. . . . . . . . . . . "1124937563"^^ . "Left to right, top to bottom:"@en . . . . . . "\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u6230\u722D\uFF08\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerre d'Italia del XVI secolo\uFF09\u53C8\u7A31\u54C8\u5E03\u65AF\u5821-\u74E6\u5362\u74E6\u6230\u722D\uFF0C\u662F1494\u5E74\u81F31559\u5E74\u9593\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u6230\u722D\u7684\u7E3D\u7A31\uFF0C\u6230\u4E8B\u5730\u5305\u62EC\u591A\u6578\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u57CE\u90A6\u3001\u6559\u5B97\u570B\u3001\u897F\u6B50\u5404\u4E3B\u8981\u570B\u5BB6\uFF08\u6CD5\u570B\u3001\u897F\u73ED\u7259\u3001\u795E\u8056\u7F85\u99AC\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u82F1\u683C\u5170\u8207\u8607\u683C\u862D\uFF09\u4EE5\u53CA\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u571F\u8033\u5176\u5E1D\u570B\u3002\u6230\u722D\u8D77\u6E90\u65BC\u7C73\u862D\u516C\u570B\u8207\u90A3\u4E0D\u52D2\u65AF\u738B\u570B\u9593\u7684\u7CFE\u7D1B\uFF0C\u96A8\u5F8C\u8FC5\u901F\u8F49\u8B8A\u70BA\u5404\u53C3\u8207\u570B\u9593\u722D\u596A\u6B0A\u529B\u8207\u7248\u5716\u7684\u8ECD\u4E8B\u885D\u7A81\uFF0C\u4F34\u96A8\u806F\u76DF\u3001\u53CD\u806F\u76DF\uFF0C\u53CA\u983B\u7E41\u7684\u65B7\u4EA4\u8207\u80CC\u53DB\u3002"@zh . "Italian Wars"@en . . . . . "Louis XII"@en . . . . . . "\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u6230\u722D\uFF08\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerre d'Italia del XVI secolo\uFF09\u53C8\u7A31\u54C8\u5E03\u65AF\u5821-\u74E6\u5362\u74E6\u6230\u722D\uFF0C\u662F1494\u5E74\u81F31559\u5E74\u9593\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u6230\u722D\u7684\u7E3D\u7A31\uFF0C\u6230\u4E8B\u5730\u5305\u62EC\u591A\u6578\u7FA9\u5927\u5229\u57CE\u90A6\u3001\u6559\u5B97\u570B\u3001\u897F\u6B50\u5404\u4E3B\u8981\u570B\u5BB6\uFF08\u6CD5\u570B\u3001\u897F\u73ED\u7259\u3001\u795E\u8056\u7F85\u99AC\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u82F1\u683C\u5170\u8207\u8607\u683C\u862D\uFF09\u4EE5\u53CA\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u571F\u8033\u5176\u5E1D\u570B\u3002\u6230\u722D\u8D77\u6E90\u65BC\u7C73\u862D\u516C\u570B\u8207\u90A3\u4E0D\u52D2\u65AF\u738B\u570B\u9593\u7684\u7CFE\u7D1B\uFF0C\u96A8\u5F8C\u8FC5\u901F\u8F49\u8B8A\u70BA\u5404\u53C3\u8207\u570B\u9593\u722D\u596A\u6B0A\u529B\u8207\u7248\u5716\u7684\u8ECD\u4E8B\u885D\u7A81\uFF0C\u4F34\u96A8\u806F\u76DF\u3001\u53CD\u806F\u76DF\uFF0C\u53CA\u983B\u7E41\u7684\u65B7\u4EA4\u8207\u80CC\u53DB\u3002"@zh . "Italienska krigen var en f\u00F6ljd av krig 1494-1559 om kontrollen \u00F6ver de mellan i f\u00F6rsta hand Frankrike och Spanien, men som \u00E4ven involverade de flesta europeiska staterna och p\u00E5ven Clemens VII:s f\u00E5ngenskap."@sv . . . . . . "( (1526-1528)" . . "Italian Wars"@en . . . . . . . "Ferdinand V"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u039F\u03B9 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9, \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B5\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 \u0391\u03C8\u03B2\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B3\u03C9\u03BD-\u0392\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03AC, \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AD\u03BB\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03BD \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD 1494 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 1559 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7. \u0394\u03B9\u03B5\u03BE\u03AE\u03C7\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u0393\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B7\u03B3\u03B5\u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B5\u03BA\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BB\u03B7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0392\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039D\u03B5\u03B1\u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u0394\u03BF\u03C5\u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03B9\u03BB\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C0\u03BB\u03AC\u03BA\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03C9\u03C0\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BB\u03AD\u03B3\u03BE\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C4\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B5\u03C1\u03C3\u03BF\u03BD\u03AE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1, \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD-\u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD, \u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03B4\u03AF\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03C7\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03C9\u03C0\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE \u03C5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE. \u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1, \u03B5\u03BE\u03B5\u03BB\u03AF\u03C7\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03B3\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03AF\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03BF\u03C1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD, \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BD \u03B8\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C0\u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03B9\u03C3\u03C7\u03C5\u03C1\u03CC \u03CE\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B2\u03BB\u03B7\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD."@el . . . . . . . . "1494"^^ . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1 (1494\uB144-1498\uB144) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uD754\uD788 \uB300\uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1(Great Italian Wars) \uD639\uC740 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uB300\uC804\uC7C1(Great Wars of Italy)\uC73C\uB85C \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC0C1 \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uB294\uB370, \uC8FC\uB85C 1494\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1559\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C \uC77C\uB828\uC758 \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0\uB294 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 , \uAD50\uD669\uB839, \uC11C\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC778 , \uC2A4\uD398\uC778, \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D, \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC, \uC2A4\uCF54\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC774 \uCC38\uAC00\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC6D0\uB798\uB294 \uB098\uD3F4\uB9AC \uC655\uAD6D\uACFC \uBC00\uB77C\uB178 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC758 \uACC4\uC2B9\uAD8C\uC5D0 \uAD00\uB828\uB41C \uAC08\uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC21C\uC2DD\uAC04\uC5D0 \uD798\uACFC \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2FC \uAC01\uAD6D\uC758 \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uAD8C\uB825\uD22C\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uBC88\uC84C\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uC2DC\uC791\uC758 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C\uBD80\uD130 \uAC01\uAD6D\uC758 \uC774\uD574\uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uB3D9\uB9F9\uC744 \uCCB4\uACB0\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uBC30\uC2E0\uD558\uB294 \uC5ED\uB3D9\uB9F9\uC774 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB0AC\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . ""@en . "Italsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky nebo renesan\u010Dn\u00ED v\u00E1lky byl sled ozbrojen\u00FDch konflikt\u016F v letech 1494 a\u017E 1559 na v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B Apeninsk\u00E9ho poloostrova. Zapojily se do nich skoro v\u0161echny italsk\u00E9 st\u00E1ty, evropsk\u00E9 velmoci a Osmansk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Vznikly jako dynastick\u00FD konflikt o obsazen\u00ED neapolsk\u00E9ho tr\u016Fnu (prvn\u00ED italsk\u00E1 v\u00E1lka) a p\u0159erostly v celoevropsk\u00FD boj mezi dv\u011Bma nejmocn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi dynastiemi Z\u00E1padu, Habsburky a francouzsk\u00FDm kr\u00E1lovsk\u00FDm domem Valois. Konflikt skon\u010Dil ve prosp\u011Bch Habsburk\u016F. Za obecn\u00FD v\u00FDsledek s\u00E9rie italsk\u00FDch v\u00E1lek b\u00FDv\u00E1 pova\u017Eov\u00E1no ovl\u00E1dnut\u00ED italsk\u00E9ho severu rakouskou habsburskou monarchi\u00ED a jihu \u0161pan\u011Blsk\u00FDmi Habsburky (st\u0159ed It\u00E1lie z\u016Fstal Pape\u017Esk\u00E9mu st\u00E1tu). Francie se pokusila tyto dv\u011B mocnosti z poloostrova vytla\u010Dit posl\u00E9ze je\u0161t\u011B za Ludv\u00EDka XIV. v 17. stolet\u00ED a za Napoleona Bonaparta, av\u0161ak teprve Risorgimento (sjednocen\u00ED It\u00E1lie) ve stolet\u00ED devaten\u00E1ct\u00E9m \u0160pan\u011Bly a Raku\u0161any opravdu vytla\u010Dilo."@cs . "Les Guerres d'It\u00E0lia van ser un seguit de conflictes entre 1494 i 1559 que van involucrar, en diverses etapes, tots els grans estats d'Europa occidental (Fran\u00E7a, la Monarquia Hisp\u00E0nica, el Sacre Imperi Romanogerm\u00E0nic, Anglaterra, Esc\u00F2cia, la Rep\u00FAblica de Ven\u00E8cia, els Estats Pontificis i la major part de les ciutats estat italianes) a m\u00E9s de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. Inicialment originades per les disputes din\u00E0stiques sobre el Ducat de Mil\u00E0 i el Regne de N\u00E0pols, les guerres van desembocar en un conflicte generalitzat pel poder i el territori entre diversos participants, i van estar marcades per un creixent grau d'aliances, contra-aliances i habituals tra\u00EFcions."@ca . . . . . . . . . . "Suleiman I"@en . . . . . . "Les guerres d'Italie sont une suite de conflits (onze guerres) men\u00E9s par les souverains fran\u00E7ais en Italie \u00E0 partir de la fin du XVe si\u00E8cle et au cours du XVIe si\u00E8cle pour faire valoir ce qu'ils estimaient \u00EAtre leurs droits h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaires sur le royaume de Naples, puis sur le duch\u00E9 de Milan. Par un jeu complexe d'alliances et de contre-alliances reposant en partie sur des liens de parent\u00E9 et au prix d'efforts financiers consid\u00E9rables et de nombreuses campagnes militaires, les grandes puissances europ\u00E9ennes s'affront\u00E8rent sur le champ de bataille italien marqu\u00E9 par des batailles de rencontre et des batailles rang\u00E9es c\u00E9l\u00E8bres, mais aussi sur d'autres territoires."@fr . . "Battle of Ceresole"@en . . "Maximilian I"@en . . . . "Wojny w\u0142oskie \u2013 seria konflikt\u00F3w zbrojnych toczonych w latach 1494\u20131559, z udzia\u0142em Francji, Hiszpanii, niemieckiego rodu Habsburg\u00F3w, Pa\u0144stwa Ko\u015Bcielnego, Wenecji, Florencji, Neapolu, Mediolanu i licznych drobnych pa\u0144stewek w\u0142oskich; czasem w wojny te anga\u017Cowa\u0142y si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C inne pa\u0144stwa \u2013 Anglia, Szkocja, Szwajcaria czy nawet Imperium Osma\u0144skie."@pl . . "239500"^^ . . "Battle of Pavia"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u6226\u4E89"@ja . . . . . . . . "Onder de Italiaanse Oorlogen of de Habsburg-Valois-oorlogen wordt een reeks van militaire conflicten verstaan die tussen 1494 en 1559 de koningen van Frankrijk tegenover de Habsburgse heersers van Spanje en het Heilige Roomse Rijk plaatste. Ook het koninkrijk Engeland, het koninkrijk Schotland, de republiek Veneti\u00EB, de Pauselijke Staat, de meeste Italiaanse stadstaten en het Ottomaanse Rijk waren in de oorlogen betrokken. Het strijdtoneel beperkte zich niet tot Itali\u00EB, maar omvatte soms ook de Nederlanden en Frankrijk."@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Als Italienische Kriege bzw. Italienkriege oder Renaissance-Kriege wird eine Reihe von Kriegen bezeichnet, die zwischen 1494 und 1559 zu einem gro\u00DFen Teil auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Italien ausgetragen wurden. Neben allen gr\u00F6\u00DFeren europ\u00E4ischen waren auch fast alle italienischen Staaten und das Osmanische Reich daran beteiligt."@de . . . . . . . "Guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo"@it . . . . . "\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u0301\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0301\u0439\u043D\u044B (1494\u20141559) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u044B (\u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u044F, \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u044F, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u041F\u0430\u043F\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430-\u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0435. \u0412\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0443\u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u041D\u0435\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0431\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442. \u0421 1520-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435. \u0412\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0438, \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C, \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u041D\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043E\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044E \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . . . . "The Italian Wars, also known as the Habsburg\u2013Valois Wars, were a series of conflicts covering the period 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. They were supported by various Italian states at different stages of the war, with limited involvement from England and the Ottoman Empire."@en . . . . "Italienische Kriege"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629"@ar . . "\u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 (1494\u20141559) \u2014 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E, \u0406\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438 (\u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u044F, \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u044F, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u041F\u0430\u043F\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0456\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430-\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438) \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044E \u0432 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0456. \u0412\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u044F\u043A \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043A\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u041D\u0435\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043A\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442. \u0417 1520-\u0445 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u0430 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0456. \u0412\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0438, \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443, \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432 \u041D\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u043C\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0454\u043D \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0406\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0457\u0457 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044E \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043D."@uk . "Guerres d'Italie"@fr . ""@en . "Battle of Ravenna"@en . . . . "VariableItalian states" . . . . . . . . "\u039F\u03B9 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9, \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B5\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 \u0391\u03C8\u03B2\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B3\u03C9\u03BD-\u0392\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03AC, \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AD\u03BB\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03BD \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD 1494 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 1559 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7. \u0394\u03B9\u03B5\u03BE\u03AE\u03C7\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u0393\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B7\u03B3\u03B5\u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B5\u03BA\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BB\u03B7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0392\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039D\u03B5\u03B1\u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u0394\u03BF\u03C5\u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03B9\u03BB\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C0\u03BB\u03AC\u03BA\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03C9\u03C0\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BB\u03AD\u03B3\u03BE\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C4\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B5\u03C1\u03C3\u03BF\u03BD\u03AE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1, \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD-\u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD, \u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03B4\u03AF\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03C7\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03C9\u03C0\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE \u03C5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE."@el . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438"@uk . . . . . "Battle of Marignano"@en . . . . . "( (1536-1559)" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Guerras Italianas"@pt . "Wojny w\u0142oskie \u2013 seria konflikt\u00F3w zbrojnych toczonych w latach 1494\u20131559, z udzia\u0142em Francji, Hiszpanii, niemieckiego rodu Habsburg\u00F3w, Pa\u0144stwa Ko\u015Bcielnego, Wenecji, Florencji, Neapolu, Mediolanu i licznych drobnych pa\u0144stewek w\u0142oskich; czasem w wojny te anga\u017Cowa\u0142y si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C inne pa\u0144stwa \u2013 Anglia, Szkocja, Szwajcaria czy nawet Imperium Osma\u0144skie. Bezpo\u015Bredni\u0105 przyczyn\u0105 ich wybuchu by\u0142y francuskie roszczenia do sukcesji w Kr\u00F3lestwie Neapolu i Ksi\u0119stwie Mediolanu. Andrzej Wycza\u0144ski stwierdzi\u0142, \u017Ce mo\u017Cna wyr\u00F3\u017Cni\u0107 dwie fazy wojen w\u0142oskich: w pierwszej, trwaj\u0105cej od roku 1494 do 1516, celem wojen by\u0142o podporz\u0105dkowanie sobie przez zachodnioeuropejskie mocarstwa ca\u0142o\u015Bci lub cz\u0119\u015Bci P\u00F3\u0142wyspu Apeni\u0144skiego. W drugiej fazie, trwaj\u0105cej od roku 1521 do 1559, W\u0142ochy by\u0142y ju\u017C tylko jednym z teatr\u00F3w dzia\u0142a\u0144 wojennych, a przyczyn\u0105 wojen by\u0142a przede wszystkim rywalizacja o hegemoni\u0119 w zachodniej Europie, tocz\u0105ca si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy Habsburgami, kt\u00F3rzy za panowania Karola V skupili w swych r\u0119kach trony Hiszpanii, Neapolu, Sycylii, Niderland\u00F3w i Austrii oraz koron\u0119 cesarsk\u0105 \u015Awi\u0119tego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, a Francj\u0105, okr\u0105\u017Con\u0105 teraz przez posiad\u0142o\u015Bci habsburskie. Najwi\u0119kszym ze star\u0107 jest bitwa pod Pawi\u0105 w 1525, w Lombardii, w kt\u00F3rej to wojska Karola V pokona\u0142y armi\u0119 francusk\u0105, bior\u0105c do niewoli kr\u00F3la Francji Franciszka I. Ten jednak \u0142ami\u0105c p\u00F3\u017Aniejszy (kapitulancki) traktat pokojowy, wymkn\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 Hiszpanom z r\u0105k. Wojny w\u0142oskie zako\u0144czono ze wzgl\u0119du na bankructwo Hiszpanii oraz pocz\u0105tek wstrz\u0105s\u00F3w religijnych we Francji (hugenoci), pokojem w Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis w Niderlandach. Znacz\u0105cym elementem tych wojen s\u0105 cz\u0119sto si\u0119 zmieniaj\u0105ce koalicje, kt\u00F3re zawierali cz\u0119sto niedawni wrogowie przeciw niedawnym sojusznikom."@pl . "the French\u2013Habsburg rivalry, the Anglo-French wars and the Ottoman-Habsburg wars"@en . "As Guerras Italianas, frequentemente referidas como as Grandes Guerras da It\u00E1lia e \u00E0s vezes como as Guerras Habsburgo-Valois, foram uma longa s\u00E9rie de guerras travadas entre 1494 e 1559 na It\u00E1lia durante a Renascen\u00E7a. A pen\u00EDnsula italiana, economicamente avan\u00E7ada mas politicamente dividida entre v\u00E1rios estados, tornou-se o principal campo de batalha para a supremacia europeia. Os conflitos envolveram as grandes pot\u00EAncias da It\u00E1lia e da Europa, numa s\u00E9rie de eventos que se seguiram ao fim dos 40 anos da , acordada em 1454 com a forma\u00E7\u00E3o da ."@pt . . . . "Italiar Gerrak"@eu . . . . . . . . . "Henry II"@en . . . "\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B"@ru . . "( )"@en . . . . . . "Italienska krigen var en f\u00F6ljd av krig 1494-1559 om kontrollen \u00F6ver de mellan i f\u00F6rsta hand Frankrike och Spanien, men som \u00E4ven involverade de flesta europeiska staterna och p\u00E5ven Clemens VII:s f\u00E5ngenskap."@sv . . . . . "Variable Italian states"@en . . "\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064B \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064B \u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063A \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1494-1559 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062A\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627) \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062A \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064B \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062F\u0648\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064B \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0627\u062A\u0633\u0645\u062A \u0628\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0632\u0627\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062E\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . . . "The Italian Wars, also known as the Habsburg\u2013Valois Wars, were a series of conflicts covering the period 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. They were supported by various Italian states at different stages of the war, with limited involvement from England and the Ottoman Empire. The Italic League established in 1454 achieved a balance of power in Italy, but fell apart after the death of its chief architect, Lorenzo de' Medici, in 1492. Combined with the ambition of Ludovico Sforza, its collapse allowed Charles VIII of France to invade Naples in 1494, which drew in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Despite being forced to withdraw in 1495, Charles showed the Italian states were wealthy, but vulnerable due to political divisions, making parts of Italy a battleground in the struggle for European domination between France and the Habsburgs. Fought with considerable brutality, the wars took place against the background of religious turmoil caused by the Reformation, particularly in France and the Holy Roman Empire. They are seen as a turning point in the evolution from medieval to modern warfare, with the use of the arquebus or handgun becoming common, along with significant technological improvements in siege artillery. Literate commanders and modern printing methods also make them one of the first conflicts with a significant number of contemporary accounts, including those of Francesco Guicciardini, Niccol\u00F2 Machiavelli and Blaise de Montluc. After 1503, most of the fighting was initiated by French invasions of Lombardy and Piedmont, but although able to hold territory for periods of time, they could not do so permanently. By 1557, both France and the Empire were confronted by internal divisions over religion, while Spain faced a potential revolt in the Spanish Netherlands. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis (1559) largely expelled France from northern Italy, gaining in exchange Calais and the Three Bishoprics; it established Spain as the dominant power in the south, controlling Naples and Sicily, as well as Milan in the north."@en . . . "Peperangan Italia"@in . "\u610F\u5927\u5229\u6218\u4E89"@zh . . "Las guerras italianas, tambi\u00E9n conocidas como las Grandes Guerras Italianas y las Guerras de Italia, fueron una serie de conflictos sucedidos entre 1494 y 1559 que implicaron, en distintas ocasiones, a los principales Estados de la Europa Occidental: Francia, Corona de Castilla, Corona de Arag\u00F3n, Sacro Imperio Romano Germ\u00E1nico, Inglaterra, la Rep\u00FAblica de Venecia, los Estados Pontificios y la mayor\u00EDa de las ciudades-estado italianas, as\u00ED como tambi\u00E9n el Imperio otomano."@es . . . . . . . . "Onder de Italiaanse Oorlogen of de Habsburg-Valois-oorlogen wordt een reeks van militaire conflicten verstaan die tussen 1494 en 1559 de koningen van Frankrijk tegenover de Habsburgse heersers van Spanje en het Heilige Roomse Rijk plaatste. Ook het koninkrijk Engeland, het koninkrijk Schotland, de republiek Veneti\u00EB, de Pauselijke Staat, de meeste Italiaanse stadstaten en het Ottomaanse Rijk waren in de oorlogen betrokken. Het strijdtoneel beperkte zich niet tot Itali\u00EB, maar omvatte soms ook de Nederlanden en Frankrijk. De oorlogen begonnen met een conflict over de opvolging van Ferdinand I van Napels. In 1516 werd Karel V koning van Spanje en Napels en in 1519 ook keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk. De Nederlanden en het vrijgraafschap Bourgondi\u00EB had hij al sinds 1506 in zijn macht via vele andere ge\u00EBrfde titels. De omsingeling van Frankrijk door de Habsburgers was hiermee een feit, waardoor Frankrijk een geostrategisch belang kreeg bij het doorbreken ervan op het Italiaans schiereiland. Aan het einde van de oorlogen in 1559 was Spanje de toonaangevende mogendheid in Europa. De rivaliteit tussen Frankrijk en de Spaanse en Oostenrijkse Habsburgers zou tot de renversement des alliances in het midden van de 18e eeuw een grote kwestie blijven in Europa."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Francis I"@en . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . "Les Guerres d'It\u00E0lia van ser un seguit de conflictes entre 1494 i 1559 que van involucrar, en diverses etapes, tots els grans estats d'Europa occidental (Fran\u00E7a, la Monarquia Hisp\u00E0nica, el Sacre Imperi Romanogerm\u00E0nic, Anglaterra, Esc\u00F2cia, la Rep\u00FAblica de Ven\u00E8cia, els Estats Pontificis i la major part de les ciutats estat italianes) a m\u00E9s de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. Inicialment originades per les disputes din\u00E0stiques sobre el Ducat de Mil\u00E0 i el Regne de N\u00E0pols, les guerres van desembocar en un conflicte generalitzat pel poder i el territori entre diversos participants, i van estar marcades per un creixent grau d'aliances, contra-aliances i habituals tra\u00EFcions."@ca . . . . . . . . . . "Le guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo (spesso indicate anche come grandi guerre d'Italia o, anticamente, come Guerre horrende de Italia, secondo un'espressione usata dal Machiavelli) furono una serie di conflitti, combattuti prevalentemente sul suolo italiano nella prima met\u00E0 del secolo (per la precisione durarono dal 1494 al 1559), aventi come obiettivo finale la supremazia in Europa."@it . . . . . . . "Philip II"@en . . . . "Henry VIII"@en . . . . . . "\u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 (1494\u20141559) \u2014 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E, \u0406\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438 (\u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u044F, \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u044F, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u041F\u0430\u043F\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0456\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430-\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438) \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044E \u0432 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0456. \u0412\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u044F\u043A \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043A\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u041D\u0435\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043A\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442. \u0417 1520-\u0445 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u0430 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0456."@uk . . . . . . "Italian Peninsula , France, Germany, Spain, and the Low Countries"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Italiaanse Oorlogen"@nl . . . . "Wojny w\u0142oskie"@pl . "Italiar Gerrak, batzuetan Italiar Gerra Handiak, Italiako Gerra Handiak, Habsburgo\u2013Valois Gerrak edo Pizkundetar Gerrak deituak, 1494 eta 1559 artean izandako gatazkak izan ziren. Italiar hiri-estatu gehienek, Aita Santuen Lurraldeak, Veneziako Errepublikak, mendebaldeko Europako estatu nagusiek (Frantziako Erresuma, Espainiako Erresuma, Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua, Ingalaterrako Erresuma eta Eskoziako Erresuma) eta Otomandar Inperioak parte hartu zuten. Jatorriz Milango dukerrian eta Napoliko Erresuman sortutako leinu-gatazkak erabateko gerra bilakatu ziren; bertan, aliantza, kontraaliantza eta saldukeriak nagusi izan ziren."@eu . . "Charles V"@en . . . . . . "Als Italienische Kriege bzw. Italienkriege oder Renaissance-Kriege wird eine Reihe von Kriegen bezeichnet, die zwischen 1494 und 1559 zu einem gro\u00DFen Teil auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Italien ausgetragen wurden. Neben allen gr\u00F6\u00DFeren europ\u00E4ischen waren auch fast alle italienischen Staaten und das Osmanische Reich daran beteiligt. In wechselnden B\u00FCndnissen wurden unterschiedliche Kriegsziele verfolgt, wobei sich die Kriege zun\u00E4chst an einem dynastischen Machtkonflikt um das K\u00F6nigreich Neapel entz\u00FCndeten und sp\u00E4ter zu einem europ\u00E4ischen Machtkampf zwischen dem franz\u00F6sischen K\u00F6nigshaus Valois und den Habsburgern eskalierten. Der Konflikt endete 1559 im Frieden von Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis zugunsten des habsburgischen Spanien."@de . "Les guerres d'Italie sont une suite de conflits (onze guerres) men\u00E9s par les souverains fran\u00E7ais en Italie \u00E0 partir de la fin du XVe si\u00E8cle et au cours du XVIe si\u00E8cle pour faire valoir ce qu'ils estimaient \u00EAtre leurs droits h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaires sur le royaume de Naples, puis sur le duch\u00E9 de Milan. Par un jeu complexe d'alliances et de contre-alliances reposant en partie sur des liens de parent\u00E9 et au prix d'efforts financiers consid\u00E9rables et de nombreuses campagnes militaires, les grandes puissances europ\u00E9ennes s'affront\u00E8rent sur le champ de bataille italien marqu\u00E9 par des batailles de rencontre et des batailles rang\u00E9es c\u00E9l\u00E8bres, mais aussi sur d'autres territoires. Ces conflits voient s'op\u00E9rer une mutation importante dans l'art de faire la guerre, que l'historiographie a longtemps qualifi\u00E9 de (en) de l'\u00E9poque moderne. Sur le plan culturel, ces guerres contribuent \u00E0 la diffusion du mod\u00E8le italien de la Renaissance dans l'ensemble de l'Europe."@fr . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u0301\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0301\u0439\u043D\u044B (1494\u20141559) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u044B (\u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u044F, \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u044F, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u041F\u0430\u043F\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430-\u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0435."@ru . "Battle of St. Quentin"@en . . . . . "62814"^^ . . . . . . . "(1496-1526; 1542-1559)" . . . "\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: Guerre d'Italia\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u8A9E: Guerres d'Italie\uFF09\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u5927\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u3060\u3044\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: Grandi Guerre d'Italia\uFF09\u3001\u30CF\u30D7\u30B9\u30D6\u30EB\u30AF\u30FB\u30F4\u30A1\u30ED\u30EF\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u82F1: Habsburg\u2013Valois Wars\uFF09\u3001\u30EB\u30CD\u30B5\u30F3\u30B9\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u82F1: Renaissance Wars\uFF09\u306F\u300116\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u4E3B\u306B\u30CF\u30D7\u30B9\u30D6\u30EB\u30AF\u5BB6\uFF08\u795E\u8056\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\u30FB\u30B9\u30DA\u30A4\u30F3\uFF09\u3068\u30F4\u30A1\u30ED\u30EF\u5BB6\uFF08\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\uFF09\u304C\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u3092\u5DE1\u3063\u3066\u7E70\u308A\u5E83\u3052\u305F\u6226\u4E89\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6559\u7687\u9818\u3001\u3001\u30F4\u30A7\u30CD\u30C4\u30A3\u30A2\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u3001\u897F\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u306E\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306E\u56FD\uFF08\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3001\u30B9\u30B3\u30C3\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3001\u524D\u51FA\u306E\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u3001\u30B9\u30DA\u30A4\u30F3\u3001\u795E\u8056\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF09\u3082\u53C2\u6226\u3057\u305F\u3002\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u671F\u9593\u306F\u3001\u672C\u9805\u3067\u306F1494\u5E74\u304B\u30891559\u5E74\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u671F\u9593\u3084\u533A\u5206\u3051\u306F\u8AF8\u8AAC\u3042\u308A\u3001\u5FC5\u305A\u3057\u3082\u4E00\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u308F\u3051\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "* Habsburg Spain acquires sovereignty over the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Milan\n*France gains the Three Bishoprics and Calais \n*Independent Savoyard state re-established\n* Florence annexes Siena"@en . . . "\u0399\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9"@el . . . "\uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1"@ko . . "Italian Wars"@en . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1 (1494\uB144-1498\uB144) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uD754\uD788 \uB300\uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1(Great Italian Wars) \uD639\uC740 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uB300\uC804\uC7C1(Great Wars of Italy)\uC73C\uB85C \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC0C1 \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uB294\uB370, \uC8FC\uB85C 1494\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1559\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C \uC77C\uB828\uC758 \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0\uB294 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 , \uAD50\uD669\uB839, \uC11C\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC778 , \uC2A4\uD398\uC778, \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D, \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC, \uC2A4\uCF54\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC774 \uCC38\uAC00\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC6D0\uB798\uB294 \uB098\uD3F4\uB9AC \uC655\uAD6D\uACFC \uBC00\uB77C\uB178 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC758 \uACC4\uC2B9\uAD8C\uC5D0 \uAD00\uB828\uB41C \uAC08\uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC21C\uC2DD\uAC04\uC5D0 \uD798\uACFC \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2FC \uAC01\uAD6D\uC758 \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uAD8C\uB825\uD22C\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C \uBC88\uC84C\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uC2DC\uC791\uC758 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C\uBD80\uD130 \uAC01\uAD6D\uC758 \uC774\uD574\uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uB3D9\uB9F9\uC744 \uCCB4\uACB0\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uBC30\uC2E0\uD558\uB294 \uC5ED\uB3D9\uB9F9\uC774 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB0AC\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "Charles VIII"@en . . . "Mary I"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Italienska krigen"@sv . . . . . "Le guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo (spesso indicate anche come grandi guerre d'Italia o, anticamente, come Guerre horrende de Italia, secondo un'espressione usata dal Machiavelli) furono una serie di conflitti, combattuti prevalentemente sul suolo italiano nella prima met\u00E0 del secolo (per la precisione durarono dal 1494 al 1559), aventi come obiettivo finale la supremazia in Europa. Furono inizialmente scatenate da alcuni sovrani francesi, che inviarono nella penisola italiana le loro truppe, per far valere i loro diritti ereditari sul Regno di Napoli e poi sul Ducato di Milano. Da locali le guerre divennero in breve tempo di scala europea, coinvolgendo, oltre alla Francia anche la maggior parte degli stati italiani, il Sacro Romano Impero, la Spagna, l'Inghilterra e l'Impero ottomano. Casus belli del primo conflitto fu la rivalit\u00E0 tra le duchesse Beatrice d'Este e Isabella d'Aragona, che rivendicavano ambedue il controllo del ducato di Milano, e che spinsero rispettivamente il marito Ludovico Sforza e il padre Alfonso d'Aragona a intraprendere le ostilit\u00E0. Nel 1494, Carlo VIII di Francia cal\u00F2 in Italia andando a occupare il Regno di Napoli sulla base di una rivendicazione dinastica. Tuttavia, venne costretto ad abbandonare i territori occupati dopo la formazione di una Lega anti-francese (cui aderirono Venezia, Milano, il Papa, la Spagna, l'Inghilterra, Massimiliano d'Asburgo). L'esercito messo in campo dalla Lega non riusc\u00EC, nella battaglia di Fornovo, a sbarrare il passo alle forze di Carlo VIII nella loro risalita verso il Piemonte e la Francia. Carlo dunque lasci\u00F2 l'Italia senza mantenere le conquiste territoriali, ma ci\u00F2 fu solo l'inizio di una serie di guerre: l'Europa intera sapeva che l'Italia era una terra incredibilmente ricca e allo stesso tempo divisa in molteplici stati, difesi da abili condottieri e mercenari, che erano disposti a combattere per il miglior offerente. Nel tentativo di evitare gli errori del suo predecessore, Luigi XII di Francia annett\u00E9 il ducato di Milano e firm\u00F2 un accordo con Ferdinando d'Aragona (gi\u00E0 governatore di Sicilia e di Sardegna) per condividere il Regno di Napoli. Tuttavia, Ferdinando abbandon\u00F2 Luigi XII ed espulse le truppe francesi dal Mezzogiorno in seguito alle battaglie di Cerignola e del Garigliano. Dopo una serie di alleanze e tradimenti, il Papato decise di schierarsi contro il controllo francese su Milano e sostenne Carlo V, imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero ed erede dei territori dell'Aragona in Italia. Dopo le battaglie di Bicocca e Pavia, la Francia, guidata dal re Francesco I, perse il controllo di Milano a favore degli Asburgo. Tuttavia le truppe protestanti tedesche, ammutinatesi a Carlo V, saccheggiarono Roma nel 1527: questo evento rappresent\u00F2 un punto di svolta nello sviluppo delle guerre europee di religione e indusse Carlo V a concentrarsi sull'affermazione del protestantesimo nel Sacro Romano Impero. Il successore di Francesco I, Enrico II di Francia, approfitt\u00F2 della situazione e cerc\u00F2 di stabilire la supremazia in Italia invadendo la Corsica e la Toscana. Tuttavia, la sua conquista della Corsica fu rovesciata dall'ammiraglio genovese Andrea Doria e le sue truppe in Toscana furono sconfitte dai fiorentini e dall'esercito imperiale nella Battaglia di Scannagallo. Con l'abdicazione di Carlo V, Filippo II di Spagna eredit\u00F2 Milano e il Mezzogiorno mentre Ferdinando I d'Asburgo divenne imperatore. L'ultimo significativo scontro, la battaglia di San Quintino (1557), fu vinto da Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia per le forze spagnole e imperiali: ci\u00F2 port\u00F2 alla restaurazione in Piemonte, occupato dalla Francia precedentemente, di casa Savoia. Nel 1559 fu stipulata la Pace di Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis."@it . . . . . . "Guerres d'It\u00E0lia"@ca . . . . "Ferdinand I"@en . . . "Guerras italianas (1494-1559)"@es . . . . . "Peace of Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis" . "Italiar Gerrak, batzuetan Italiar Gerra Handiak, Italiako Gerra Handiak, Habsburgo\u2013Valois Gerrak edo Pizkundetar Gerrak deituak, 1494 eta 1559 artean izandako gatazkak izan ziren. Italiar hiri-estatu gehienek, Aita Santuen Lurraldeak, Veneziako Errepublikak, mendebaldeko Europako estatu nagusiek (Frantziako Erresuma, Espainiako Erresuma, Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua, Ingalaterrako Erresuma eta Eskoziako Erresuma) eta Otomandar Inperioak parte hartu zuten. Jatorriz Milango dukerrian eta Napoliko Erresuman sortutako leinu-gatazkak erabateko gerra bilakatu ziren; bertan, aliantza, kontraaliantza eta saldukeriak nagusi izan ziren."@eu . . "Peperangan Italia, yang sering disebut sebagai Peperangan Italia Besar dan terkadang disebut sebagai Peperangan Habsburg\u2013Valois atau Peperangan Renaissance, adalah serangkaian konflik dari 1494 sampai 1559. Perang tersebut melibatkan kebanyakan , Negara Gereja, kebanyakan negara-negara besar di Eropa Barat serta Kekaisaran Ottoman."@in . . . "Italsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky"@cs . . . . . . . "Peperangan Italia, yang sering disebut sebagai Peperangan Italia Besar dan terkadang disebut sebagai Peperangan Habsburg\u2013Valois atau Peperangan Renaissance, adalah serangkaian konflik dari 1494 sampai 1559. Perang tersebut melibatkan kebanyakan , Negara Gereja, kebanyakan negara-negara besar di Eropa Barat serta Kekaisaran Ottoman."@in . 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"Italsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky nebo renesan\u010Dn\u00ED v\u00E1lky byl sled ozbrojen\u00FDch konflikt\u016F v letech 1494 a\u017E 1559 na v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B Apeninsk\u00E9ho poloostrova. Zapojily se do nich skoro v\u0161echny italsk\u00E9 st\u00E1ty, evropsk\u00E9 velmoci a Osmansk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Vznikly jako dynastick\u00FD konflikt o obsazen\u00ED neapolsk\u00E9ho tr\u016Fnu (prvn\u00ED italsk\u00E1 v\u00E1lka) a p\u0159erostly v celoevropsk\u00FD boj mezi dv\u011Bma nejmocn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi dynastiemi Z\u00E1padu, Habsburky a francouzsk\u00FDm kr\u00E1lovsk\u00FDm domem Valois. Konflikt skon\u010Dil ve prosp\u011Bch Habsburk\u016F. Za obecn\u00FD v\u00FDsledek s\u00E9rie italsk\u00FDch v\u00E1lek b\u00FDv\u00E1 pova\u017Eov\u00E1no ovl\u00E1dnut\u00ED italsk\u00E9ho severu rakouskou habsburskou monarchi\u00ED a jihu \u0161pan\u011Blsk\u00FDmi Habsburky (st\u0159ed It\u00E1lie z\u016Fstal Pape\u017Esk\u00E9mu st\u00E1tu). Francie se pokusila tyto dv\u011B mocnosti z poloostrova vytla\u010Dit posl\u00E9ze je\u0161t\u011B za Ludv\u00EDka XIV. v 17. stolet\u00ED a za Napoleona Bonaparta, av\u0161ak teprve Risorgimento "@cs . . . . . . . . "\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: Guerre d'Italia\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u8A9E: Guerres d'Italie\uFF09\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u5927\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u3060\u3044\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: Grandi Guerre d'Italia\uFF09\u3001\u30CF\u30D7\u30B9\u30D6\u30EB\u30AF\u30FB\u30F4\u30A1\u30ED\u30EF\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u82F1: Habsburg\u2013Valois Wars\uFF09\u3001\u30EB\u30CD\u30B5\u30F3\u30B9\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u82F1: Renaissance Wars\uFF09\u306F\u300116\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u4E3B\u306B\u30CF\u30D7\u30B9\u30D6\u30EB\u30AF\u5BB6\uFF08\u795E\u8056\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\u30FB\u30B9\u30DA\u30A4\u30F3\uFF09\u3068\u30F4\u30A1\u30ED\u30EF\u5BB6\uFF08\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\uFF09\u304C\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u3092\u5DE1\u3063\u3066\u7E70\u308A\u5E83\u3052\u305F\u6226\u4E89\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6559\u7687\u9818\u3001\u3001\u30F4\u30A7\u30CD\u30C4\u30A3\u30A2\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u3001\u897F\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u306E\u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306E\u56FD\uFF08\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3001\u30B9\u30B3\u30C3\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3001\u524D\u51FA\u306E\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u3001\u30B9\u30DA\u30A4\u30F3\u3001\u795E\u8056\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF09\u3082\u53C2\u6226\u3057\u305F\u3002\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u671F\u9593\u306F\u3001\u672C\u9805\u3067\u306F1494\u5E74\u304B\u30891559\u5E74\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u671F\u9593\u3084\u533A\u5206\u3051\u306F\u8AF8\u8AAC\u3042\u308A\u3001\u5FC5\u305A\u3057\u3082\u4E00\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u308F\u3051\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . "Las guerras italianas, tambi\u00E9n conocidas como las Grandes Guerras Italianas y las Guerras de Italia, fueron una serie de conflictos sucedidos entre 1494 y 1559 que implicaron, en distintas ocasiones, a los principales Estados de la Europa Occidental: Francia, Corona de Castilla, Corona de Arag\u00F3n, Sacro Imperio Romano Germ\u00E1nico, Inglaterra, la Rep\u00FAblica de Venecia, los Estados Pontificios y la mayor\u00EDa de las ciudades-estado italianas, as\u00ED como tambi\u00E9n el Imperio otomano. Inicialmente se trat\u00F3 de una disputa din\u00E1stica acerca de los derechos hereditarios de Francia sobre el Ducado de Mil\u00E1n y el Reino de Sicilia Citerior, pero las guerras se convirtieron r\u00E1pidamente en luchas territoriales y de poder entre los distintos participantes, que estuvieron marcadas por juegos de alianzas, contra-alianzas y frecuentes traiciones."@es . . . . . . . . . . "Battle of Fornovo"@en . . "As Guerras Italianas, frequentemente referidas como as Grandes Guerras da It\u00E1lia e \u00E0s vezes como as Guerras Habsburgo-Valois, foram uma longa s\u00E9rie de guerras travadas entre 1494 e 1559 na It\u00E1lia durante a Renascen\u00E7a. A pen\u00EDnsula italiana, economicamente avan\u00E7ada mas politicamente dividida entre v\u00E1rios estados, tornou-se o principal campo de batalha para a supremacia europeia. Os conflitos envolveram as grandes pot\u00EAncias da It\u00E1lia e da Europa, numa s\u00E9rie de eventos que se seguiram ao fim dos 40 anos da , acordada em 1454 com a forma\u00E7\u00E3o da . O colapso da alian\u00E7a na d\u00E9cada de 1490 deixou a It\u00E1lia aberta \u00E0s ambi\u00E7\u00F5es de Carlos VIII da Fran\u00E7a, que invadiu o Reino de N\u00E1poles em 1494, sob pretexto de uma reivindica\u00E7\u00E3o din\u00E1stica. Os franceses, no entanto, foram obrigados a deixar N\u00E1poles ap\u00F3s a Rep\u00FAblica de Veneza formar uma alian\u00E7a com Maximiliano I da \u00C1ustria e Fernando V da Espanha. Em 1499, Lu\u00EDs XII da Fran\u00E7a iniciou uma segunda campanha contra N\u00E1poles, tomando primeiro o controle do Ducado de Mil\u00E3o gra\u00E7as a C\u00E9sar Borgia, filho do Papa Alexandre VI e cond\u00F4mino de Lu\u00EDs XII, marcando uma alian\u00E7a aberta entre o Papado e a Fran\u00E7a. A segunda guerra terminou em 1503, quando Fernando da Espanha (j\u00E1 governante da Sic\u00EDlia e da Sardenha) capturou o Reino de N\u00E1poles de Lu\u00EDs XII. O novo Papa, J\u00FAlio II (1503-1513), reverteu as pol\u00EDticas dos Borgias e exilou C\u00E9sar. Com a Fran\u00E7a assumindo quase todo o norte da It\u00E1lia ap\u00F3s derrotar Veneza na , e Fernando de Arag\u00E3o emergindo como governante de todo o sul, J\u00FAlio II planejou \"libertar a It\u00E1lia dos b\u00E1rbaros\" e orquestrou a recaptura da pen\u00EDnsula. Depois que a Espanha reconheceu as Duas Sic\u00EDlias como um feudo papal, J\u00FAlio II liderou pessoalmente suas for\u00E7as armadas no , e posteriormente for\u00E7ou os franceses de Lu\u00EDs XII a sa\u00EDrem da It\u00E1lia em alian\u00E7a com a Su\u00ED\u00E7a e o Sacro Imp\u00E9rio. A morte repentina de J\u00FAlio II e a Batalha de Marignano levaram \u00E0 restaura\u00E7\u00E3o do status quo ante bellum em 1516: os tratados de Bruxelas e Noyon, mediados por Maximiliano I e Papa Le\u00E3o X, reconheceram o controle franc\u00EAs no norte (excluindo a rep\u00FAblica veneziana) e o controle espanhol no sul. A guerra foi retomada em 1521, quando o Papa Le\u00E3o X e Carlos V, o Sacro Imperador Romano-Germ\u00E2nico (simultaneamente governante da \u00C1ustria, dos reinos espanh\u00F3is e dos Pa\u00EDses Baixos) expulsou as for\u00E7as francesas de Mil\u00E3o. Francisco I da Fran\u00E7a reagiu descendo na It\u00E1lia e combatendo as for\u00E7as imperiais na Batalha de Pavia (1525), onde foi capturado e for\u00E7ado a dar territ\u00F3rios franceses aos Habsburgos, liderados por Carlos V. Ap\u00F3s sua liberta\u00E7\u00E3o, Francisco I iniciou uma nova guerra na It\u00E1lia, durante a qual tropas germ\u00E2nicas rebeldes da f\u00E9 luterana saquearam Roma (1527) e expulsaram os M\u00E9dici de Floren\u00E7a. Ap\u00F3s ordenar a retirada das tropas Imperiais dos Estados Papais, Carlos V devolveu o territ\u00F3rio franc\u00EAs ocupado a Francisco I, com a condi\u00E7\u00E3o de que a Fran\u00E7a abandonasse o norte da It\u00E1lia (\"Paz das Damas\"). No Congresso de Bolonha, em 1530, Carlos V recebeu o t\u00EDtulo Imperial de Rei da It\u00E1lia pelo Papa Clemente VII. Em troca, o Papa obteve a restaura\u00E7\u00E3o da fam\u00EDlia M\u00E9dici como dinastia governante de Floren\u00E7a. Ap\u00F3s as vit\u00F3rias cat\u00F3licas em Viena e Tunis contra os otomanos, um novo congresso (1536) foi realizado em Roma entre Carlos V e o Papa Paulo III para discutir a hip\u00F3tese de um conc\u00EDlio ecum\u00EAnico para lidar com o protestantismo. Apesar dos temores do conciliarismo dentro da c\u00FAria, o Papa Paulo III acabou vendo um conc\u00EDlio como uma oportunidade para acabar com as guerras cat\u00F3licas imperiais-francesas na It\u00E1lia, unindo a realeza francesa anti-Calvinista com os Habsburgos contra um inimigo comum. De fato, o conflito havia sido retomado na fronteira Lombardo-Piemontesa com a ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o francesa do estado da Saboia logo ap\u00F3s Carlos V ter tomado o vago Ducado de Mil\u00E3o. Portanto, o Papa Paulo III favoreceu a \"Paz de Nice\" entre Francisco I e o Imperador (1538), bem como a posterior \"Paz de Crespy\" (1544). O Conc\u00EDlio de Trento come\u00E7ou em 1545, mas os pr\u00EDncipes luteranos se recusaram a reconhec\u00EA-lo como leg\u00EDtimo e acabaram por entrar em guerra com o Imperador (tendo rapidamente perdido), permitindo ao Papa dominar o Conc\u00EDlio e iniciar a contrarreforma. Por volta de 1547, as fac\u00E7\u00F5es papais e imperiais entraram em conflito pela supremacia pol\u00EDtica e uma s\u00E9rie de conspira\u00E7\u00F5es ocorreram em v\u00E1rias cortes da It\u00E1lia. O assassinato de Pedro Lu\u00EDs Farn\u00E9sio, Duque de Parma e filho do Papa, levou \u00E0 suspens\u00E3o do conc\u00EDlio at\u00E9 que o Papa J\u00FAlio III o reconvocasse com a inten\u00E7\u00E3o de promover a reconcilia\u00E7\u00E3o dos luteranos derrotados com Carlos V. Em 1551, Henrique II da Fran\u00E7a invadiu a Toscana e apoiou Siena em uma guerra contra Carlos V, enquanto o Duque de Floren\u00E7a apoiou o Imperador. Al\u00E9m disso, a Fran\u00E7a capturou os Tr\u00EAs Bispados do Sacro Imp\u00E9rio Romano com o apoio dos luteranos e formou uma alian\u00E7a com o Imp\u00E9rio Otomano (que havia derrotado Carlos V em Argel e Budapeste nos anos 1540) a fim de invadir a C\u00F3rsega. Carlos V respondeu formando uma alian\u00E7a com o Reino da Inglaterra e suspendendo a reconcilia\u00E7\u00E3o com os luteranos alem\u00E3es. Floren\u00E7a anexou Siena ap\u00F3s um longo cerco e obteve vit\u00F3ria sobre os franco-sieneses na . O almirante genov\u00EAs Andrea Doria reconquistou a C\u00F3rsega, mas a Inglaterra perdeu Calais para a Fran\u00E7a. Carlos V, diante da perspectiva de uma alian\u00E7a duradoura entre todos os seus inimigos, assinou a Paz de Augsburgo com os pr\u00EDncipes protestantes e abdicou ao dividir o Imp\u00E9rio Habsburgo entre os Habsburgos austr\u00EDacos de seu irm\u00E3o Fernando I, e os Habsburgos espanh\u00F3is de seu filho Felipe II da Espanha (que herdou tamb\u00E9m Mil\u00E3o e N\u00E1poles). A guerra continuou entre os Habsburgos e a Fran\u00E7a, com estes \u00FAltimos sendo derrotados por um ex\u00E9rcito Imperial Espanhol liderado por Emanuel Felisberto de Saboia (que recuperou suas possess\u00F5es) na (1557). No entanto, os franceses se recuperaram e o conflito se prolongou at\u00E9 chegar a um compromisso na Paz de Cateau-Cambr\u00E9sis, em 1559. O fim das guerras permitiu que o Papa Pio IV e Carlos Borromeu retomassem o Conc\u00EDlio de Trento e o completassem em 1563, iniciando a Reforma Cat\u00F3lica e o per\u00EDodo barroco da It\u00E1lia."@pt . . . . . . . . .