063A\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u062D\u0634\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A \u0648\u062A\u0634\u0648\u064A\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0621. \u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920. \u062A\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u064A\u0641\u064A \u0644\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062F\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0628\u064A\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064A\u0632\u060C \u062B\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631\u062A \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u064B. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062A\u064A\u062C\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Most textbooks date the establishment of the \"Publicity Bureau\" in 1900 as the start of the modern public relations (PR) profession. Of course, there were many early forms of public influence and communications management in history. Basil Clarke is considered the founder of the public relations profession in Britain with his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924. Academic Noel Turnball points out that systematic PR was employed in Britain first by religious evangelicals and Victorian reformers, especially opponents of slavery. In each case the early promoters focused on their particular movement and were not for hire more generally."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of public relations"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u0623\u0631\u062E\u062A \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633\u00AB\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0629\u00BB (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629:Publicity Bureau) \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900 \u0643\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E. \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924.\u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064A\u0644 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062C \u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u064A\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062D\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062C\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . .