"( \uC774 \uBB38\uC11C\uB294 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uAC00 \uC81C\uC815\uD55C \uC870\uB840\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uAC83\uC785\uB2C8\uB2E4. 1636\uB144\uC5D0 \uC2A4\uC6E8\uB374 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 \uC81C\uC815\uD55C \uC870\uB840\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uD56D\uD574 \uC870\uB840 (\uC2A4\uC6E8\uB374) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uD56D\uD574\uBC95(Navigation Acts)\uC740 1651\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1673\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC2DD\uBBFC\uC9C0\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uC911\uC0C1\uC8FC\uC758(mercantilism)\uB97C \uAC15\uD654\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uAC00 1651\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1673\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC544\uD649 \uCC28\uB840\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCCD0 \uAC1C\uC815\uD558\uACE0, \uBCF4\uAC15\uD55C \uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC95\uC740 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC\uC758 \uBB34\uC5ED\uC744 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC\uC758 \uBC30\uB85C \uD55C\uC815\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC804\uC2DC\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uCDA9\uBD84\uD55C \uBC30\uB97C \uD655\uBCF4\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uACE0, \uC911\uC0C1\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uBCF4\uD638\uBB34\uC5ED\uC8FC\uC758\uC758 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "Navigation Acts"@en . . . "Ato de Navega\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . "\uD56D\uD574\uBC95"@ko . . "Actes de navigation"@fr . "Engelse Scheepvaartwetten"@nl . . . "12"^^ . . . "Naviga\u010Dn\u00ED akta (t\u00E9\u017E z\u00E1kony o plavb\u011B, anglicky Navigation Acts, slovo navigation je u\u017Eito ve smyslu lodn\u00ED doprava) je s\u00E9rie z\u00E1kon\u016F, kter\u00FDmi Anglie (resp. po r. 1707 Kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED Velk\u00E9 Brit\u00E1nie) upravovala vodn\u00ED dopravu a n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED obchod v Anglii a anglick\u00FDch koloni\u00EDch. Prvn\u00ED z t\u011Bchto z\u00E1kon\u016F p\u0159ijal Oliver Cromwell v roce 1651 v z\u00E1jmu vnit\u0159n\u00ED a vn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED obrany st\u00E1tu; z\u00E1rove\u0148 t\u00EDm podporoval svoji vl\u00E1du diktatury. Tento z\u00E1kon p\u0159ikazoval dov\u00E1\u017Een\u00ED zbo\u017E\u00ED z koloni\u00ED pouze lo\u010Fmi s anglickou pos\u00E1dkou, z Evropy anglick\u00FDmi lo\u010Fmi, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B lo\u010Fmi s pos\u00E1dkou zem\u011B, kter\u00E1 vyrobila p\u0159epravovan\u00E9 zbo\u017E\u00ED. To se nejv\u00EDce dotklo Nizozem\u00ED a vedlo k prvn\u00ED anglo-nizozemsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lce. Charakter prvn\u00EDho z\u00E1kona byl zachov\u00E1n nad\u00E1le do konce 18. stolet\u00ED, pot\u00E9 doch\u00E1zelo k uvol\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00ED a\u017E do poloviny 19. stolet\u00ED, kdy byla regulace zru\u0161ena."@cs . . "An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation."@en . . . "Les Actes de navegaci\u00F3 (en angl\u00E8s:Navigation Acts), van ser una s\u00E8rie de lleis angleses proctecionistes que restringien el comer\u00E7 colonial a Anglaterra. Es van promulgar per primera vegada el 1651 pel parlament angl\u00E8s sota el mandat d'Oliver Cromwell. Reflectien la pol\u00EDtica del mercantilisme, que cercava mantenir tots els beneficis del comer\u00E7 dintre de l'Imperi i minimitzar la p\u00E8rdua d'or i plata als pa\u00CFsos estrangers. Van prohibir a les col\u00F2nies negociar directament amb els Pa\u00EFsos Baixos, Espanya, Fran\u00E7a i les seves col\u00F2nies. L'ordenan\u00E7a original de 1651 va ser renovada en les Actes successives durant la Restauraci\u00F3 anglesa de 1660, 1663, 1670 i 1673, amb subseg\u00FCents esmenes m\u00E9s petites. Les Actes van constituir la base per al comer\u00E7 exterior a l'estranger durant quasi 200 anys. Els principals motius de les Actes de Navegaci\u00F3 van ser el ru\u00EFn\u00F3s deteriorament del comer\u00E7 angl\u00E8s despr\u00E9s de la Guerra dels Vuitanta Anys i el conseg\u00FCent aixecament dels embargaments espanyols sobre el comer\u00E7 entre l'Imperi Espanyol i les Prov\u00EDncies Unides. El final dels embargaments el 1647, va desencadenar tot el poder de l'\"Entrep\u00F4t d'Amsterdam\" i d'altres avantatges competitives holandeses en el comer\u00E7 mundial. En pocs anys, els comerciants anglesos van estar sota el poder del comer\u00E7 de la Pen\u00EDnsula Ib\u00E8rica, el Mediterrani i el Llevant; tamb\u00E9 el comer\u00E7 amb les col\u00F2nies angleses -parcialment encara a les mans dels realistes junt amb la guerra civil anglesa que era en les seves etapes finals i la Commonwealth d'Anglaterra que no havia imposat encara la seva autoritat a trav\u00E9s de les col\u00F2nies angleses- va ser absorbit pels comerciants holandesos. El comer\u00E7 directe angl\u00E8s va ser sufocat per una sobtada aflu\u00E8ncia de mercaderies pel Llevant, la Mediterr\u00E0nia, i els imperis espanyol i portugu\u00E8s, amb les \u00CDndies Occidentals a trav\u00E9s de l'Entrep\u00F4t holand\u00E8s, portat en vaixells holandesos i per compte holand\u00E8s. La soluci\u00F3 m\u00E9s pr\u00E0ctica semblava ser tancar els mercats anglesos i escocesos a aquestes importacions no desitjades. Un precedent era la llei que la Companyia de Grenl\u00E0ndia havia obtingut del Parlament el 1645, que prohibia la importaci\u00F3 de productes de balenes a Anglaterra, excepte als vaixells d'aquesta companyia. Aquest principi es va generalitzar ara. El 1648 la Levant Company va sol\u00B7licitar al Parlament la prohibici\u00F3 de les importacions de productes turcs: \"... d'Holanda i d'altres llocs, sino directament dels llocs de la seva producci\u00F3\". Els comerciants b\u00E0ltics van agregar les seves veus a aquesta petici\u00F3. Al 1650, el Consell Permanent per al Comer\u00E7 i el Consell d'Estat de la Commonwealth van preparar una pol\u00EDtica general destinada a impedir el fluix de productes mediterranis i colonials a trav\u00E9s d'Holanda i Zelanda cap a Anglaterra. En general, es van complir les Lleis de Comer\u00E7 i Navegaci\u00F3, llevat de la Llei de Melassa de 1733, que va conduir un extens contraban perqu\u00E8 no es va proporcionar cap mig efectiu d'aplicaci\u00F3 fins a la d\u00E8cada de 1750. Una aplicaci\u00F3 m\u00E9s estricta va ser la de 1764 que es va convertir en una font de ressentiment de Gran Bretanya per als comerciants de les col\u00F2nies americanes. Aix\u00F2 alhora va ajudar a emp\u00E8nyer a les col\u00F2nies per iniciar la Revoluci\u00F3 Americana a la fi del segle xviii, encara que l'opini\u00F3 consensuada entre els historiadors i economistes moderns \u00E9s que els: \u00ABcosts imposats als colons per les restriccions comercials de les Actes de Navegaci\u00F3 van ser petits\u00BB."@ca . . . . . . . "1651"^^ . . . . . . "Die Navigationsakten (sprachlich falsche, aber gebr\u00E4uchliche \u00DCbersetzung von englisch Navigation Acts \u201ANavigationsgesetze\u2018 oder \u201ASchifffahrtsgesetze\u2018) waren eine Serie von Gesetzesbeschl\u00FCssen des englischen Parlaments zur Regulierung von Schifffahrt und Seehandel."@de . "54370"^^ . . "Atto di navigazione"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "Las Actas de Navegaci\u00F3n de Inglaterra fueron una serie de leyes que, por la dictada el 9 de octubre de 1651, restringieron el uso de barcos extranjeros en el comercio de Inglaterra (m\u00E1s tarde Gran Breta\u00F1a y sus colonias). Surgieron como consecuencia de la Revoluci\u00F3n de 1648, en respuesta al conflicto econ\u00F3mico. El resentimiento contra estas leyes motiv\u00F3 las guerras anglo-neerlandesas y la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos. Adam Smith la llam\u00F3 \u00ABquiz\u00E1 la m\u00E1s sabia de todas las regulaciones comerciales de Inglaterra\u00BB.[cita requerida] Fue el primer paso de Inglaterra para convertirse en la potencia naval m\u00E1s importante del mundo."@es . . . . . . . . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Navigation Act) \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044F 9 (19) \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1651 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430; \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043B \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 1849 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0432\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u044E \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435; \u0432 1660 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u043A\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0451\u043D \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u044B\u0432\u043E\u0437 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438; \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0451\u043D \u0432 1854 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044E \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0443 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F \u0438 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0440. \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0451\u043B \u043A \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u043E-\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . . . . "The Navigation Acts, or more broadly the Acts of Trade and Navigation, were a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies. The laws also regulated England's fisheries and restricted foreigners' participation in its colonial trade. While based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the Commonwealth."@en . . . . . . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6CD5\u6848\uFF08The Navigation Acts\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u4F5C\u822A\u6D77\u689D\u4F8B\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u897F\u51431651\u5E7410\u6708\u514B\u4F26\u5A01\u5C14\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u82F1\u5409\u5229\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u8BAE\u4F1A\u901A\u8FC7\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u4FDD\u62A4\u82F1\u56FD\u672C\u571F\u822A\u6D77\u8D38\u6613\u5784\u65AD\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\uFF0C\u4EE5\u540E\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u4E0D\u65AD\u4FEE\u6539\u5B8C\u5584\uFF0C\u4E3A\u6B64\u8FD8\u5F15\u53D1\u4E86\u4E0E\u6D77\u4E0A\u5F3A\u56FD\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6218\u4E89\uFF08\u89C1\u82F1\u8377\u6218\u4E89\uFF09\u3002\u4F46\u662F\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u4E5F\u9650\u5236\u4E86\u82F1\u56FD\u6B96\u6C11\u5730\u7ECF\u6D4E\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u6210\u70BA\u7F8E\u570B\u7368\u7ACB\u6230\u722D\u7684\u767C\u751F\u56E0\u7D20\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u57281663\u5E74\u30011673\u5E74\u548C1696\u5E74\u4E09\u5EA6\u66F4\u6539\uFF0C\u539F\u56E0\u662F\u5F53\u65F6\u7684\u82F1\u56FD\u653F\u5E9C\u60F3\u8FDB\u4E00\u6B65\u9632\u6B62\u975E\u6CD5\u5546\u4EBA\u8FDD\u53CD\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u800C\u5411\u975E\u82F1\u56FD\u672C\u571F\u56FD\u5BB6\u51FA\u552E\u672A\u7ECF\u52A0\u5DE5\u7684\u8D27\u7269\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "Vanno sotto il nome di atti di navigazione (in inglese Navigation Acts) alcuni atti legislativi dell'Inghilterra, emanati a partire dal 1651, tesi a limitare l'attracco del naviglio estero presso tutti i porti britannici, compresi quelli delle colonie."@it . . . . . "repealed"@en . . . . . "De Engelse Scheepvaartwetten waren een reeks Engelse wetten die vanaf 1651 de scheepvaart door niet-Engelse schepen van en naar Engeland en de Engelse koloni\u00EBn inperkten. Deze wetten veroorzaakten de Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen en de Amerikaanse Revolutie."@nl . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Navigation Act) \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044F 9 (19) \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1651 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430; \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043B \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 1849 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0432\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u044E \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435; \u0432 1660 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u043A\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0451\u043D \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u044B\u0432\u043E\u0437 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438; \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0451\u043D \u0432 1854 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044E \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0443 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F \u0438 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0440. \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0451\u043B \u043A \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u043E-\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . . . "The Navigation Acts, or more broadly the Acts of Trade and Navigation, were a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies. The laws also regulated England's fisheries and restricted foreigners' participation in its colonial trade. While based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the Commonwealth. The system was reenacted and broadened with the Restoration by the Act of 1660, and further developed and tightened by the Navigation Acts of 1663, 1673, and 1696. Upon this basis during the 18th century, the Acts were modified by subsequent amendments, changes, and the addition of enforcement mechanisms and staff. Additionally, a major change in the very purpose of the Acts in the 1760s \u2013 that of generating a colonial revenue, rather than only regulating the Empire's trade \u2013 would help lead to major rebellions, and significant changes in the implementation of the Acts themselves. The Acts generally prohibited the use of foreign ships, required the employment of English and colonial mariners for 75% of the crews, including East India Company ships. The Acts prohibited colonies from exporting specific, enumerated, products to countries other than Britain and those countries' colonies, and mandated that imports be sourced only through Britain. Overall, the Acts formed the basis for English (and later) British overseas trade for nearly 200 years, but with the development and gradual acceptance of free trade, the Acts were eventually repealed in 1849. The laws reflected the European economic theory of mercantilism which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside their respective Empires, and to minimize the loss of gold and silver, or profits, to foreigners through purchases and trade. The system would develop with the colonies supplying raw materials for British industry, and in exchange for this guaranteed market, the colonies would purchase manufactured goods from or through Britain. The major impetus for the first Navigation Act was the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years' War, and the associated lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic. The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrep\u00F4t and other Dutch competitive advantages in European and world trade. Within a few years, English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the Baltic and North sea trade, as well as trade with the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean and the Levant. Even the trade with English colonies (partly still in the hands of the royalists, as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies) was \"engrossed\" by Dutch merchants. English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant, Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires, and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrep\u00F4t, carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account. The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English markets to these unwanted imports. A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England, except in ships owned by that company. This principle was now generalized. In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods \"...from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth.\" Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus. In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England. Following the 1696 act, the Acts of Trade and Navigation were generally obeyed, except for the Molasses Act 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1760s. Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies. This, in turn, helped push the American colonies to rebel in the late 18th century, even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the \"costs imposed on [American] colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small.\""@en . . . . . . "Actas de Navegaci\u00F3n"@es . "--10-09"^^ . "( \uC774 \uBB38\uC11C\uB294 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uAC00 \uC81C\uC815\uD55C \uC870\uB840\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uAC83\uC785\uB2C8\uB2E4. 1636\uB144\uC5D0 \uC2A4\uC6E8\uB374 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 \uC81C\uC815\uD55C \uC870\uB840\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uD56D\uD574 \uC870\uB840 (\uC2A4\uC6E8\uB374) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uD56D\uD574\uBC95(Navigation Acts)\uC740 1651\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1673\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC2DD\uBBFC\uC9C0\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uC911\uC0C1\uC8FC\uC758(mercantilism)\uB97C \uAC15\uD654\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uAC00 1651\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1673\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC544\uD649 \uCC28\uB840\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCCD0 \uAC1C\uC815\uD558\uACE0, \uBCF4\uAC15\uD55C \uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC95\uC740 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC\uC758 \uBB34\uC5ED\uC744 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC\uC758 \uBC30\uB85C \uD55C\uC815\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uBC95\uC774\uB2E4. \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC804\uC2DC\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uCDA9\uBD84\uD55C \uBC30\uB97C \uD655\uBCF4\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uACE0, \uC911\uC0C1\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uBCF4\uD638\uBB34\uC5ED\uC8FC\uC758\uC758 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B"@ja . . "Navigation Act 1660"@en . . . . . "Les Actes de navigation (Navigation Acts) sont une s\u00E9rie de lois protectionnistes vot\u00E9es \u00E0 partir de 1651 par le Parlement d'Angleterre pendant le mandat de Cromwell. Elles visent \u00E0 financer la construction d'une marine de guerre, et \u00E0 affaiblir les colonies de la Barbade, des Bermudes et de la Virginie, contr\u00F4l\u00E9es par l'opposition royaliste \u00E0 la suite de l'\u00E9migration des Cavaliers, en les emp\u00EAchant de commercer avec d'autres pays. Accompagnant une aggravation de la pression fiscale, elles r\u00E9servent aux marins britanniques le monopole du commerce des colonies avec la m\u00E9tropole en excluant les navires \u00E9trangers des ports. Plusieurs textes successifs sont adopt\u00E9s jusqu'au Sugar Act d'avril 1764 pour interdire d'importer le sucre des Antilles fran\u00E7aises. Les Actes de navigation sont abolis en"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3044\u3058\u3087\u3046\u308C\u3044\u3001\u82F1Navigation Acts\uFF09\u306F\u30011651\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u3067\u5236\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u822A\u6D77\u6CD5\u3001\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4EE4\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u306E\u8CBF\u6613\u3092\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8239\u306B\u9650\u5B9A\u3057\u305F\u3002\u3053\u308C\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u6226\u6642\u306B\u3082\u5341\u5206\u306A\u6570\u306E\u8239\u3092\u78BA\u4FDD\u3067\u304D\u3001\u91CD\u5546\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u901A\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4FDD\u8B77\u8CBF\u6613\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306E\u5F62\u3092\u4F5C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002 Acts\u3068\u8907\u6570\u5F62\u3067\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u306E\u306F\u3001\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u304C\u5236\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u306E\u304C\u8907\u6570\u56DE\uFF081381\u5E74\u304B\u30891696\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u30669\u56DE\uFF09\u3060\u304B\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306F\u3001\u6B74\u53F2\u7684\u306B\u6700\u3082\u983B\u7E41\u306B\u8A00\u53CA\u3055\u308C\u308B1651\u5E74\u306E\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u3092\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306B\u6271\u3046\u3002"@ja . "--12-01"^^ . . . . "Naviga\u010Dn\u00ED akta"@cs . . . . . . . . . "1124425213"^^ . . . . "Parliament of England"@en . . . . "Navigationsakten"@de . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6CD5\u6848"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Em 1651, a assinatura dos Atos de Navega\u00E7\u00E3o (conhecido em ingl\u00EAs como Acts of Trade and Navigation) contribuiu decisivamente para o crescimento econ\u00F4mico da Inglaterra, impulsionando o mercantilismo ingl\u00EAs, ao favorecer a ind\u00FAstria naval e mercadores. Constituiu-se uma das mais importantes atitudes pol\u00EDticas tomadas pelo governo puritano de Cromwell, que havia derrubado a Monarquia em 1649 e que transformou a Inglaterra numa rep\u00FAblica ditatorial por cerca de dez anos. Os atos, que foram uma s\u00E9rie de leis, buscavam restringir o uso de navios estrangeiros, exceto os brit\u00E2nicos, no com\u00E9rcio entre o Reino Unido e suas col\u00F4nias pelo mundo. O Ato de Navega\u00E7\u00E3o constitu\u00EDa que o transporte de todo produto comercial a pa\u00EDses europeus via mar deveria ser feito por navios pertencentes a Inglaterra ou ao pr\u00F3prio pa\u00EDs europeu que estivesse realizando importa\u00E7\u00E3o ou exporta\u00E7\u00E3o desses produtos. A raz\u00E3o por ser criada essa lei foi principalmente a de eliminar a concorr\u00EAncia. O que ocorria era que a Holanda estava conquistando um patamar alto no com\u00E9rcio mar\u00EDtimo gra\u00E7as ao uso das suas embarca\u00E7\u00F5es para serem levados e trazidos suprimentos do Novo Mundo. O poderio naval holand\u00EAs era tanto que poderia alcan\u00E7ar qualquer lugar de todo o planeta, e claro que com isso ganhava muito lucro claramente reconhecido na capital da Holanda de nome Amsterd\u00E3, que v\u00E1rias vezes era representada como capital das finan\u00E7as e sem citar que a Holanda era a maior potencia mundial. A Inglaterra tamb\u00E9m era um pa\u00EDs em plena forma\u00E7\u00E3o. Portugal e Espanha foram os primeiros a lan\u00E7arem seus recursos ao mar, por\u00E9m, n\u00E3o administraram bem os recursos encontrados e ficaram \u00E0 merc\u00EA de outros pa\u00EDses. Por outro lado, os brit\u00E2nicos desenvolveram suas frotas mar\u00EDtimas de modo a fortalece-las tanto em caracter\u00EDsticas b\u00E9licas quanto em caracter\u00EDsticas comerciais. Quanto aos recursos encontrados no Novo Mundo, tais foram muito bem usados para o fortalecimento brit\u00E2nico. A Inglaterra se fortalecia principalmente pelo com\u00E9rcio internacional que alcan\u00E7ava idealismo em v\u00E1rias partes do mundo. Obviamente os brit\u00E2nicos e os holandeses tiveram um choque, j\u00E1 que tinham interesse igual e garantiam seu poder do mesmo jeito, principalmente atrav\u00E9s do com\u00E9rcio mar\u00EDtimo, al\u00E9m de os brit\u00E2nicos serem os \u00FAnicos capazes de desafiar os holandeses nesse campo, e foi a\u00ED que houve o choque. No ano de 1651, Oliver Cromwell, tendo o governo em m\u00E3os, decretou o Ato de Navega\u00E7\u00E3o. Alguns anos depois foi tamb\u00E9m decretado que o capit\u00E3o das tripula\u00E7\u00F5es de um ter\u00E7o dos navios que transportariam os produtos deveriam ser de origem brit\u00E2nica. A rea\u00E7\u00E3o da cria\u00E7\u00E3o dessa nova lei teve seu processo r\u00E1pido. Muitos pa\u00EDses n\u00E3o concordaram, mas tiveram que ceder, pois n\u00E3o tinham poder para revidar. Foi ent\u00E3o que o \u00FAnico pa\u00EDs com poder para revidar o fez. A Holanda declarou guerra a Inglaterra, que duraria desde 1652 a 1654 com a vit\u00F3ria da Inglaterra que assim seria coroada vencedora. A Inglaterra gra\u00E7as a sua vit\u00F3ria teve maior industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o, portanto, nem necessitou mais tarde dessa lei."@pt . . . "Vanno sotto il nome di atti di navigazione (in inglese Navigation Acts) alcuni atti legislativi dell'Inghilterra, emanati a partire dal 1651, tesi a limitare l'attracco del naviglio estero presso tutti i porti britannici, compresi quelli delle colonie. Lo scopo era quello di alimentare un imponente commercio nazionale inglese a discapito delle nazioni concorrenti, quali Province Unite e Portogallo. Stabiliva, inoltre, che il commercio con le colonie inglesi d'oltremare era monopolio della madrepatria. Fu il primo esempio di una politica protezionista; l'Atto port\u00F2 a tre guerre sull'Atto di Navigazione tra Inghilterra e Province Unite (1652-1654; 1665-1667; 1672-1674), che vide la prima vincitrice, portandola ad avere il primato marittimo. Da quel momento l'Inghilterra fece in modo di avere una marina grande quanto l'equivalente della somma della seconda e terza marine pi\u00F9 grandi."@it . "Akty Nawigacyjne"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Navigationsakten (sprachlich falsche, aber gebr\u00E4uchliche \u00DCbersetzung von englisch Navigation Acts \u201ANavigationsgesetze\u2018 oder \u201ASchifffahrtsgesetze\u2018) waren eine Serie von Gesetzesbeschl\u00FCssen des englischen Parlaments zur Regulierung von Schifffahrt und Seehandel."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Akty Nawigacyjne (ang. Navigation Acts) \u2013 XVII-wieczne angielskie ustawy dotycz\u0105ce handlu i prawa morskiego. Wprowadza\u0142y protekcjonistyczny i merkantylistyczny system handlowy, kt\u00F3rego celem mia\u0142a by\u0107 ochrona Anglii i jej kolonii przed konkurencj\u0105 innych pa\u0144stw kolonialnych. Parlament angielski uchwali\u0142 pi\u0119\u0107 Akt\u00F3w Nawigacyjnych: w latach 1651, 1660, 1663, 1673 i 1696. Ustawy te niekorzystnie wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142y na gospodark\u0119 Niderland\u00F3w, co doprowadzi\u0142o do wojen angielsko-holenderskich i uzyskania przez Angli\u0119 pozycji wiod\u0105cej pot\u0119gi handlowej. W XVIII wieku ustawy te by\u0142y modyfikowane i rozszerzane, co mia\u0142o du\u017Cy wp\u0142yw na nastr\u00F3j niezadowolenia w ameryka\u0144skich koloniach Wielkiej Brytanii i na wybuch rewolucji, kt\u00F3ra doprowadzi\u0142a do powstania Stan\u00F3w Zjednoczonych. Akty Nawigacyjne pozostawa\u0142y w mocy do 1849 roku, kiedy zniesiono je pod wp\u0142ywem pr\u0105d\u00F3w wolnorynkowych."@pl . "Kingdom of England and English overseas possessions"@en . . . . "De Engelse Scheepvaartwetten waren een reeks Engelse wetten die vanaf 1651 de scheepvaart door niet-Engelse schepen van en naar Engeland en de Engelse koloni\u00EBn inperkten. Deze wetten veroorzaakten de Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen en de Amerikaanse Revolutie."@nl . . . . . . . . . "Les Actes de navegaci\u00F3 (en angl\u00E8s:Navigation Acts), van ser una s\u00E8rie de lleis angleses proctecionistes que restringien el comer\u00E7 colonial a Anglaterra. Es van promulgar per primera vegada el 1651 pel parlament angl\u00E8s sota el mandat d'Oliver Cromwell. Reflectien la pol\u00EDtica del mercantilisme, que cercava mantenir tots els beneficis del comer\u00E7 dintre de l'Imperi i minimitzar la p\u00E8rdua d'or i plata als pa\u00CFsos estrangers. Van prohibir a les col\u00F2nies negociar directament amb els Pa\u00EFsos Baixos, Espanya, Fran\u00E7a i les seves col\u00F2nies. L'ordenan\u00E7a original de 1651 va ser renovada en les Actes successives durant la Restauraci\u00F3 anglesa de 1660, 1663, 1670 i 1673, amb subseg\u00FCents esmenes m\u00E9s petites. Les Actes van constituir la base per al comer\u00E7 exterior a l'estranger durant quasi 200 anys."@ca . . "Em 1651, a assinatura dos Atos de Navega\u00E7\u00E3o (conhecido em ingl\u00EAs como Acts of Trade and Navigation) contribuiu decisivamente para o crescimento econ\u00F4mico da Inglaterra, impulsionando o mercantilismo ingl\u00EAs, ao favorecer a ind\u00FAstria naval e mercadores. Constituiu-se uma das mais importantes atitudes pol\u00EDticas tomadas pelo governo puritano de Cromwell, que havia derrubado a Monarquia em 1649 e que transformou a Inglaterra numa rep\u00FAblica ditatorial por cerca de dez anos. A Inglaterra gra\u00E7as a sua vit\u00F3ria teve maior industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o, portanto, nem necessitou mais tarde dessa lei."@pt . "Actes de navegaci\u00F3"@ca . "Les Actes de navigation (Navigation Acts) sont une s\u00E9rie de lois protectionnistes vot\u00E9es \u00E0 partir de 1651 par le Parlement d'Angleterre pendant le mandat de Cromwell. Elles visent \u00E0 financer la construction d'une marine de guerre, et \u00E0 affaiblir les colonies de la Barbade, des Bermudes et de la Virginie, contr\u00F4l\u00E9es par l'opposition royaliste \u00E0 la suite de l'\u00E9migration des Cavaliers, en les emp\u00EAchant de commercer avec d'autres pays. Accompagnant une aggravation de la pression fiscale, elles r\u00E9servent aux marins britanniques le monopole du commerce des colonies avec la m\u00E9tropole en excluant les navires \u00E9trangers des ports. Plusieurs textes successifs sont adopt\u00E9s jusqu'au Sugar Act d'avril 1764 pour interdire d'importer le sucre des Antilles fran\u00E7aises. Les Actes de navigation sont abolis en 1849 lors de la victoire des libre-\u00E9changistes dans le d\u00E9bat public."@fr . "Las Actas de Navegaci\u00F3n de Inglaterra fueron una serie de leyes que, por la dictada el 9 de octubre de 1651, restringieron el uso de barcos extranjeros en el comercio de Inglaterra (m\u00E1s tarde Gran Breta\u00F1a y sus colonias). Surgieron como consecuencia de la Revoluci\u00F3n de 1648, en respuesta al conflicto econ\u00F3mico. El resentimiento contra estas leyes motiv\u00F3 las guerras anglo-neerlandesas y la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos."@es . . . . . . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3044\u3058\u3087\u3046\u308C\u3044\u3001\u82F1Navigation Acts\uFF09\u306F\u30011651\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u3067\u5236\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u822A\u6D77\u6CD5\u3001\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4EE4\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u306E\u8CBF\u6613\u3092\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8239\u306B\u9650\u5B9A\u3057\u305F\u3002\u3053\u308C\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u6226\u6642\u306B\u3082\u5341\u5206\u306A\u6570\u306E\u8239\u3092\u78BA\u4FDD\u3067\u304D\u3001\u91CD\u5546\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u901A\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4FDD\u8B77\u8CBF\u6613\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306E\u5F62\u3092\u4F5C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002 Acts\u3068\u8907\u6570\u5F62\u3067\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u306E\u306F\u3001\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u304C\u5236\u5B9A\u3055\u308C\u305F\u306E\u304C\u8907\u6570\u56DE\uFF081381\u5E74\u304B\u30891696\u5E74\u306B\u304B\u3051\u30669\u56DE\uFF09\u3060\u304B\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306F\u3001\u6B74\u53F2\u7684\u306B\u6700\u3082\u983B\u7E41\u306B\u8A00\u53CA\u3055\u308C\u308B1651\u5E74\u306E\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u3092\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306B\u6271\u3046\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "Naviga\u010Dn\u00ED akta (t\u00E9\u017E z\u00E1kony o plavb\u011B, anglicky Navigation Acts, slovo navigation je u\u017Eito ve smyslu lodn\u00ED doprava) je s\u00E9rie z\u00E1kon\u016F, kter\u00FDmi Anglie (resp. po r. 1707 Kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED Velk\u00E9 Brit\u00E1nie) upravovala vodn\u00ED dopravu a n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED obchod v Anglii a anglick\u00FDch koloni\u00EDch. Prvn\u00ED z t\u011Bchto z\u00E1kon\u016F p\u0159ijal Oliver Cromwell v roce 1651 v z\u00E1jmu vnit\u0159n\u00ED a vn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED obrany st\u00E1tu; z\u00E1rove\u0148 t\u00EDm podporoval svoji vl\u00E1du diktatury. Tento z\u00E1kon p\u0159ikazoval dov\u00E1\u017Een\u00ED zbo\u017E\u00ED z koloni\u00ED pouze lo\u010Fmi s anglickou pos\u00E1dkou, z Evropy anglick\u00FDmi lo\u010Fmi, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B lo\u010Fmi s pos\u00E1dkou zem\u011B, kter\u00E1 vyrobila p\u0159epravovan\u00E9 zbo\u017E\u00ED. To se nejv\u00EDce dotklo Nizozem\u00ED a vedlo k prvn\u00ED anglo-nizozemsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lce. Charakter prvn\u00EDho z\u00E1kona byl zachov\u00E1n nad\u00E1le do konce 18. stolet\u00ED, pot\u00E9 doch\u00E1zelo k uvol\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00ED a\u017E do poloviny 19. stolet\u00ED, kdy byla regulace zru\u0161e"@cs . . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0442"@ru . . . "Akty Nawigacyjne (ang. Navigation Acts) \u2013 XVII-wieczne angielskie ustawy dotycz\u0105ce handlu i prawa morskiego. Wprowadza\u0142y protekcjonistyczny i merkantylistyczny system handlowy, kt\u00F3rego celem mia\u0142a by\u0107 ochrona Anglii i jej kolonii przed konkurencj\u0105 innych pa\u0144stw kolonialnych. Parlament angielski uchwali\u0142 pi\u0119\u0107 Akt\u00F3w Nawigacyjnych: w latach 1651, 1660, 1663, 1673 i 1696. Ustawy te niekorzystnie wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142y na gospodark\u0119 Niderland\u00F3w, co doprowadzi\u0142o do wojen angielsko-holenderskich i uzyskania przez Angli\u0119 pozycji wiod\u0105cej pot\u0119gi handlowej."@pl . . "no"@en . . . . "168767"^^ . . . . "\u822A\u6D77\u6CD5\u6848\uFF08The Navigation Acts\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u4F5C\u822A\u6D77\u689D\u4F8B\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u897F\u51431651\u5E7410\u6708\u514B\u4F26\u5A01\u5C14\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u82F1\u5409\u5229\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u8BAE\u4F1A\u901A\u8FC7\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u4FDD\u62A4\u82F1\u56FD\u672C\u571F\u822A\u6D77\u8D38\u6613\u5784\u65AD\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\uFF0C\u4EE5\u540E\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u4E0D\u65AD\u4FEE\u6539\u5B8C\u5584\uFF0C\u4E3A\u6B64\u8FD8\u5F15\u53D1\u4E86\u4E0E\u6D77\u4E0A\u5F3A\u56FD\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6218\u4E89\uFF08\u89C1\u82F1\u8377\u6218\u4E89\uFF09\u3002\u4F46\u662F\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u4E5F\u9650\u5236\u4E86\u82F1\u56FD\u6B96\u6C11\u5730\u7ECF\u6D4E\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u6210\u70BA\u7F8E\u570B\u7368\u7ACB\u6230\u722D\u7684\u767C\u751F\u56E0\u7D20\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u57281663\u5E74\u30011673\u5E74\u548C1696\u5E74\u4E09\u5EA6\u66F4\u6539\uFF0C\u539F\u56E0\u662F\u5F53\u65F6\u7684\u82F1\u56FD\u653F\u5E9C\u60F3\u8FDB\u4E00\u6B65\u9632\u6B62\u975E\u6CD5\u5546\u4EBA\u8FDD\u53CD\u822A\u6D77\u6761\u4F8B\u800C\u5411\u975E\u82F1\u56FD\u672C\u571F\u56FD\u5BB6\u51FA\u552E\u672A\u7ECF\u52A0\u5DE5\u7684\u8D27\u7269\u3002"@zh .