. . . "\uAD6C\uC0B0\uBB38"@ko . . . . . . "1041742"^^ . "Neuf \u00E9coles de la montagne"@fr . . . . "The nine mountain schools (\u4E5D\u5C71; or gusan) were the initial monasteries of the Korean branch of Buddhism called Seon, founded in the Unified Silla period in the 8th or 9th century. The initial transmission of Seon into Korea is usually attributed to (\u6CD5\u6717; fl. 632-646), said to be a student of the Chinese master Daoxin (\u9053\u4FE1; 580-651). Seon was later popularized especially by (\u795E\u884C; 704-779) in the latter part of the eighth century and by (\u9053\u7FA9; d. 825) at the beginning of the ninth century. From then on, many Koreans studied Chan in China and, upon their return, established their own schools at various mountain monasteries with their leading disciples. The number of these schools was initially fixed to nine, whence the name derives. Eight of these schools were of the lineage of Mazu Daoyi (\u99AC\u7956\u9053\u4E00; 709-788), as they were established through connection with either him or one of his eminent disciples: 1. \n* The school (\u8FE6\u667A\u5C71), established at Borimsa (\u5BF6\u6797\u5BFA) under the influence of Doui and his grand-student Chejing (\u9AD4\u6F84; 804-890). Doui studied in China under (735-814) and Baizhang (\u767E\u4E08; 749-814). 2. \n* The school (\u8056\u4F4F\u5C71), established by (\u7121\u67D3; 800-888) who received his from (\u9EBB\u8C37\u5BF6\u5FB9; b. 720?). 3. \n* The school (\u5BE6\u76F8\u5C71), founded by (\u6D2A\u965F; fl. 830), who also studied under Zhizang. 4. \n* The school (\u66E6\u967D\u5C71), founded by Beomnang and (\u667A\u8A75\u9053\u61B2; 824-882), who was taught by a Korean teacher of the Mazu transmission. 5. \n* The school (\u9CF3\u6797\u5C71), established by (\u5713\u9451; 787-869) and his student Simhui (\u5BE9\u5E0C; fl. 9c). Weongam was a student of (\u7AE0\u656C\u61F7\u6689; 748-835). 6. \n* The school (\u6850\u88E1\u5C71), established by (\u6167\u5FB9; 785-861) who was a student of Zhizang. 7. \n* The school (\u95CD\u5D1B\u5C71), established by (\u68B5\u65E5; 810-889), who studied in China with (\u9E7D\u5B98\u9F4A\u5B89; 750?-842) and (\u6A02\u5C71\u60DF\u56B4). 8. \n* The school (\u7345\u5B50\u5C71), established by (\u9053\u5141; 797-868), who studied under (\u5357\u6CC9\u666E\u9858; 748-835). The ninth of these initial schools was the (\u9808\u5F4C\u5C71) school founded by (\u5229\u56B4; 869-936), which had developed from the Caodong (\u66F9\u6D1E) lineage. \n* v \n* t \n* e \n* v \n* t \n* e"@en . . "Les neuf \u00E9coles de la montagne sont une branche du bouddhisme son, cor\u00E9en. Elles ont \u00E9t\u00E9 fond\u00E9es durant la p\u00E9riode Silla et suivaient le mouvement Son. Elles regroupaient de nombreuses branches; chacune d'entre elles ayant sa montagne et son monast\u00E8re. La transmission initiale du son en Cor\u00E9e est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 Beomnang (\u6CD5\u6717, 632-646) qui aurait \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9tudiant aupr\u00E8s du ma\u00EEtre chinois Daoxin (\u9053\u4FE1, 580-651). Le son est plus tard surtout popularis\u00E9 par Sinhaeng (\u795E\u884C, 704-779) dans la derni\u00E8re partie du huiti\u00E8me si\u00E8cle et par Doui (\u9053\u7FA9, mort en 825) au d\u00E9but du neuvi\u00E8me si\u00E8cle. \u00C0 partir de l\u00E0, de nombreux Cor\u00E9ens ont \u00E9tudi\u00E9 le Chan en China et, \u00E0 leur retour, ont \u00E9tabli leurs propres \u00E9coles dans divers monast\u00E8res de montagne avec leurs principaux disciples. Le nombre de ces \u00E9coles \u00E9tait initialement fix\u00E9 \u00E0 neuf, d'o\u00F9 leur nom. Huit de ces \u00E9coles \u00E9taient de la lign\u00E9e de Mazu Daoyi (\u99AC\u7956\u9053\u4E00, 709-788), \u00E9tant donn\u00E9 qu'elles ont \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9tablies en connexion avec lui ou l'un de ses \u00E9minents disciples : 1. \n* L'\u00E9cole Gaji san (\u8FE6\u667A\u5C71), \u00E9tablie \u00E0 Borimsa (\u5BF6\u6797\u5BFA) sous l'influence de Doui et de son grand-\u00E9tudiant Chejing (\u9AD4\u6F84, 804-890). Doui a \u00E9tudi\u00E9 en Chine aupr\u00E8s de Zhizang (735-814) et Baizhang Huaihai (\u767E\u4E08, 749-814). 2. \n* L'\u00E9cole Seongju san (\u8056\u4F4F\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Muyeom (\u7121\u67D3, 800-888) qui a re\u00E7u son inga de Magu Baozhe (\u9EBB\u8C37\u5BF6\u5FB9, n\u00E9 en 720?). 3. \n* L'\u00E9cole Silsangsan (\u5BE6\u76F8\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Hongcheok (\u6D2A\u965F, fl. 830), qui a \u00E9galement \u00E9tudi\u00E9 aupr\u00E8s de Zhizang. 4. \n* L'\u00E9cole Huiyang san (\u66E6\u967D\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Beomnang et Chiseon Doheon (\u667A\u8A75\u9053\u61B2, 824-882), qui a \u00E9tudiant aupr\u00E8s d'un professeur cor\u00E9en de la transmission Mazu. 5. \n* L'\u00E9cole Bongnim san (\u9CF3\u6797\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Weongam (\u5713\u9451, 787-869) et son \u00E9tudiant Simhui (\u5BE9\u5E0C, IXe si\u00E8cle). Weongam \u00E9tait un \u00E9tudiant de Zhangjing Huaihui (\u7AE0\u656C\u61F7\u6689, 748-835). 6. \n* L'\u00E9cole Dongni san (\u6850\u88E1\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Hyejeol (\u6167\u5FB9, 785-861) qui \u00E9tait un \u00E9tudiant de Zhizang. 7. \n* L'\u00E9cole Sagul san (\u95CD\u5D1B\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Beom'il (\u68B5\u65E5, 810-889), qui a \u00E9tudi\u00E9 en Chine aupr\u00E8s de Yanguan Qian (\u9E7D\u5B98\u9F4A\u5B89, 750?-842) et Yuesha Weiyan (\u6A02\u5C71\u60DF\u56B4). 8. \n* L'\u00E9cole Saja san (\u7345\u5B50\u5C71), \u00E9tablie par Doyun (\u9053\u5141, 797-868), qui a \u00E9tudi\u00E9 aupr\u00E8s de Nanquan Puyan (\u5357\u6CC9\u666E\u9858, 748-835). Le neuvi\u00E8me de ces premi\u00E8res \u00E9coles est l'\u00E9cole Sumi san (\u9808\u5F4C\u5C71) fond\u00E9e par Ieom (\u5229\u56B4, 869-936), qui s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 \u00E0 partir de la lign\u00E9e caodong (\u66F9\u6D1E)."@fr . . . . . . "Dziewi\u0119\u0107 g\u00F3rskich szk\u00F3\u0142 s\u014Fn (kor. kusan s\u014Fnchong (\uAD6C\uC0B0\uC120\uC885); chi\u0144. chanzong jiushan (\u79AA\u5B97\u4E5D\u5C71); jap. kusan zen-ky\u014D; wiet. thi\u1EC1n t\u00F4ng c\u1EEDu s\u01A1n) \u2013 dziewi\u0119\u0107 korea\u0144skich szk\u00F3\u0142 s\u014Fn (chin. chan, jap. zen). Po wprowadzeniu buddyzmu na tereny dzisiejszej Korei, wielu mnich\u00F3w udawa\u0142o si\u0119 do Chin po nauki. Po powrocie zak\u0142adali szko\u0142y buddyjskie r\u00F3\u017Cnych tradycji. W podobny spos\u00F3b powsta\u0142y tak\u017Ce szko\u0142y s\u014Fn. Korea\u0144scy mistrzowie po powrocie z Chin zak\u0142adali swoje szko\u0142y w klasztorach zbudowanych na szczytach lub zboczach g\u00F3r. Przyj\u0119\u0142y wi\u0119c one nazwy od szczyt\u00F3w g\u00F3rskich. Specyfik\u0105 korea\u0144skiego s\u014Fn by\u0142o to, \u017Ce osiem szk\u00F3\u0142 reprezentowa\u0142o tradycj\u0119 hongzhou (z kt\u00F3rej potem wy\u0142oni si\u0119 wielka szko\u0142a linji), a tylko jedna caodong. Szko\u0142y te wobec tradycyjnych szk\u00F3\u0142 doktrynalnych (z najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 z nich czyli hwa\u014Fm na czele) mia\u0142y charakter wyra\u017Anej rebelii, dlatego te\u017C spotka\u0142y si\u0119 z poparciem tak\u017Ce rebelianckich miejscowych, prowincjonalnych w\u0142adc\u00F3w. R\u00F3\u017Cnice pomi\u0119dzy szko\u0142ami s\u014Fn a szko\u0142ami kyo (doktryny), by\u0142y nawet wi\u0119ksze ni\u017C w samych Chinach. Monotematyczna dyskusja pomi\u0119dzy tymi dwoma buddyjskimi tradycjami trwa\u0142a przez ca\u0142y okres Kory\u014F (918\u20131392) a nawet tragiczny dla buddyzmu okres dynastii Chos\u014Fn (1392\u20131910). Najbardziej widocznymi mistrzami w tych dyskusjach byli Taenanghye Muy\u014Fm (800\u2013888) i W\u014Fnj\u014Fk To\u016Di (zm. 825) Jednak ideologiczne zasady budowania klasztor\u00F3w s\u014Fnu ustanowi\u0142 buddyjski geomanta (821\u2013898). Tylko on by\u0142 odpowiedzialny za g\u0142\u00F3wny projekt ideologiczny monastycyzmu s\u014Fn na ca\u0142ym P\u00F3\u0142wyspie Korea\u0144skim, z jego przywi\u0105zaniem do budowania klasztor\u00F3w daleko w g\u00F3rach. Wyj\u0105tkiem by\u0142o kilka zaledwie klasztor\u00F3w wybudowanych z dwu stolicach zjednoczonej Silli z Kory\u014F \u2013 Ky\u014Fngju i Kaes\u014Fng. Oko\u0142o X w. szko\u0142a s\u014Fn utraci\u0142a nieco witalno\u015Bci i z Chin wprowadzono (dzi\u0119ki szkole chan fayan) medytacj\u0119 s\u014Fn po\u0142\u0105czon\u0105 z praktyk\u0105 \"y\u014Fmbul\" (chi\u0144. nianfo), czyli recytacji imienia Buddy. Praktyka ta spowodowa\u0142a w Chinach szybki upadek chanu. Jednak w Korei doda\u0142a s\u014Fnowi duchowego o\u017Cywienia. W XII w. ponownego bod\u017Aca szko\u0142om s\u014Fn doda\u0142 wielki mistrz s\u014Fn Pojo Chinul (1158\u2013 1210). Jego ide\u0105 by\u0142o zjednoczenie korea\u0144skiego buddyzmu. Chocia\u017C nie zrealizowa\u0142 swoich plan\u00F3w, to dokona\u0142 jednej rzeczy. Podkre\u015Blaj\u0105c, \u017Ce s\u014Fn jest najwa\u017Cniejsz\u0105 praktyk\u0105 buddyjsk\u0105, uczyni\u0142 z doktryny hwa\u014Fm wspieraj\u0105c\u0105 intelektualn\u0105 podstaw\u0119 dla tej praktyki. Okaza\u0142o si\u0119 to w perspektywie niezwykle owocne i doprowadzi\u0142o do unikalnej doktryny szko\u0142y chogye, b\u0119d\u0105cej zsynkretyzowan\u0105 tradycj\u0105 intelektualnej doktryny szko\u0142y hwa\u014Fm i empirycznej i praktycznej \u2013 szko\u0142y s\u014Fn. Szko\u0142a h\u016Diyang powsta\u0142a w\u0142a\u015Bciwie dopiero w 879 r., jednak by\u0142a bezpo\u015Brednim przed\u0142u\u017Ceniem najstarszej linii przekazu s\u014Fn, bo si\u0119gaj\u0105cej a\u017C Czwartego Patriarchy Daoxina, kt\u00F3rego uczniem by\u0142 P\u014Fmnang. W 1356 r. wszystkie szko\u0142y s\u014Fn zosta\u0142y zjednoczone pod nazw\u0105 chogye przez wybitnego mistrza s\u014Fn T'aego Po\u016D (1301-1382)."@pl . "Dziewi\u0119\u0107 g\u00F3rskich szk\u00F3\u0142 s\u014Fn"@pl . . . . "The nine mountain schools (\u4E5D\u5C71; or gusan) were the initial monasteries of the Korean branch of Buddhism called Seon, founded in the Unified Silla period in the 8th or 9th century. The initial transmission of Seon into Korea is usually attributed to (\u6CD5\u6717; fl. 632-646), said to be a student of the Chinese master Daoxin (\u9053\u4FE1; 580-651). Seon was later popularized especially by (\u795E\u884C; 704-779) in the latter part of the eighth century and by (\u9053\u7FA9; d. 825) at the beginning of the ninth century. From then on, many Koreans studied Chan in China and, upon their return, established their own schools at various mountain monasteries with their leading disciples."@en . "Dziewi\u0119\u0107 g\u00F3rskich szk\u00F3\u0142 s\u014Fn (kor. kusan s\u014Fnchong (\uAD6C\uC0B0\uC120\uC885); chi\u0144. chanzong jiushan (\u79AA\u5B97\u4E5D\u5C71); jap. kusan zen-ky\u014D; wiet. thi\u1EC1n t\u00F4ng c\u1EEDu s\u01A1n) \u2013 dziewi\u0119\u0107 korea\u0144skich szk\u00F3\u0142 s\u014Fn (chin. chan, jap. zen). Po wprowadzeniu buddyzmu na tereny dzisiejszej Korei, wielu mnich\u00F3w udawa\u0142o si\u0119 do Chin po nauki. Po powrocie zak\u0142adali szko\u0142y buddyjskie r\u00F3\u017Cnych tradycji. W podobny spos\u00F3b powsta\u0142y tak\u017Ce szko\u0142y s\u014Fn. Korea\u0144scy mistrzowie po powrocie z Chin zak\u0142adali swoje szko\u0142y w klasztorach zbudowanych na szczytach lub zboczach g\u00F3r. Przyj\u0119\u0142y wi\u0119c one nazwy od szczyt\u00F3w g\u00F3rskich."@pl . . . . . . . "Les neuf \u00E9coles de la montagne sont une branche du bouddhisme son, cor\u00E9en. Elles ont \u00E9t\u00E9 fond\u00E9es durant la p\u00E9riode Silla et suivaient le mouvement Son. Elles regroupaient de nombreuses branches; chacune d'entre elles ayant sa montagne et son monast\u00E8re. Le nombre de ces \u00E9coles \u00E9tait initialement fix\u00E9 \u00E0 neuf, d'o\u00F9 leur nom. Huit de ces \u00E9coles \u00E9taient de la lign\u00E9e de Mazu Daoyi (\u99AC\u7956\u9053\u4E00, 709-788), \u00E9tant donn\u00E9 qu'elles ont \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9tablies en connexion avec lui ou l'un de ses \u00E9minents disciples :"@fr . . . . . "2699"^^ . . . . . . . "\uC120\uC885 \uAD6C\uC0B0(\u79AA\u5B97\u4E5D\u5C71 \u00B7 Nine Mountain Monasteries)\uC740 \uB0A8\uBD81\uAD6D \uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uC2E0\uB77C \uB54C\uBD80\uD130 \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5B4 \uACE0\uB824 \uD0DC\uC870 \uB54C \uC644\uC131\uB41C \uBD88\uAD50 \uC120\uC885(\u79AA\u5B97)\uC758 \uAD6C\uC0B0\uBB38(\u4E5D\u5C71\u9580)\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC131\uD589\uD55C \uB2EC\uB9C8(\u9054\u6469)\uC758 \uC120\uBC95(\u79AA\u6CD5)\uC744 \uC774\uC5B4\uBC1B\uC544 \uD55C\uAD6D \uC120\uC885\uC758 \uC885\uD48D(\u5B97\u98A8)\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uD0A8 \uC544\uD649 \uC0B0\uBB38\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C, \uAC00\uC9C0\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uB3D9\uB9AC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uBD09\uB9BC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC0AC\uAD74\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC0AC\uC790\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC131\uC8FC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC218\uBBF8\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC2E4\uC0C1\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uD76C\uC591\uC0B0\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uC774\uB4E4 9\uC0B0\uBB38\uC740 \uC120\uC801\uC885(\u79AA\u5BC2\u5B97)\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uBA70 \uC758\uCC9C(\u7FA9\u5929)\uC774 \uB9CC\uB4E0 \uC120\uC885 \uCC9C\uD0DC\uC885(\u5929\u53F0\u5B97)\uC5D0 \uB300\uB9BD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4\uAC00 \uC870\uACC4\uC885(\u66F9\u6EAA\u5B97)\uC73C\uB85C \uAC1C\uCE6D\uB418\uC5B4 \uC120\uC885 2\uC885\uD30C \uC911\uC758 \uD558\uB098\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Nine mountain schools"@en . "1103241812"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\uC120\uC885 \uAD6C\uC0B0(\u79AA\u5B97\u4E5D\u5C71 \u00B7 Nine Mountain Monasteries)\uC740 \uB0A8\uBD81\uAD6D \uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uC2E0\uB77C \uB54C\uBD80\uD130 \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5B4 \uACE0\uB824 \uD0DC\uC870 \uB54C \uC644\uC131\uB41C \uBD88\uAD50 \uC120\uC885(\u79AA\u5B97)\uC758 \uAD6C\uC0B0\uBB38(\u4E5D\u5C71\u9580)\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC131\uD589\uD55C \uB2EC\uB9C8(\u9054\u6469)\uC758 \uC120\uBC95(\u79AA\u6CD5)\uC744 \uC774\uC5B4\uBC1B\uC544 \uD55C\uAD6D \uC120\uC885\uC758 \uC885\uD48D(\u5B97\u98A8)\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uD0A8 \uC544\uD649 \uC0B0\uBB38\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C, \uAC00\uC9C0\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uB3D9\uB9AC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uBD09\uB9BC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC0AC\uAD74\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC0AC\uC790\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC131\uC8FC\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC218\uBBF8\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uC2E4\uC0C1\uC0B0\uBB38 \u00B7 \uD76C\uC591\uC0B0\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uC774\uB4E4 9\uC0B0\uBB38\uC740 \uC120\uC801\uC885(\u79AA\u5BC2\u5B97)\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uBA70 \uC758\uCC9C(\u7FA9\u5929)\uC774 \uB9CC\uB4E0 \uC120\uC885 \uCC9C\uD0DC\uC885(\u5929\u53F0\u5B97)\uC5D0 \uB300\uB9BD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4\uAC00 \uC870\uACC4\uC885(\u66F9\u6EAA\u5B97)\uC73C\uB85C \uAC1C\uCE6D\uB418\uC5B4 \uC120\uC885 2\uC885\uD30C \uC911\uC758 \uD558\uB098\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . .