. . . . "Ivan Alexander"@en . . . . . . "Timeline of Ivan Alexander's life"@en . . "Ivan Alexandr"@cs . . "\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB"@ja . . "Ivan Alessandro di Bulgaria, in bulgaro \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, traslitterato Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, pronunciato [i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0264r], nome originale: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0414\u0420\u042A anche noto come Giovanni Alessandro durante il secondo impero bulgaro (... \u2013 17 febbraio 1371), \u00E8 stato un nobile bulgaro. Fu zar della Bulgaria dal 1331 al 1371."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "text-align:center;background: #ccddcc; border:1px solid #667766"@en . . . . . . . . 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"Iwan Aleksander (bu\u0142g.: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, Iwan Aleksandyr; zm. 17 lutego 1371) \u2013 car bu\u0142garski w latach 1331\u20131371. W\u0142adca z bocznej linii dynastii Szyszmanowicz\u00F3w. Obj\u0105\u0142 tron w wyniku przewrotu pa\u0142acowego. Dzi\u0119ki zwyci\u0119stwu nad wojskami bizanty\u0144skimi pod w 1332 roku i zawartym traktatom z Serbi\u0105, a nast\u0119pnie z Bizancjum zapewni\u0142 swemu pa\u0144stwu blisko trzydziestoletni okres pokoju. Na lata panowania Iwana Aleksandra przypada o\u017Cywienie gospodarcze i rozkwit kulturalny Bu\u0142garii. Powstaj\u0105 liczne cerkwie, rozkwita sztuka dworska, szczeg\u00F3lnie iluminatorska, powstaje tyrnowska szko\u0142a pi\u015Bmiennictwa. Jednocze\u015Bnie post\u0119puje pa\u0144stwa, do kt\u00F3rego przyczynia si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C sam car, wydzielaj\u0105c w 1355 roku dzielnic\u0119 starszemu synowi. Pod koniec panowania wpl\u0105ta\u0142 si\u0119 w konflikt z Bizancjum, w wyniku kt\u00F3rego "@pl . . . . "Ivan Aleksandre Asen"@fr . . . . . . . "1"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062C\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629: \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u044F\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440)\u200F \u062D\u064E\u0643\u064E\u0645\u064E \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1331 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1371., \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062F\u062A\u0647 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A 17 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631 1371. \u0648\u062A\u064F\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064E\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064F\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064E\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064F\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064E\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0647\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064F\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0634\u064E\u0647\u0650\u062F\u062A \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629."@ar . . "Ivan Alexandre de Bulg\u00E0ria (Ivan Aleksand\u0103r) fou un emperador del Segon Imperi B\u00FAlgar que regn\u00E0 entre 1331 i 17 de febrer de 1371. Fou precedit en el tron per , i fou succe\u00EFt per ."@ca . . . . "\u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062C\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629: \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u044F\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440)\u200F \u062D\u064E\u0643\u064E\u0645\u064E \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1331 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1371., \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062F\u062A\u0647 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A 17 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631 1371. \u0648\u062A\u064F\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064E\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064F\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064E\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064F\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064E\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0647\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064F\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0634\u064E\u0647\u0650\u062F\u062A \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u064E\u062D \u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0627\u064B \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064E\u0648\u063A\u064F\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064F\u062A\u0632\u0627\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062F \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u064A\u0627\u0626\u0633\u064B\u0627 \u062D\u0644 \u062A\u0650\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062A\u0642\u0633\u0650\u064A\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0646\u064E\u064A\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064F\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A."@ar . . . "1122769490"^^ . . . "Ivan Alexandr tak\u00E9 Jan Alexandr (bulharsky \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440) (? - 17. \u00FAnora 1371) byl bulharsk\u00FD car v letech 1331/1332 a\u017E 1371. Poch\u00E1zel z Love\u010De a za panovn\u00EDka byl prohl\u00E1\u0161en v roce 1331, pot\u00E9 co byl ze zem\u011B vyhn\u00E1n car . Byl pokrevn\u00EDm p\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FDm sv\u00E9ho p\u0159edch\u016Fdce cara Michala \u0160i\u0161mana."@cs . . "\u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 (\u0406\u043E\u0430\u043D\u043D-\u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440, \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, ? \u2014 17 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E 1371) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440 \u0443 1331\u20131371 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u0438\u043D \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0430 \u0439 \u041A\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0446\u0438, \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044F \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043B\u0430 \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043C \u041B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430. 1331 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044F \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043B\u0430 \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0432 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0456\u044E \u0434\u043E \u0424\u0456\u043B\u0456\u043F\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u043D\u043E."@uk . . . "\uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974"@ko . . "Ivan Alessandro di Bulgaria"@it . . . . . . . . . "Ivan Alexandr tak\u00E9 Jan Alexandr (bulharsky \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440) (? - 17. \u00FAnora 1371) byl bulharsk\u00FD car v letech 1331/1332 a\u017E 1371. Poch\u00E1zel z Love\u010De a za panovn\u00EDka byl prohl\u00E1\u0161en v roce 1331, pot\u00E9 co byl ze zem\u011B vyhn\u00E1n car . Byl pokrevn\u00EDm p\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FDm sv\u00E9ho p\u0159edch\u016Fdce cara Michala \u0160i\u0161mana. Obdob\u00ED jeho vl\u00E1dy se neslo ve znamen\u00ED boj\u016F proti Byzantsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i. Dobyl n\u011Bkolik pevnost\u00ED v Tr\u00E1cii a v Rodopy. V l\u00E9t\u011B roku 1332 bulharsk\u00E1 arm\u00E1da vyhr\u00E1la bitvu u m\u011Bsta a byzantsk\u00FD panovn\u00EDk Andronikos III. byl p\u0159inucen podepsat m\u00EDrovou smlouvu. Vztahy mezi Byzantskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED a Bulharskem nebyly dobr\u00E9 a tak v letech 1341\u20131347 se Bulharsko zam\u00EDchalo do ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky z Byzanc\u00ED. I vztahy se Srbskem se zhor\u0161ovaly. Car Ivan Alexander za sv\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 ztratil \u00FAzem\u00ED Dobrud\u017Esk\u00E9ho regionu, kdy\u017E si neudr\u017Eel podporu m\u00EDstn\u00ED \u0161lechty a despotov\u00E9 na jihoz\u00E1pad\u011B zem\u011B bojovali mezi sebou. Opakovan\u00E9 bitvy s Byzanc\u00ED vyprazd\u0148ovaly st\u00E1tn\u00ED pokladnu a ni\u010Dily ekonomiku zem\u011B. V t\u00E9 dob\u011B se ve Vidin\u011B konala korunovace. Ivan Stracimir, prvorozen\u00FD syn Ivana Alexandra, byl korunov\u00E1n na cara. Tento stav vyu\u017Eila Osmansk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e a za\u010Dala expanzi na Balk\u00E1n. V roce 1352 Osman\u00E9 dobyli pevnost C\u00EEmpu a obsazovali jihov\u00FDchodn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st zem\u011B. Car Ivan Alexander byl proti t\u011Bmto n\u00E1jezd\u016Fm zcela bezmocn\u00FD a nebyl schopen postavit proti nep\u0159\u00EDteli schopnou arm\u00E1du. O dva roky pozd\u011Bji Osman\u00E9 pokra\u010Dovali v postupu. V boj\u00EDch padl druh\u00FD syn Ivana Alexandra, Od roku 1354 byly boje mezi Bulhary a Osmanskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED \u010Dast\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED. Car se marn\u011B sna\u017Eil odvr\u00E1tit nebezpe\u010D\u00ED diplomaci\u00ED a vstupem do kr\u00E1tkodob\u00FDch svaz\u016F se sousedn\u00EDmi zem\u011Bmi. V roce 1355 se syn byzantsk\u00E9ho panovn\u00EDka Andronikos IV. o\u017Eenil s dcerou cara Ivana Alexandra, Kerau Tamarou. V z\u00E1pisu ze svatby se dochoval cit\u00E1t \u201ETato svatba bude v\u00FDhodn\u00E1 pro k\u0159es\u0165any: Bulhary a Byzantince a ne\u0161t\u011Bst\u00EDm pro Turky: pohany.\u201C Svaz mezi t\u011Bmito dv\u011Bma k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00FDmi st\u00E1ty v\u0161ak nebyl tak siln\u00FD, aby odvr\u00E1til vojska sult\u00E1na Murada I. V roce 1364 Turci napadli Byzantskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161i. Ta jejich tlak nevydr\u017Eela a utrp\u011Bla por\u00E1\u017Eku. Pak Turk\u016Fm st\u00E1lo v cest\u011B do st\u0159edn\u00ED Evropy u\u017E jen Bulharsko. Bulharsk\u00FD car nemohl proti dob\u0159e vyzbrojen\u00E9 osmansk\u00E9 arm\u00E1d\u011B postavit \u017E\u00E1dnou arm\u00E1du a panovn\u00EDci ze sousedn\u00EDch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00FDch zem\u00ED carovi odm\u00EDtli pomoc, tak\u017Ee Murad obsadil t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 celou oblast Tr\u00E1cie. M\u00EDrov\u00E1 smlouva, kterou car podepsal, pouze zpomalila tureck\u00FD postup. Ivan Alexander se je\u0161t\u011B sna\u017Eil spolu s Byzantinci bojovat a z\u00EDskat zp\u011Bt pevnosti u \u010Cern\u00E9ho mo\u0159e. Pozd\u011Bji v\u0161ak byla zem\u011B napadena i z druh\u00E9 strany \u2013 uhersk\u00FD kr\u00E1l obsadil oblast severoz\u00E1padn\u00EDho Bulharska. V t\u00E9to situaci car Ivan Alexandr na za\u010D\u00E1tku roku 1371 zem\u0159el."@cs . . . "Ivan Alessandro di Bulgaria, in bulgaro \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, traslitterato Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, pronunciato [i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0264r], nome originale: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0414\u0420\u042A anche noto come Giovanni Alessandro durante il secondo impero bulgaro (... \u2013 17 febbraio 1371), \u00E8 stato un nobile bulgaro. Fu zar della Bulgaria dal 1331 al 1371. Il lungo regno di Ivan Alessandro, \u00E8 considerato come un periodo di transizione per la Bulgaria medievale, durante il Secondo impero bulgaro. Ivan Alessandro inizi\u00F2 a governare la Bulgaria, durante un periodo critico, con problemi interni ed esterni, la Bulgaria era minacciata dagli stati confinanti, l'impero bizantino e il regno di Serbia, nonostante ci\u00F2 Ivan riuscir\u00E0 ad instaurare un periodo di ripresa economica e di rinascita culturale e religiosa. Comunque, l'imperatore fu in grado di tener testa alle incursioni dell'impero ottomano, alle invasioni ungheresi a nord-ovest e alla peste nera, che dilagava in quegli anni nei Balcani. Mentre Ivan tentava di combattere tutti questi problemi in una volta sola, divise in due parti il paese e assegn\u00F2 queste due parti ai suoi due figli, costringendo cos\u00EC ad affrontare l'imminente conquista ottomana, con un paese diviso ed indebolito."@it . . . . "Iwan Alexander (bulgarisch \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440; \u2020 17. Februar 1371) herrschte von 1331 bis 1371 als Zar der Bulgaren. Iwan Alexander stammte aus der letzten Herrschaftsdynastie des Zweiten Bulgarenreichs, den Schischmaniden. In seinem Auftrag entstand die Manasses-Chronik, eine bulgarische \u00DCbersetzung der Chronike synopsis des Konstantin Manasses, das Londoner Tetraevangeliar und die Mraka-Urkunde. Seit 2009 tr\u00E4gt der Ivan Alexander Point seinen Namen, eine Landspitze von Nelson Island in der Antarktis."@de . . . . "Family tree of Ivan Alexander"@en . . . "\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\uFF08\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440/Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr[i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0259r]\u3001original spelling:\u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A\u3001John Alexander\u3001? - 1371\u5E742\u670817\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u30C4\u30A1\u30FC\u30EB\u3001\u5728\u4F4D\uFF1A1331\u5E74 - 1371\u5E74\uFF09\u3002\u9577\u671F\u306B\u308F\u305F\u308B\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u4E2D\u4E16\u53F2\u306E\u904E\u6E21\u671F\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u5185\u90E8\u306E\u6297\u4E89\u3068\u30D3\u30B6\u30F3\u30C4\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF08\u6771\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF09\u3084\u30BB\u30EB\u30D3\u30A2\u306A\u3069\u306E\u96A3\u56FD\u306E\u8105\u5A01\u3078\u306E\u5BFE\u51E6\u304B\u3089\u59CB\u307E\u308A\u3001\u56FD\u5BB6\u306E\u8CA1\u653F\u306E\u56DE\u5FA9\u3001\u6587\u5316\u30FB\u5B97\u6559\u306E\u30EB\u30CD\u30B5\u30F3\u30B9\u3092\u73FE\u51FA\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u534A\u3070\u304B\u3089\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u3078\u306E\u9032\u51FA\u3001\u5317\u897F\u306E\u30CF\u30F3\u30AC\u30EA\u30FC\u738B\u56FD\u304B\u3089\u306E\u653B\u6483\u3001\u30DA\u30B9\u30C8\u306E\u6D41\u884C\u306B\u76F4\u9762\u3057\u3001\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306F\u4E00\u9023\u306E\u554F\u984C\u306B\u5BFE\u51E6\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u3067\u304D\u306A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3002\u4E8C\u4EBA\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306B\u9818\u571F\u3092\u5206\u5272\u3059\u308B\u8A66\u307F\u306F\u4E0D\u5E78\u306A\u7D50\u679C\u3092\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3057\u3001\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u4FB5\u653B\u306B\u76F4\u9762\u3057\u305F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u306F\u5F31\u4F53\u5316\u30FB\u5206\u88C2\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u30B5\u30A6\u30B9\u30FB\u30B7\u30A7\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8AF8\u5CF6\u306E\u30CD\u30EB\u30BD\u30F3\u5CF6\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u306F\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u540D\u524D\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Ivan Alexander (Bulgarian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, transliterated Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, pronounced [i\u02C8van \u0250l\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0250r]; original spelling: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A), also sometimes Anglicized as John Alexander, ruled as Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1331 to 1371, during the Second Bulgarian Empire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. The long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Ivan Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, the Byzantine Empire and Serbia, as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance."@en . . . . . . "\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 (\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, \u043E\u0440\u0444\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0430: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A) (? \u2014 17 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044F 1371) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044C \u0432 1331\u20141371. \u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u0430. \u0414\u043E\u043B\u0433\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u044F \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u0441 \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439 - \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0438. \u041E\u043D \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043B \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043B \u0435\u0451 \u043A \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E. \u041D\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0449\u0438 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043D\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044C. \u0412 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0448\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043A\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441 \u044D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u043D \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043B \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043C\u044F \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0432\u044C\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043B\u0438\u0446\u043E\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043E\u0437\u044B."@ru . "Jo\u00E3o Alexandre (em b\u00FAlgaro: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440 - Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr) foi o imperador da Bulg\u00E1ria entre 1331 e 1371 durante o Segundo Imp\u00E9rio B\u00FAlgaro. Seu longo reinado \u00E9 considerado um per\u00EDodo de transi\u00E7\u00E3o na hist\u00F3ria medieval da Bulg\u00E1ria. Al\u00E9m de lidar com problemas internos e amea\u00E7as externas, particularmente dos vizinhos, o Imp\u00E9rio Bizantino e a S\u00E9rvia, Jo\u00E3o tamb\u00E9m recuperou a economia e estimulou um renascimento cultural e religioso em seu imp\u00E9rio. Por\u00E9m, as cada vez mais poderosas incurs\u00F5es do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano, as invas\u00F5es h\u00FAngaras pelo noroeste e a Peste Negra se mostraram demais para ele. Numa malfadada tentativa de combater todos estes problemas, ele dividiu seu pa\u00EDs entre seus dois filhos, obrigando a Bulg\u00E1ria a enfrentar os otomanos dividida e enfraquecida."@pt . "Iwan Aleksander (bu\u0142g.: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, Iwan Aleksandyr; zm. 17 lutego 1371) \u2013 car bu\u0142garski w latach 1331\u20131371. W\u0142adca z bocznej linii dynastii Szyszmanowicz\u00F3w. Obj\u0105\u0142 tron w wyniku przewrotu pa\u0142acowego. Dzi\u0119ki zwyci\u0119stwu nad wojskami bizanty\u0144skimi pod w 1332 roku i zawartym traktatom z Serbi\u0105, a nast\u0119pnie z Bizancjum zapewni\u0142 swemu pa\u0144stwu blisko trzydziestoletni okres pokoju. Na lata panowania Iwana Aleksandra przypada o\u017Cywienie gospodarcze i rozkwit kulturalny Bu\u0142garii. Powstaj\u0105 liczne cerkwie, rozkwita sztuka dworska, szczeg\u00F3lnie iluminatorska, powstaje tyrnowska szko\u0142a pi\u015Bmiennictwa. Jednocze\u015Bnie post\u0119puje pa\u0144stwa, do kt\u00F3rego przyczynia si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C sam car, wydzielaj\u0105c w 1355 roku dzielnic\u0119 starszemu synowi. Pod koniec panowania wpl\u0105ta\u0142 si\u0119 w konflikt z Bizancjum, w wyniku kt\u00F3rego Bu\u0142garia zosta\u0142a zaatakowana przez si\u0142y bizanty\u0144skie, w\u0119gierskie i hrabiego Saubadii Amadeusza trac\u0105c porty nadmorskie i przej\u015Bciowo Widy\u0144. Umieraj\u0105c pozostawi\u0142 pa\u0144stwo podzielone i s\u0142abe wobec napieraj\u0105cych na Ba\u0142kany Turk\u00F3w osma\u0144skich."@pl . . . "Ivan Aleksandre (Bulgare : \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440), \u00E9galement connu en fran\u00E7ais sous le nom de Jean Alexandre Chichman (romanisation dans les pays anglo-saxons : \u0160i\u0161man) II ou Asen ou de Jean Alexandre Stacimir et est un souverain (Tsar) de Bulgarie dont le r\u00E8gne s'\u00E9tend, durant la p\u00E9riode du Second empire bulgare, de 1331 \u00E0 1371."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jo\u00E3o Alexandre da Bulg\u00E1ria"@pt . . . . . . . . . "34037"^^ . . . . . "Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria"@en . "Ivan Alexander (bulgariska: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, IPA: /i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0264r/; originalstavning: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A), f\u00F6dd ok\u00E4nt datum, d\u00F6d 17 februari 1371, var tsar av Bulgarien fr\u00E5n 1331 till sin d\u00F6d 1371. Under Ivan Alexanders styre upplevde det andra bulgariska kungariket en kulturell ren\u00E4ssans som ibland kallats \"den bulgariska kulturens andra guld\u00E5lder\". Hans l\u00E5nga regeringstid anses vara en \u00F6verg\u00E5ngsperiod i bulgarisk medeltidshistoria. Ivan Alexander inledde sitt styre genom att ta itu med interna problem och yttre hot fr\u00E5n Bulgariens grannar, det bysantinska riket och Serbien, och \u00E5stadkom en period av ekonomisk \u00E5terh\u00E4mtning med kulturell och religi\u00F6s ren\u00E4ssans. Han kunde dock inte hindra nya intr\u00E5ng av de osmanska styrkorna, ungerska invasioner fr\u00E5n nordv\u00E4st och d\u00E4rtill hotet fr\u00E5n digerd\u00F6den. I ett olyckligt f\u00F6rs\u00F6k att bek\u00E4mpa dessa problem delade han upp landet mellan sina tv\u00E5 s\u00F6ner,, men detta resulterade i att landet f\u00F6rsvagads och splittrades inf\u00F6r den f\u00F6rest\u00E5ende osmanska er\u00F6vringen."@sv . "Iwan Alexander"@de . . "Jo\u00E3o Alexandre (em b\u00FAlgaro: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440 - Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr) foi o imperador da Bulg\u00E1ria entre 1331 e 1371 durante o Segundo Imp\u00E9rio B\u00FAlgaro. Seu longo reinado \u00E9 considerado um per\u00EDodo de transi\u00E7\u00E3o na hist\u00F3ria medieval da Bulg\u00E1ria. Al\u00E9m de lidar com problemas internos e amea\u00E7as externas, particularmente dos vizinhos, o Imp\u00E9rio Bizantino e a S\u00E9rvia, Jo\u00E3o tamb\u00E9m recuperou a economia e estimulou um renascimento cultural e religioso em seu imp\u00E9rio. Por\u00E9m, as cada vez mais poderosas incurs\u00F5es do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano, as invas\u00F5es h\u00FAngaras pelo noroeste e a Peste Negra se mostraram demais para ele. Numa malfadada tentativa de combater todos estes problemas, ele dividiu seu pa\u00EDs entre seus dois filhos, obrigando a Bulg\u00E1ria a enfrentar os otomanos dividida e enfraquecida."@pt . . . . . . . . "text-align:center;"@en . "Sarah (Theodora)"@en . "\u4F0A\u51E1\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927"@zh . . "Ivan Alexander (Bulgarian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, transliterated Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, pronounced [i\u02C8van \u0250l\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0250r]; original spelling: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A), also sometimes Anglicized as John Alexander, ruled as Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1331 to 1371, during the Second Bulgarian Empire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. The long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Ivan Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, the Byzantine Empire and Serbia, as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance. However, the emperor was later unable to cope with the mounting incursions of Ottoman forces, Hungarian invasions from the northwest and the Black Death. In an ill-fated attempt to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons, thus forcing it to face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided."@en . . . 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\u03A3\u03B5\u03C1\u03B2\u03AF\u03B1. \u039F\u03B4\u03AE\u03B3\u03B7\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03BA\u03B1\u03BC\u03C8\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B8\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7. \u0394\u03B5\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5 \u03CC\u03BC\u03C9\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03B3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C0\u03B5\u03BE\u03AD\u03BB\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03BE\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BC\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u039F\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 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\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03C9\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B1\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B7 \u039F\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03BA\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B1\u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7."@el . "--02-17"^^ . . "1331"^^ . . . "\uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974(\uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440)\uB294 1331\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1371\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC81C 2\uCC28 \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCC28\uB974\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC00 \uC5B8\uC81C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB0AC\uB294\uC9C0\uB294 \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0, 1371\uB144 2\uC6D4 17\uC77C\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uC758 \uAE34 \uCE58\uC138\uB294 \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544 \uC911\uC138\uC0AC\uC758 \uC804\uD658\uAE30\uB85C \uC5EC\uACA8\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uB294 \uB0B4\uBD80 \uBB38\uC81C\uC640 \uBE44\uC794\uD2F0\uC6C0 \uC81C\uAD6D \uBC0F \uC138\uB974\uBE44\uC544 \uB4F1 \uC678\uBD80\uC758 \uC704\uD611\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uCE58\uC138\uB97C \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uACE0, \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uBD80\uD765\uACFC \uBB38\uD654\uC801, \uC885\uAD50\uC801 \uB974\uB124\uC0C1\uC2A4\uC758 \uC2DC\uAE30\uB97C \uC774\uB04C\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uADF8\uC758 \uCE58\uC138 \uD6C4\uBC18 \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uB294 \uC0C8\uB86D\uAC8C \uB5A0\uC624\uB974\uB294 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCE68\uC785, \uBD81\uC11C\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uD5DD\uAC00\uB9AC\uC758 \uCE68\uC785\uACFC \uD751\uC0AC\uBCD1\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD560 \uC218\uAC00 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBB38\uC81C\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uADF8\uB294 \uADF8\uC758 \uB450 \uC544\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB97C \uBD84\uD560\uD558\uC600\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC774\uB294 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC744 \uC57D\uD654\uB418\uACE0 \uBD84\uD560\uB41C \uCC44\uB85C \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCE68\uC785\uC744 \uB9DE\uAC8C \uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC88C\uC808\uB41C \uC2DC\uB3C4\uAC00 \uB418\uACE0 \uB9D0\uC558\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "\u0399\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD \u0391\u03BB\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1"@el . . "1331"^^ . . . . "''[[#Family"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440"@ru . . . . . . . "Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr dari Bulgaria"@in . 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"\uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974(\uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440)\uB294 1331\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1371\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC81C 2\uCC28 \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCC28\uB974\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC00 \uC5B8\uC81C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB0AC\uB294\uC9C0\uB294 \uC54C\uB824\uC838 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0, 1371\uB144 2\uC6D4 17\uC77C\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uC758 \uAE34 \uCE58\uC138\uB294 \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544 \uC911\uC138\uC0AC\uC758 \uC804\uD658\uAE30\uB85C \uC5EC\uACA8\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uB294 \uB0B4\uBD80 \uBB38\uC81C\uC640 \uBE44\uC794\uD2F0\uC6C0 \uC81C\uAD6D \uBC0F \uC138\uB974\uBE44\uC544 \uB4F1 \uC678\uBD80\uC758 \uC704\uD611\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uCE58\uC138\uB97C \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uACE0, \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uBD80\uD765\uACFC \uBB38\uD654\uC801, \uC885\uAD50\uC801 \uB974\uB124\uC0C1\uC2A4\uC758 \uC2DC\uAE30\uB97C \uC774\uB04C\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uADF8\uC758 \uCE58\uC138 \uD6C4\uBC18 \uC774\uBC18 \uC54C\uB809\uC0B0\uB354\uB974\uB294 \uC0C8\uB86D\uAC8C \uB5A0\uC624\uB974\uB294 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCE68\uC785, \uBD81\uC11C\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uD5DD\uAC00\uB9AC\uC758 \uCE68\uC785\uACFC \uD751\uC0AC\uBCD1\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD560 \uC218\uAC00 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBB38\uC81C\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uB300\uCC98\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uADF8\uB294 \uADF8\uC758 \uB450 \uC544\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB97C \uBD84\uD560\uD558\uC600\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC774\uB294 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC744 \uC57D\uD654\uB418\uACE0 \uBD84\uD560\uB41C \uCC44\uB85C \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uCE68\uC785\uC744 \uB9DE\uAC8C \uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC88C\uC808\uB41C \uC2DC\uB3C4\uAC00 \uB418\uACE0 \uB9D0\uC558\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . "Iwan Alexander (bulgarisch \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440; \u2020 17. Februar 1371) herrschte von 1331 bis 1371 als Zar der Bulgaren. Iwan Alexander stammte aus der letzten Herrschaftsdynastie des Zweiten Bulgarenreichs, den Schischmaniden. Iwan Alexander war der Neffe des bulgarischen Zaren Michael III. Schischman.1330 nahm er an der Schlacht bei Welbaschd teil, bei der das bulgarische Heer den Serben unter Stefan Uro\u0161 III. De\u010Danski unterlag. Dieser machte seinen Neffen Iwan Stefan, einen Sohn des bei der Schlacht ums Leben gekommenen bulgarischen Zaren Michael III. Schischman zum neuen bulgarischen Herrscher. Als in Serbien Stefan Uro\u0161 IV. Du\u0161an Stefan Uro\u0161 III. De\u010Danski st\u00FCrzte, st\u00FCrzte auch dessen Neffe auf dem bulgarischen Thron, und die Bulgaren erhoben Iwan Alexander zum neuen Zaren. Seine lange Herrschaft gilt als Sp\u00E4tbl\u00FCte des 2. bulgarischen Kaiserreiches. In den Anfangsjahren gelang es ihm, die Serben und Byzantiner (\u2192Schlacht von Rusokastro) zur\u00FCckzudr\u00E4ngen. Am Ende seiner Herrschaft war jedoch bereits der Niedergang des Bulgarenreichs erkennbar. Es konnte sich der Serben, der Byzantiner und schlie\u00DFlich der Osmanen nicht mehr erwehren. Gleichzeitig forderte der schwarze Tod, die Pest, zahlreiche Opfer. Iwan Alexander teilte an seinem Lebensende sein Reich unter seinen beiden S\u00F6hnen mit jeweils ebenfalls dem Namen Ivan aus seiner ersten und zweiten Ehe auf, bevor die Osmanen dem Bulgarenreich schlie\u00DFlich f\u00FCr Jahrhunderte hin ein Ende bereiten sollten. Iwan Alexander war in erster Ehe mit Theodora von der Wallachei verheiratet. In zweiter Ehe verm\u00E4hlte er sich 1335 mit der j\u00FCdischen Bankierstochter Sarah aus Venedig, die bei ihrem \u00DCbertritt zum orthodoxen Christentum ebenfalls den Namen Theodora annahm. Mit ihr hatte er die Tochter (Mara Kyratza), die im Zuge eines Vertrages mit Byzanz 1355 den sp\u00E4teren byzantinischen Kaiser Andronikos IV. heiratete. Auf das Betreiben seiner Frau Sarah Theodora hin, soll die Reichsteilung erfolgt sein, die den endg\u00FCltigen Untergang des Bulgarenreichs besiegelte. Sein Nachfolger auf dem bulgarischen Thron wurde Iwan Schischman. In seinem Auftrag entstand die Manasses-Chronik, eine bulgarische \u00DCbersetzung der Chronike synopsis des Konstantin Manasses, das Londoner Tetraevangeliar und die Mraka-Urkunde. Seit 2009 tr\u00E4gt der Ivan Alexander Point seinen Namen, eine Landspitze von Nelson Island in der Antarktis."@de . . . "1371-02-17"^^ . . . . . "1331"^^ . . . . "Ivan Alexandre de Bulg\u00E0ria"@ca . . . "Iv\u00E1n Alejandro"@es . . . . . . . "\u4F0A\u51E1\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\uFF08\u4FDD\u52A0\u5229\u4E9E\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440 \u8F49\u5BEB\uFF1AIvan Aleksand\u01CEr \u767C\u97F3\u70BA i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0259r\uFF1B\u539F\u59CB\u62FC\u97F3\uFF1A\u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A\uFF09\u53C8\u7A31\u70BA\u7D04\u7FF0\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\uFF0C\u4FDD\u52A0\u5229\u4E9E\u7B2C\u4E8C\u5E1D\u570B\u541B\u4E3B\uFF08\u6C99\u7687\uFF09\uFF0C1331\u5E74\u81F31371\u5E74\u5728\u4F4D\u3002\u4ED6\u7684\u751F\u5E74\u4E0D\u8A73\uFF0C\u901D\u65BC1371\u5E742\u670817\u65E5\u3002\u4ED6\u7684\u9577\u671F\u7D71\u6CBB\u88AB\u8996\u70BA\u4FDD\u52A0\u5229\u4E9E\u4E2D\u4E16\u7D00\u6B77\u53F2\u7684\u904E\u6E21\u671F\u3002\u4F0A\u51E1\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\u767B\u57FA\u5F8C\uFF0C\u8457\u624B\u8655\u7406\u570B\u5167\u554F\u984C\u4EE5\u53CA\u4F86\u81EA\u62DC\u5360\u5EAD\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u585E\u723E\u7DAD\u4E9E\u5E1D\u570B\u7B49\u9130\u570B\u7684\u5A01\u8105\uFF0C\u4E26\u9818\u5C0E\u5E1D\u570B\u9032\u5165\u7D93\u6FDF\u5FA9\u7526\u4EE5\u53CA\u6587\u5316\u8207\u5B97\u6559\u5FA9\u8208\u6642\u4EE3\u3002 \u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u5728\u5E1D\u570B\u665A\u671F\uFF0C\u4F0A\u51E1\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\u4ECD\u7136\u672A\u80FD\u62B5\u64CB\u5357\u908A\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u548C\u897F\u5317\u65B9\u5308\u7259\u5229\u738B\u570B\u7684\u983B\u7E41\u5165\u4FB5\uFF0C\u570B\u5167\u9ED1\u6B7B\u75C5\u7684\u8513\u5EF6\u53C8\u4F7F\u60C5\u52E2\u96EA\u4E0A\u52A0\u971C\u3002\u4ED6\u4E00\u518D\u5617\u8A66\u8457\u633D\u56DE\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u8271\u96E3\u570B\u52E2\uFF0C\u4F46\u7686\u7D42\u544A\u5931\u6557\uFF0C\u6700\u5F8C\u4F0A\u51E1\u00B7\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\u9078\u64C7\u5C07\u5E1D\u570B\u4E00\u5206\u70BA\u4E8C\u3001\u5206\u5225\u5C01\u4E88\u5169\u500B\u5152\u5B50\uFF0C\u5BA3\u544A\u4E86\u4FDD\u52A0\u5229\u4E9E\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u8870\u9839\u8207\u5206\u88C2\uFF0C\u6CE8\u5B9A\u70BA\u5F37\u6B0A\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u6240\u5F81\u670D\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Iv\u00E1n Alejandro (en b\u00FAlgaro, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, romanizado: Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, b\u00FAlgaro medio, \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A)\u200B fue zar del Segundo Imperio b\u00FAlgaro entre 1331 y 1371.\u200B Miembro de una rama menor de la dinast\u00EDa Shishman, ocup\u00F3 el trono merced a un golpe de Estado. Gracias a la victoria contra las tropas bizantinas en Rusokastro en 1332 y a los tratados celebrados con Serbia y luego con Bizancio, asegur\u00F3 a su Imperio cerca de cuarenta a\u00F1os de paz. Su reinado corresponde a un per\u00EDodo de recuperaci\u00F3n econ\u00F3mica y florecimiento cultural en Bulgaria. Se construyeron muchas iglesias ortodoxas y floreci\u00F3 el arte cortesano, especialmente los manuscritos ilustrados, surgidos en la escuela literaria de Tarnovo.\u200B Al mismo tiempo, la fragmentaci\u00F3n feudal del Estado se fue profundizando, a lo que contribuy\u00F3 tambi\u00E9n el propio zar al separar en 1355 un territorio para su hijo mayor. \u200B Al final de su reinado se involucr\u00F3 en un conflicto con Bizancio.\u200B Por consiguiente, Bulgaria fue invadida por fuerzas bizantinas, h\u00FAngaras y tropas del conde Amadeo VI de Saboya y perdi\u00F3 algunos puertos costeros y temporalmente Vidin.\u200B Muri\u00F3 dejando el pa\u00EDs dividido y d\u00E9bil frente al avance de los turcos en los Balcanes.\u200B"@es . . . . . . "Ivan Sratsimir"@en . . . . . "\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\uFF08\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u8A9E: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440/Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr[i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0259r]\u3001original spelling:\u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A\u3001John Alexander\u3001? - 1371\u5E742\u670817\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u30C4\u30A1\u30FC\u30EB\u3001\u5728\u4F4D\uFF1A1331\u5E74 - 1371\u5E74\uFF09\u3002\u9577\u671F\u306B\u308F\u305F\u308B\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u4E2D\u4E16\u53F2\u306E\u904E\u6E21\u671F\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u5185\u90E8\u306E\u6297\u4E89\u3068\u30D3\u30B6\u30F3\u30C4\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF08\u6771\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF09\u3084\u30BB\u30EB\u30D3\u30A2\u306A\u3069\u306E\u96A3\u56FD\u306E\u8105\u5A01\u3078\u306E\u5BFE\u51E6\u304B\u3089\u59CB\u307E\u308A\u3001\u56FD\u5BB6\u306E\u8CA1\u653F\u306E\u56DE\u5FA9\u3001\u6587\u5316\u30FB\u5B97\u6559\u306E\u30EB\u30CD\u30B5\u30F3\u30B9\u3092\u73FE\u51FA\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u534A\u3070\u304B\u3089\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u3078\u306E\u9032\u51FA\u3001\u5317\u897F\u306E\u30CF\u30F3\u30AC\u30EA\u30FC\u738B\u56FD\u304B\u3089\u306E\u653B\u6483\u3001\u30DA\u30B9\u30C8\u306E\u6D41\u884C\u306B\u76F4\u9762\u3057\u3001\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306F\u4E00\u9023\u306E\u554F\u984C\u306B\u5BFE\u51E6\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306F\u3067\u304D\u306A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u3002\u4E8C\u4EBA\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306B\u9818\u571F\u3092\u5206\u5272\u3059\u308B\u8A66\u307F\u306F\u4E0D\u5E78\u306A\u7D50\u679C\u3092\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3057\u3001\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u4FB5\u653B\u306B\u76F4\u9762\u3057\u305F\u30D6\u30EB\u30AC\u30EA\u30A2\u306F\u5F31\u4F53\u5316\u30FB\u5206\u88C2\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u30B5\u30A6\u30B9\u30FB\u30B7\u30A7\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8AF8\u5CF6\u306E\u30CD\u30EB\u30BD\u30F3\u5CF6\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u306F\u30A4\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30B5\u30F3\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u540D\u524D\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr (bahasa Bulgaria: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, transliterasi Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr; pelafalan [i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0259r]; ejaan asli: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A) adalah tsar Bulgaria yang berkuasa dari tahun 1331 hingga 1371 pada masa Kekaisaran Bulgaria Kedua. Tanggal lahirnya tidak diketahui. Ia meninggal pada tanggal 17 Februari 1371. Masa kekuasaan Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr yang panjang dianggap sebagai periode transisi dalam sejarah Bulgaria pada abad pertengahan. Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr memulai kekuasaannya dengan menyelesaikan masalah dalam negeri dan melawan ancaman dari tetangga-tetangga Bulgaria, Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dan Serbia, serta berhasil membuka jalan menuju periode pemulihan ekonomi dan religius. Namun, ia tidak dapat menghadapi masalah-masalah serius seperti serangan dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, serangan Hongaria dari barat laut, dan wabah Kematian Hitam. Ia berupaya menyelesaikan masalah-masalah ini dengan membagi negaranya untuk kedua anaknya, tetapi hal ini malah memecahkan negara dan membuatnya menjadi mangsa penaklukan oleh Utsmaniyah."@in . . . . . "\u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440"@uk . . "Iv\u00E1n Alejandro (en b\u00FAlgaro, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, romanizado: Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr, b\u00FAlgaro medio, \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A)\u200B fue zar del Segundo Imperio b\u00FAlgaro entre 1331 y 1371.\u200B Miembro de una rama menor de la dinast\u00EDa Shishman, ocup\u00F3 el trono merced a un golpe de Estado. Gracias a la victoria contra las tropas bizantinas en Rusokastro en 1332 y a los tratados celebrados con Serbia y luego con Bizancio, asegur\u00F3 a su Imperio cerca de cuarenta a\u00F1os de paz. Su reinado corresponde a un per\u00EDodo de recuperaci\u00F3n econ\u00F3mica y florecimiento cultural en Bulgaria. Se construyeron muchas iglesias ortodoxas y floreci\u00F3 el arte cortesano, especialmente los manuscritos ilustrados, surgidos en la escuela literaria de Tarnovo.\u200B Al mismo tiempo, la fragmentaci\u00F3n feudal del Estado se fue profundizando, a lo que contribuy\u00F3 ta"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Iwan Aleksander"@pl . . "\u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 (\u0406\u043E\u0430\u043D\u043D-\u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440, \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, ? \u2014 17 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E 1371) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440 \u0443 1331\u20131371 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u0438\u043D \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0430 \u0439 \u041A\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0446\u0438, \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044F \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043B\u0430 \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043C \u041B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430. 1331 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044F \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043B\u0430 \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0432 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0456\u044E \u0434\u043E \u0424\u0456\u043B\u0456\u043F\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u043D\u043E."@uk . . "Ivan Alexander av Bulgarien"@sv . . "Ivan Aleksandre (Bulgare : \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440), \u00E9galement connu en fran\u00E7ais sous le nom de Jean Alexandre Chichman (romanisation dans les pays anglo-saxons : \u0160i\u0161man) II ou Asen ou de Jean Alexandre Stacimir et est un souverain (Tsar) de Bulgarie dont le r\u00E8gne s'\u00E9tend, durant la p\u00E9riode du Second empire bulgare, de 1331 \u00E0 1371."@fr . . . . . "2096956"^^ . "Portrait of the tsar from the medieval manuscript, Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander"@en . . "\u0625\u064A\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064A\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "Ivan Alexandre de Bulg\u00E0ria (Ivan Aleksand\u0103r) fou un emperador del Segon Imperi B\u00FAlgar que regn\u00E0 entre 1331 i 17 de febrer de 1371. Fou precedit en el tron per , i fou succe\u00EFt per ."@ca . . . "Ivan Alexander"@en . . "Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr (bahasa Bulgaria: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, transliterasi Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr; pelafalan [i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0259r]; ejaan asli: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A) adalah tsar Bulgaria yang berkuasa dari tahun 1331 hingga 1371 pada masa Kekaisaran Bulgaria Kedua. Tanggal lahirnya tidak diketahui. Ia meninggal pada tanggal 17 Februari 1371. Masa kekuasaan Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr yang panjang dianggap sebagai periode transisi dalam sejarah Bulgaria pada abad pertengahan. Ivan Aleksand\u01CEr memulai kekuasaannya dengan menyelesaikan masalah dalam negeri dan melawan ancaman dari tetangga-tetangga Bulgaria, Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dan Serbia, serta berhasil membuka jalan menuju periode pemulihan ekonomi dan religius. Namun, ia tidak dapat menghadapi masalah-masalah serius seperti serangan dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, serangan Ho"@in . . . . "Ivan Alexander (bulgariska: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044A\u0440, IPA: /i\u02C8van al\u025Bk\u02C8sand\u0264r/; originalstavning: \u0406\u0460\u0410\u041D\u042A \u0410\u041B\u0404\u046E\u0410\u041D\u0434\u0420\u042A), f\u00F6dd ok\u00E4nt datum, d\u00F6d 17 februari 1371, var tsar av Bulgarien fr\u00E5n 1331 till sin d\u00F6d 1371. Under Ivan Alexanders styre upplevde det andra bulgariska kungariket en kulturell ren\u00E4ssans som ibland kallats \"den bulgariska kulturens andra guld\u00E5lder\". Hans l\u00E5nga regeringstid anses vara en \u00F6verg\u00E5ngsperiod i bulgarisk medeltidshistoria. Ivan Alexander inledde sitt styre genom att ta itu med interna problem och yttre hot fr\u00E5n Bulgariens grannar, det bysantinska riket och Serbien, och \u00E5stadkom en period av ekonomisk \u00E5terh\u00E4mtning med kulturell och religi\u00F6s ren\u00E4ssans."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .