"La condition de Marshall-Lerner (aussi appel\u00E9e th\u00E9or\u00E8me des \u00E9lasticit\u00E9s critiques) est la condition qui doit \u00EAtre remplie pour qu'une variation du taux de change (r\u00E9el ou non) ait un effet positif sur la balance commerciale."@fr . "Condition de Marshall-Lerner"@fr . . "Marshall\u2013Lerner condition"@en . "Marshall-Lerner-Bedingung"@de . . . . "\u99AC\u6B47\u723E-\u52D2\u7D0D\u689D\u4EF6\uFF08Marshall-Lerner Condition\uFF09\uFF0C\u5DF2\u88AB\u8996\u70BA\u4E00\u500B\u89E3\u91CB\u70BA\u4F55\u672C\u5E63\u8CB6\u503C\u4E0D\u5FC5\u5B9A\u5373\u6642\u80FD\u6539\u5584\u570B\u969B\u6536\u652F\u5E33\uFF08BoP\uFF09\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u3002\u99AC\u6B47\u723E-\u52D2\u7D0D\u689D\u4EF6\u8AAA\u660E\uFF0C\u82E5\u5916\u570B\u5C0D\u672C\u570B\u51FA\u53E3\u7684\u9700\u6C42\u5F48\u6027\u53CA\u672C\u570B\u5C0D\u8FDB\u53E3\u7684\u9700\u6C42\u5F48\u6027\u7684\u7E3D\u548C\u5927\u65BC\u4E00\uFF0C\u672C\u5E63\u8CB6\u503C\u4FBF\u80FD\u5920\u6539\u5584\u672C\u570B\u570B\u969B\u6536\u652F\u60C5\u6CC1\u3002"@zh . "El teorema o condici\u00F3n de Marshall-Lerner (por los economistas Alfred Marshall y Abba P. Lerner) establece que, si se lleva a cabo una devaluaci\u00F3n de una moneda, para que esta tenga un impacto positivo en la balanza comercial, se ha de cumplir que la suma de las elasticidades precios de las importaciones y las exportaciones ha de ser, en valor absoluto, superior a 1. Una devaluaci\u00F3n del tipo de cambio significa una reducci\u00F3n de los precios en las exportaciones y por lo tanto el aumento de su demanda externa, al mismo tiempo que los precios de las importaciones aumentar\u00E1n y su demanda interna disminuir\u00E1. (ver Oferta y demanda). El efecto neto en la balanza comercial depender\u00E1 entonces en las elasticidades de las demandas a los precios, si la demanda de los bienes exportados es el\u00E1stica esta experimentar\u00E1 un aumento proporcionalmente mayor a la disminuci\u00F3n de los precios, y el total de los ingresos por exportaciones aumentar\u00E1n en la balanza comercial. Si la demanda de los bienes importados tambi\u00E9n es el\u00E1stica el egreso (gasto) total por importaciones disminuir\u00E1. Ambas variaciones mejoraran el saldo de la balanza comercial. En efecto, en un caso extremo que las elasticidades fueran ambas cero, lo que implicar\u00EDa una demanda y una oferta completamentamente r\u00EDgida a los precios, significar\u00EDa que la rebaja en los precios de venta no supondr\u00EDa ning\u00FAn aumento de la cantidad vendida con lo que el ingreso total disminuir\u00EDa. De la misma forma para las importaciones, si la subida del precio de los bienes importados no disminuye para nada la cantidad de bienes importados, el gasto total en bienes importados aumentar\u00E1, con lo que en definitiva el saldo de la balanza de pagos en este caso ser\u00E1 m\u00E1s negativo que antes. Emp\u00EDricamente, se ha demostrado que el consumo (o demanda) de los bienes tienden a ser inel\u00E1stica en el corto plazo, ya que cambiar los patrones de consumo tarda cierto tiempo. Sigue que la condici\u00F3n de Marshall-Lerner no se cumple en ese corto plazo y una devaluaci\u00F3n empeorar\u00E1 inicialmente la balanza comercial [cita requerida]. A largo plazo los consumidores se ajustar\u00EDan a los nuevos precios y el saldo de la balanza comercial mejorar\u00EDa. Esto da origen a la curva J que vista en una gr\u00E1fica con el tiempo en el eje de las abscisas y la balanza comercial en el eje de las ordenadas representar\u00EDa el desplazamiento en forma de \"J\" que esta \u00FAltima tiene a lo largo del tiempo despu\u00E9s de una devaluaci\u00F3n del tipo de cambio."@es . . . . . "La condition de Marshall-Lerner (aussi appel\u00E9e th\u00E9or\u00E8me des \u00E9lasticit\u00E9s critiques) est la condition qui doit \u00EAtre remplie pour qu'une variation du taux de change (r\u00E9el ou non) ait un effet positif sur la balance commerciale."@fr . "2021321"^^ . . . . "\u30DE\u30FC\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u30FB\u30E9\u30FC\u30CA\u30FC\u6761\u4EF6(\u82F1: Marshall-Lerner condition)\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u56FD\u306E\u5B9F\u8CEA\u70BA\u66FF\u30EC\u30FC\u30C8\u306E\u4E0B\u843D\u304C\u305D\u306E\u56FD\u306E\u8CBF\u6613\u53CE\u652F\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3055\u305B\u308B\u304B\u3069\u3046\u304B\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306E\u6761\u4EF6\u5F0F\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u8005\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30EC\u30C3\u30C9\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u3068\u30A2\u30D0\u30FB\u30E9\u30FC\u30CA\u30FC\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . "Teorema Marshall-Lerner"@es . "\u0423\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marshall \u2014 Lerner condition) \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u043E \u0442\u043E\u043C, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0430\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430 (\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043A\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439). \u041F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0410\u043B\u044C\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u0438 \u0410\u0431\u0431\u044B \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430."@ru . "The Marshall\u2013Lerner condition (after Alfred Marshall and Abba P. Lerner) is satisfied if the absolute sum of a country's export and import demand elasticities (demand responsiveness to price) is greater than one. If it is satisfied, then if a country begins with a zero trade deficit then when the country's currency depreciates (e.g., it takes fewer yen to buy a dollar), its balance of trade will improve (e.g., the U.S. will develop a trade surplus with Japan). The country's imports become more expensive and exports become cheaper due to the change in relative prices, and the Marshall-Lerner condition implies that the indirect effect on the quantity of trade will exceed the direct effect of the country having to pay a higher price for its imports and receive a lower price for its exports. Suppose the U.S. exports 100 million tons of goods to Japan at a price of $1/ton and imports 100 million tons at a price of 100 yen/ton and an exchange rate of $.01/yen, so the trade balance is zero, $100 million of goods going each way. Then the dollar depreciates by 10%, so the exchange rate is $.011/yen. The immediate effect is to hurt the U.S. trade balance because if the quantities of imports and exports stay the same the value of exports is still $100 million but imports will now cost $110 million, a trade deficit of $10 million. It takes time for consumers around the world to adapt and change their quantities demanded; the shorter the time frame, the less elastic is demand. In the long run, consumers react more to changed prices: demand is more elastic the longer the time frame. Japanese consumers will react to the cheaper dollar by buying more American goods-- say, a 6% increase to 106 million tons for $106 million-- and American consumers will react to the more expensive yen by buying less Japanese goods-- say, a 10% decline to 90 million tons for $99 million, creating a trade surplus of $7 million. This example has an elasticity of Japanese demand for American exports of .6 (= 6%/10%) and elasticity of demand for American imports of -1 (= -10%/10%), so it satisfies the Marshall-Lerner condition that the sum of the magnitudes of the elasticities (|-.6| + |1|) exceeds 1. The direct negative price effect of the depreciation on the balance of trade is outweighed by the indirect positive quantity effect. This pattern of a short run worsening of the trade balance after depreciation or devaluation of the currency (because the short-run elasticities add up to less than one) and long run improvement (because the long-run elasticities add up to more than one) is known as the J-curve effect. Essentially, the Marshall\u2013Lerner condition is an extension of Marshall's theory of the price elasticity of demand to foreign trade, the analog to the idea that if demand facing seller is elastic he can increase his revenue by reducing his price."@en . . "La condizione di Marshall-Lerner, nota anche come condizione di Marshall-Lerner-Robinson, dal nome dei tre economisti Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), Abba Lerner (1903-82) e Joan Robinson (1903-83), che la scoprirono in modo indipendente, \u00E8 la condizione sotto la quale un deprezzamento reale della valuta comporta un miglioramento della bilancia commerciale di un Paese. Un deprezzamento reale della valuta produce infatti sia una riduzione del prezzo delle esportazioni, che tende a migliorare la bilancia commerciale, poich\u00E9 aumenta la domanda di questi beni; sia un aumento del prezzo delle importazioni. Quest'ultimo effetto tende a peggiorare il saldo della bilancia commerciale. La condizione di Marshall-Lerner stabilisce che, affinch\u00E9 il primo effetto prevalga sul secondo, la somma in valore assoluto delle elasticit\u00E0 di prezzo di esportazioni e importazioni deve essere maggiore di 1."@it . . "Die Marshall-Lerner-Bedingung ist ein von Abba P. Lerner und Alfred Marshall entwickeltes wirtschaftstheoretisches Konzept, das die Wirkungsweise einer Wechselkurs-\u00C4nderung auf den Saldo der Leistungsbilanz mit Angebots- und Nachfrage-Elastizit\u00E4ten erkl\u00E4rt. Wenn die Marshall-Lerner-Bedingung erf\u00FCllt ist, verbessert sich die Leistungsbilanz nach einer Abwertung der eigenen W\u00E4hrung \u00FCber ihr Start-Saldo hinaus (also positiviert). Dieser Effekt wird als Normalreaktion der Leistungsbilanz bezeichnet. Der hierbei verwendete Ansatz wird auch als Elastizit\u00E4tenansatz bezeichnet."@de . . . "El teorema o condici\u00F3n de Marshall-Lerner (por los economistas Alfred Marshall y Abba P. Lerner) establece que, si se lleva a cabo una devaluaci\u00F3n de una moneda, para que esta tenga un impacto positivo en la balanza comercial, se ha de cumplir que la suma de las elasticidades precios de las importaciones y las exportaciones ha de ser, en valor absoluto, superior a 1."@es . . . . . "\u99AC\u6B47\u723E-\u52D2\u7D0D\u689D\u4EF6"@zh . "1119398100"^^ . "\u0423\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430"@ru . "8564"^^ . "\u99AC\u6B47\u723E-\u52D2\u7D0D\u689D\u4EF6\uFF08Marshall-Lerner Condition\uFF09\uFF0C\u5DF2\u88AB\u8996\u70BA\u4E00\u500B\u89E3\u91CB\u70BA\u4F55\u672C\u5E63\u8CB6\u503C\u4E0D\u5FC5\u5B9A\u5373\u6642\u80FD\u6539\u5584\u570B\u969B\u6536\u652F\u5E33\uFF08BoP\uFF09\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u3002\u99AC\u6B47\u723E-\u52D2\u7D0D\u689D\u4EF6\u8AAA\u660E\uFF0C\u82E5\u5916\u570B\u5C0D\u672C\u570B\u51FA\u53E3\u7684\u9700\u6C42\u5F48\u6027\u53CA\u672C\u570B\u5C0D\u8FDB\u53E3\u7684\u9700\u6C42\u5F48\u6027\u7684\u7E3D\u548C\u5927\u65BC\u4E00\uFF0C\u672C\u5E63\u8CB6\u503C\u4FBF\u80FD\u5920\u6539\u5584\u672C\u570B\u570B\u969B\u6536\u652F\u60C5\u6CC1\u3002"@zh . "Warunek Marshalla-Lernera \u2013 warunek wyznaczaj\u0105cy efektywno\u015B\u0107 wp\u0142ywu aprecjacji lub deprecjacji waluty krajowej na popraw\u0119 . Nazwa pochodzi od nazwisk ekonomist\u00F3w Alfreda Marshalla i Abby P. Lernera. Zgodnie z tym, co zauwa\u017Cyli Warunek Marshalla-Lernera wymaga poczynienia odpowiednich za\u0142o\u017Ce\u0144, kt\u00F3re w rzeczywisto\u015Bci mog\u0105 wywo\u0142ywa\u0107 r\u00F3\u017Cnorakie zak\u0142\u00F3cenia funkcjonowania modelu. Do za\u0142o\u017Ce\u0144 tych nale\u017C\u0105:"@pl . . . . . . . . "Warunek Marshalla-Lernera \u2013 warunek wyznaczaj\u0105cy efektywno\u015B\u0107 wp\u0142ywu aprecjacji lub deprecjacji waluty krajowej na popraw\u0119 . Nazwa pochodzi od nazwisk ekonomist\u00F3w Alfreda Marshalla i Abby P. Lernera. Zgodnie z tym, co zauwa\u017Cyli \n* gdy suma cenowych elastyczno\u015Bci popytu krajowego na import i popytu zagranicznego na eksport danego kraju b\u0119dzie wi\u0119ksza od jedno\u015Bci, to w wyniku dewaluacji nast\u0105pi rzeczywista poprawa bilansu obrot\u00F3w bie\u017C\u0105cych (bo znacz\u0105co spadnie popyt na dobra importowane, a na eksportowane wzro\u015Bnie); \n* gdy suma cenowych elastyczno\u015Bci popytu krajowego na import i popytu zagranicznego na eksport danego kraju b\u0119dzie mniejsza od jedno\u015Bci, to saldo bilansu obrot\u00F3w bie\u017C\u0105cych ulegnie pogorszeniu; \n* gdy suma cenowych elastyczno\u015Bci popytu krajowego na import i popytu zagranicznego na eksport danego kraju b\u0119dzie r\u00F3wna jedno\u015Bci, to dewaluacja (deprecjacja) waluty krajowej nie doprowadzi do zmian salda bilansu obrot\u00F3w bie\u017C\u0105cych. Warunek Marshalla-Lernera wymaga poczynienia odpowiednich za\u0142o\u017Ce\u0144, kt\u00F3re w rzeczywisto\u015Bci mog\u0105 wywo\u0142ywa\u0107 r\u00F3\u017Cnorakie zak\u0142\u00F3cenia funkcjonowania modelu. Do za\u0142o\u017Ce\u0144 tych nale\u017C\u0105: 1. \n* Ceny importu i eksportu okre\u015Blone w walutach ich kraju pochodzenia s\u0105 dane egzogenicznie (tzn. ceny d\u00F3br b\u0119d\u0105cych przedmiotem wymiany mi\u0119dzynarodowej s\u0105 sta\u0142e w walucie krajowej, przy zmianie kursu walutowego za\u015B zmieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 odpowiednio do niego), 2. \n* Nie istniej\u0105 ograniczenia poda\u017Cy d\u00F3br eksportowanych (jak r\u00F3wnie\u017C poda\u017Cy zagranicznych d\u00F3br importowanych), tj. elastyczno\u015B\u0107 poda\u017Cy jest niesko\u0144czona w obu krajach, 3. \n* Ceny i ilo\u015Bci d\u00F3br eksportowanych dostosowuj\u0105 si\u0119 natychmiast, 4. \n* Zmiany kursu walutowego nie maj\u0105 wp\u0142ywu na oczekiwania co do przysz\u0142ych zmian kursu."@pl . . "La condizione di Marshall-Lerner, nota anche come condizione di Marshall-Lerner-Robinson, dal nome dei tre economisti Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), Abba Lerner (1903-82) e Joan Robinson (1903-83), che la scoprirono in modo indipendente, \u00E8 la condizione sotto la quale un deprezzamento reale della valuta comporta un miglioramento della bilancia commerciale di un Paese."@it . "\u30DE\u30FC\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u30FB\u30E9\u30FC\u30CA\u30FC\u6761\u4EF6"@ja . . "The Marshall\u2013Lerner condition (after Alfred Marshall and Abba P. Lerner) is satisfied if the absolute sum of a country's export and import demand elasticities (demand responsiveness to price) is greater than one. If it is satisfied, then if a country begins with a zero trade deficit then when the country's currency depreciates (e.g., it takes fewer yen to buy a dollar), its balance of trade will improve (e.g., the U.S. will develop a trade surplus with Japan). The country's imports become more expensive and exports become cheaper due to the change in relative prices, and the Marshall-Lerner condition implies that the indirect effect on the quantity of trade will exceed the direct effect of the country having to pay a higher price for its imports and receive a lower price for its exports."@en . . . . . . . "Die Marshall-Lerner-Bedingung ist ein von Abba P. Lerner und Alfred Marshall entwickeltes wirtschaftstheoretisches Konzept, das die Wirkungsweise einer Wechselkurs-\u00C4nderung auf den Saldo der Leistungsbilanz mit Angebots- und Nachfrage-Elastizit\u00E4ten erkl\u00E4rt. Wenn die Marshall-Lerner-Bedingung erf\u00FCllt ist, verbessert sich die Leistungsbilanz nach einer Abwertung der eigenen W\u00E4hrung \u00FCber ihr Start-Saldo hinaus (also positiviert). Dieser Effekt wird als Normalreaktion der Leistungsbilanz bezeichnet. Der hierbei verwendete Ansatz wird auch als Elastizit\u00E4tenansatz bezeichnet."@de . . "\u0423\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marshall \u2014 Lerner condition) \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u043E \u0442\u043E\u043C, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0430\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430 (\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043A\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439). \u041F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0410\u043B\u044C\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u0438 \u0410\u0431\u0431\u044B \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u044B (\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F) \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0430\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u043C\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B: , \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u2014 \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0443, \u0430 \u2014 \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0443. \u0414\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043C, \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0430 \u043F\u043E \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0430 1. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u043D\u0430 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044B \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043C \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u043E\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0438 \u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0430, \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435. \u0412 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u044B) \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0451\u043C \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435. \u0414\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C, \u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0451\u043C \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043E\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u044B, \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435. \u0412 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043B\u044E\u0442\u044B) \u0441\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0451\u043C \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0438, \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0430 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043A\u0430\u043A\u0443\u044E-\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0437 \u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00BD."@ru . "Condizione di Marshall-Lerner"@it . . "Warunek Marshalla-Lernera"@pl . "\u30DE\u30FC\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u30FB\u30E9\u30FC\u30CA\u30FC\u6761\u4EF6(\u82F1: Marshall-Lerner condition)\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u56FD\u306E\u5B9F\u8CEA\u70BA\u66FF\u30EC\u30FC\u30C8\u306E\u4E0B\u843D\u304C\u305D\u306E\u56FD\u306E\u8CBF\u6613\u53CE\u652F\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3055\u305B\u308B\u304B\u3069\u3046\u304B\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306E\u6761\u4EF6\u5F0F\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u8005\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30EC\u30C3\u30C9\u30FB\u30DE\u30FC\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u3068\u30A2\u30D0\u30FB\u30E9\u30FC\u30CA\u30FC\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . .