. . . . . "IPA"@en . . . . . . . . . "Bahasa Tionghoa Kuno (Hanzi tradisional: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; Hanzi sederhana: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; Pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4), atau Bahasa Tionghoa Arkais, merujuk kepada bahasa Tionghoa yang dipertuturkan dari masa Dinasti Shang (berakhir pada sekitar tahun 1045 SM menurut penelitian terkini), sampai ke masa Dinasti Han pertama (206 SM sampai 9 M). Ada beberapa sub-periode yang berbeda dalam waktu lama ini. Istilah ini yang beroposisi dengan bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan dan bahasa Tionghoa Modern, biasanya dipakai dalam bidang , yang mencoba merekonstruksi pengucapan bahasa Tionghoa Kuno."@in . "Il cinese antico (cinese semplificato: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; cinese tradizionale: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; pinyin: Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 H\u00E0ny\u01D4), detto anche antico cinese o cinese arcaico secondo la definizione del linguista Bernhard Karlgren (in inglese, Old Chinese, abbreviato in OC e contrapposto al Primo Cinese Medio/Early Middle Chinese, EMC), si riferisce al cinese parlato dalla dinastia Shang (et\u00E0 del bronzo cinese, finita nell'XI secolo a.C.), fino a buona parte della prima dinastia Han (dal 206 a.C. al 25 d.C.), poi divenuta \"Dinastia Han Orientale\", in cui si forma una versione di lingua intermedia tra l'Old Chinese e il Primo Cinese Medio ricostruita da Weldon Coblin. Ci sono parecchi distinti sottoperiodi all'interno di quel lungo intervallo di tempo. Il termine, in contrapposizione al cinese medio ed al cinese moderno, si usa di solito nella fonologia storica cinese, che tenta di ricostruire il modo in cui il cinese antico era pronunciato. Dal momento che l'antico cinese era la lingua parlata quando furono scritte opere classiche come i Dialoghi di Confucio, il Mencio ed il Daodejing, ed era la lingua ufficiale dell'impero unificato della dinastia Qin e della duratura dinastia Han, questo idioma fu preservato per i successivi due millenni sotto forma di cinese classico, uno stile di cinese scritto che imita la grammatica ed il vocabolario dell'antico cinese come vengono presentati in quelle opere. Durante quell'epoca, il cinese classico era la lingua abitualmente utilizzata per fini ufficiali in Cina, Corea, Giappone e Vietnam. Tuttavia, il cinese classico presenta una grande variet\u00E0 al suo interno, principalmente a seconda del periodo storico preso in considerazione, ed infatti il cinese classico di scrittori pi\u00F9 recenti, come pure quello trovato fuori dalla Cina, sarebbe probabilmente difficile da capire per qualcuno dell'era di Confucio."@it . . . . "och" . "Archaic Chinese"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El xin\u00E9s antic o xin\u00E8s antic, tamb\u00E9 denominat xin\u00E9s arcaic o xin\u00E8s arcaic en les obres antigues, \u00E9s l'etapa registrada de l'idioma xin\u00E9s m\u00E9s antiga, i l'avantpassat de totes les variants de xin\u00E9s modernes. El per\u00EDode que abasta varia segons els experts. Alguns el limiten a l'inici de la dinastia Zhou, per l'evid\u00E8ncia documental de la fonologia; altres hi inclouen tot el per\u00EDode Zhou, i sovint fins al final de la dinastia Shang amb les primeres proves d'escriptura, mentre que altres hi inclouen els per\u00EDodes Qin i Han posteriors. Els primers exemples de xin\u00E9s s\u00F3n inscripcions endevinat\u00F2ries en ossos oraculars del 1250 ae, al final de la dinastia Shang. Les inscripcions en bronze s\u00F3n abundants durant la seg\u00FCent dinastia, Zhou. En la darrera part del per\u00EDode Zhou va florir la literatura, inclo"@ca . "Chino antiguo"@es . . . . . . "Il cinese antico (cinese semplificato: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; cinese tradizionale: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; pinyin: Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 H\u00E0ny\u01D4), detto anche antico cinese o cinese arcaico secondo la definizione del linguista Bernhard Karlgren (in inglese, Old Chinese, abbreviato in OC e contrapposto al Primo Cinese Medio/Early Middle Chinese, EMC), si riferisce al cinese parlato dalla dinastia Shang (et\u00E0 del bronzo cinese, finita nell'XI secolo a.C.), fino a buona parte della prima dinastia Han (dal 206 a.C. al 25 d.C.), poi divenuta \"Dinastia Han Orientale\", in cui si forma una versione di lingua intermedia tra l'Old Chinese e il Primo Cinese Medio ricostruita da Weldon Coblin. Ci sono parecchi distinti sottoperiodi all'interno di quel lungo intervallo di tempo. Il termine, in contrapposizione al cinese medio ed al cinese moderno, si us"@it . . . . "1122662589"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "excavated texts"@en . . . . . . . . . "Lingua cinese antica"@it . . . . . . . . . "isolated inscriptions"@en . . . . . . . "Rubbing of a Zhou dynasty bronze inscription,"@en . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3053\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u3054\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3053\u304B\u3093\u3054\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D15\u4E16\u7D00\u9803 - 3\u4E16\u7D00\u9803\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6700\u3082\u53E4\u304F\u307E\u3067\u9061\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u8AF8\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u7956\u5148\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "White characters on a black background; the characters are partially simplified from pictorial forms"@en . "Als Altchinesisch (auch archaisches Chinesisch) wird im Allgemeinen die chinesische Sprache der Zhou-Dynastie in der Zeit vor 256 v. Chr. bezeichnet, wobei die Definition je nach Sichtweise variiert. In der historischen Phonologie des Chinesischen wird mit \u201EAltchinesisch\u201C diejenige Entwicklungsstufe der Sprache bezeichnet, deren Phonologie in den Reimen des Shi Jing und in den \u00E4ltesten Zeichen der chinesischen Schrift fassbar ist, w\u00E4hrend aus syntaktischer Sicht die gesamte Sprache bis zum Beginn der Qin-Dynastie unter diesem Namen zusammengefasst ist. Die \u00E4lteste Form des Chinesischen findet sich in den Orakelknocheninschriften aus der sp\u00E4teren Shang-Dynastie. Aus der fr\u00FChen oder westlichen Zhou-Dynastie (11. Jahrhundert v. Chr. \u2013 771 v. Chr.) und der Zeit der Fr\u00FChlings- und Herbstannalen"@de . "771"^^ . . . . . . "69805"^^ . . "Sino-Tibetan"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le chinois archa\u00EFque (chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED ; chinois traditionnel : \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E ; pinyin : Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) est une des langues parl\u00E9es en Chine avant la dynastie Han. Comme l'\u00E9criture chinoise n'indique pas directement la prononciation, il est n\u00E9cessaire pour la reconstruire d'effectuer une recherche sp\u00E9cifique. Le premier \u00E0 avoir tent\u00E9 de reconstituer ces \u00E9tats anciens de la langue chinoise est le sinologue su\u00E9dois Bernhard Karlgren. Le chinois archa\u00EFque est une langue plus proche typologiquement du rGyalrong ou du tib\u00E9tain que des dialectes chinois modernes. Cette langue avait une morphologie verbale et des groupes de consonnes compliqu\u00E9s qui ont disparu dans les dialectes chinois modernes. La reconstruction du chinois archa\u00EFque est une branche de la phon\u00E9tique chinoise historique appliqu\u00E9e au chinois. Il convient tout d'abord de reconstruire le chinois m\u00E9di\u00E9val de l'\u00E9poque de la dynastie Sui, pour lequel nous avons davantage de documents. Sur la base de cette prononciation, on reconstruit le chinois archa\u00EFque avec quatre sources de donn\u00E9es diff\u00E9rentes. Les deux principales m\u00E9thodes de reconstruction phon\u00E9tique sont celle de Zhengzhang Shangfang et la m\u00E9thode dite , de William Hubbard Baxter et Laurent Sagart."@fr . "Spring and Autumn period"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Timeline of early Chinese history and available texts"@en . . . . . . "J\u0119zyk starochi\u0144ski"@pl . . . "oracle bones"@en . "Shang, Zhou, Warring States period"@en . . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3053\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304F\u3054\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3053\u304B\u3093\u3054\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D15\u4E16\u7D00\u9803 - 3\u4E16\u7D00\u9803\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6700\u3082\u53E4\u304F\u307E\u3067\u9061\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u8AF8\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u7956\u5148\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . "received classic texts"@en . . "J\u0119zyk starochi\u0144ski albo archaiczny j\u0119zyk chi\u0144ski \u2013 j\u0119zyk u\u017Cywany w Chinach w okresie od XI do III wieku p.n.e., nazywanym w chi\u0144skiej historiografii okresem rz\u0105d\u00F3w dynastii Zhou."@pl . . "476"^^ . ""@en . . . . . . . "79"^^ . . . . "Fornkinesiska (f\u00F6renklade tecken: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED, traditionella tecken: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) \u00E4r den form av kinesiska som talades i Kina fr\u00E5n ungef\u00E4r 1300-talet f.Kr., under senare delen av Shangdynastin, till grundandet av Qindynastin \u00E5r 221 f.Kr. Spr\u00E5ket bevarades l\u00E5ngt efter att det slutat anv\u00E4ndas i form av klassisk kinesiska, det skriftspr\u00E5k som fram till 1900-talets b\u00F6rjan anv\u00E4ndes som gemensamt skriftspr\u00E5k f\u00F6r samtliga kinesiska dialekter och \u00E4ven som litter\u00E4rt spr\u00E5k i Japan, Korea och Vietnam. Filosoferna Konfucius och Mencius alster skrevs p\u00E5 detta spr\u00E5k liksom det daoistiska standardverket Daodejing."@sv . . . "\uC0C1\uACE0 \uD55C\uC5B4(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E) \uB610\uB294 \uACE0\uB300 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4(\u53E4\u4EE3\u4E2D\u570B\u8A9E, \uC601\uC5B4: Old Chinese)\uB294 \uC0C1\uB098\uB77C\uBD80\uD130 \uC0BC\uAD6D \uC2DC\uB300 \uB9D0\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Late Shang"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "J\u0119zyk starochi\u0144ski albo archaiczny j\u0119zyk chi\u0144ski \u2013 j\u0119zyk u\u017Cywany w Chinach w okresie od XI do III wieku p.n.e., nazywanym w chi\u0144skiej historiografii okresem rz\u0105d\u00F3w dynastii Zhou."@pl . . . "no"@en . . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E"@ja . . . "Old Chinese"@en . . . . . "Fornkinesiska"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinois archa\u00EFque"@fr . "Warring States period"@en . . . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\u6307\u7684\u662F\u5468\u671D\u81F3\u6F22\u671D\u65F6\u671F\u7684\u6C49\u8BED\uFF0C\u7E7C\u627F\u81EA\u539F\u59CB\u6F22\u8A9E\uFF0C\u4F9D\u7167\u6F14\u9032\u53C8\u53EF\u7D30\u5206\u5148\u79E6\u97F3\u7CFB\u8207\u6F22\u4EE3\u97F3\u7CFB\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\u7684\u6784\u62DF\u4E0D\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5728\u6B77\u53F2\u6BD4\u8F03\u8A9E\u8A00\u5B78\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u4E0A\uFF0C\u56E0\u6F22\u5B57\u975E\u62FC\u97F3\u6587\u5B57\uFF0C\u6545\u4E0D\u80FD\u5F9E\u64DA\u65BC\u4E0D\u540C\u6642\u4EE3\u7684\u300C\u62FC\u6CD5\u300D\u4F86\u63A8\u65B7\u53E4\u8B80\u97F3\u3002\u6B64\u4E00\u539F\u5219\u548C\u5370\u6B27\u8BED\u4E0D\u540C\u3002 \u4E0A\u53E4\u97F3\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u65B9\u6CD5\u662F\u4ECE\u4E2D\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\uFF08\u300A\u5207\u97F5\u300B\u97F3\u7CFB\uFF09\u5012\u63A8\u4E0A\u53E4\u97F3\u3002\u5728\u4E2D\u53E4\u97F3\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u4E0A\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u300A\u8BD7\u7ECF\u300B\u7684\u97F5\u90E8\u548C\u8C10\u58F0\u7CFB\u5217\uFF08\u5F62\u8072\u5B57\uFF09\u6765\u63A8\u6D4B\u53E4\u4EE3\u7684\u53D1\u97F3\uFF0C\u8FD8\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u6C49\u8BED\u65B9\u8A00\u7684\u5B58\u53E4\u7279\u5F81\u548C\u4E00\u4E9B\u5916\u90E8\u8BC1\u636E\uFF08\u6C49\u85CF\u8BED\u7CFB\u3001\u58EE\u4F97\u8BED\u7CFB\u3001\u82D7\u7476\u8BED\u7CFB\u7B49\u8BED\u8A00\u4E2D\u7684\u6C49\u8BED\u540C\u6E90\u8BCD\u548C\u501F\u8BCD\uFF09\u3002"@zh . "El chino antiguo, tambi\u00E9n denominado chino arcaico en las obras antiguas, es la etapa m\u00E1s antigua registrada del idioma chino (m\u00E1s exactamente de las lenguas sin\u00EDticas), y el ancestro ling\u00FC\u00EDstico de todas las variedades del chino modernas. El periodo abarcod en el que se habl\u00F3 chino antiguo var\u00EDa seg\u00FAn diferentes especialistas. Algunos lo limitan al inicio del periodo Zhou, bas\u00E1ndose en la disponibilidad de evidencia documental de la fonolog\u00EDa; otros incluyen la totalidad del periodo Zhou, y a menudo hasta el final del periodo periodo Shang con las primeras pruebas de escritura, mientras que otros incluyen los periodos Qin y Han posteriores. Los primeros ejemplos de chino antiguo son inscripciones adivinatorias en huesos oraculares de alrededor de 1250 a. C., al final de la dinast\u00EDa Shang. Las inscripciones en bronce se hicieron abundantes durante el siguiente periodo, la dinast\u00EDa Zhou. En la \u00FAltima parte del periodo Zhou floreci\u00F3 la literatura, incluyendo como las Analectas, y la Cr\u00F3nica de Zuo. Estas obras sirvieron de modelo para la literatura china (o chino cl\u00E1sico), que permaneci\u00F3 como est\u00E1ndar de escritura hasta los inicios del siglo XX, por lo que se conserv\u00F3 el vocabulario y la gram\u00E1tica del chino antiguo.\u200B El chino antiguo se escrib\u00EDa con una versi\u00F3n inicial de los caracteres chinos, en la que cada car\u00E1cter representaba una palabra monosil\u00E1bica. Aunque no es una escritura alfab\u00E9tica, la mayor\u00EDa de los caracteres fueron creados adaptando un car\u00E1cter de una palabra de sonido similar. Los ling\u00FCistas han usado la informaci\u00F3n fon\u00E9tica de esta escritura y la rima de la poes\u00EDa antigua para reconstruir la , que corresponde aproximadamente al periodo de la Dinast\u00EDa Zhou Occidental, en el inicio del primer milenio a. C.Aunque muchos de los detalles permanecen inciertos, la mayor\u00EDa de los ling\u00FCistas est\u00E1n de acuerdo en que el chino antiguo difiere del chino medio en la carencia de obstruyentes retroflexivas y palatales, pero tiene grupos conson\u00E1nticos iniciales de alguna clase, y consonantes nasales sordas y l\u00EDquidas. La mayor\u00EDa de las reconstrucciones describen al chino antiguo como una lengua no tonal, pero con grupos consin\u00E1nticos al final de las s\u00EDlabas que se transformar\u00EDan en las distinciones tonales del chino medio. La mayor\u00EDa de los investigadores trazan el origen del n\u00FAcleo del vocabulario del chino antiguo hasta el sino-tibetano, con muchos pr\u00E9stamos tempranos de las lenguas vecinas.Durante el periodo Zhou el vocabulario monosil\u00E1bico original se increment\u00F3 con palabras polisil\u00E1bicas formadas mediante composici\u00F3n y reduplicaci\u00F3n. Tambi\u00E9n se han identificaco varios afijos derivativos. Sin embargo la lengua carece de inflexi\u00F3n, por lo que indica la relaci\u00F3n gramatical usando el orden de las palabras y part\u00EDculas gramaticales."@es . . . . "Qin unification"@en . . "Antzinako txinera (TT: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, TS: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED, P: Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 H\u00E0ny\u01D4) Zh\u014Du dinastiaren hastapenetan eta erdialdean (K.a. 1122 - K.a. 256) ohiko hizkuntza izan zen, eta garai honetakoak dira brontzezko lanabesetan eginiko idazkunak, Konfuzioren bildumako Sh\u012B J\u012Bng olerki-liburua eta Shujing historia-liburua, eta bilduma bereko I Ching liburuaren atal batzuk. Karaktereetan aurkitutako elementu fonetikoek antzinako txineraren ahoskera zer nolakoa zen jakiteko pistak ematen dituzte. Japonierak, vietnamerak eta koreerak hartutako txinatar karaktereen ahoskera ere laguntza handikoa da. Antzinako txinera ez zen deklinaezina. Soinu sistema aberats bat zeukan, non aspirazioak kontsonanteak bereizten zituen, baina ziur aski tonurik gabe. Antzinako txinera berreraikitzearen lana Qing dinastiako filologoekin hasi zen."@eu . "shan1294"@en . . "475046"^^ . . . . . "Antzinako txinera"@eu . "El xin\u00E9s antic o xin\u00E8s antic, tamb\u00E9 denominat xin\u00E9s arcaic o xin\u00E8s arcaic en les obres antigues, \u00E9s l'etapa registrada de l'idioma xin\u00E9s m\u00E9s antiga, i l'avantpassat de totes les variants de xin\u00E9s modernes. El per\u00EDode que abasta varia segons els experts. Alguns el limiten a l'inici de la dinastia Zhou, per l'evid\u00E8ncia documental de la fonologia; altres hi inclouen tot el per\u00EDode Zhou, i sovint fins al final de la dinastia Shang amb les primeres proves d'escriptura, mentre que altres hi inclouen els per\u00EDodes Qin i Han posteriors. Els primers exemples de xin\u00E9s s\u00F3n inscripcions endevinat\u00F2ries en ossos oraculars del 1250 ae, al final de la dinastia Shang. Les inscripcions en bronze s\u00F3n abundants durant la seg\u00FCent dinastia, Zhou. En la darrera part del per\u00EDode Zhou va florir la literatura, incloent-hi obres cl\u00E0ssiques com els Analectes de Confuci, Menci i la Cr\u00F2nica de Zuo Zhuan. Aquestes obres serviren de model per a la literatura xinesa cl\u00E0ssica, que fou un est\u00E0ndard d'escriptura fins a la primeria del segle xx, per aix\u00F2 es conserva el vocabulari i la gram\u00E0tica del xin\u00E8s antic. El xin\u00E9s antic s'escrivia amb una versi\u00F3 inicial de car\u00E0cters xinesos, en qu\u00E8 cada car\u00E0cter representava una paraula monosil\u00B7l\u00E0bica. Tot i que no \u00E9s una escriptura alfab\u00E8tica, la majoria dels car\u00E0cters es crearen adaptant un car\u00E0cter d'una paraula de so semblant. Els ling\u00FCistes han utilitzat la informaci\u00F3 fon\u00E8tica d'aquesta escriptura i la rima de la poesia antiga per a reconstruir la fonologia del xin\u00E9s antic, que es correspon si fa no fa al per\u00EDode de la dinastia Zhou de l'Oest, en l'inici del mil\u00B7lenni I ae.Tot i que molts detalls en continuen incerts, la majoria dels ling\u00FCistes estan d'acord que el xin\u00E9s antic es diferencia del xin\u00E9s mitj\u00E0 en la manca d'obstruents retroflexius i palatals, per\u00F2 t\u00E9 grups conson\u00E0ntics inicials, i consonants nasals sordes i l\u00EDquides. La majoria de reconstruccions descriuen el xin\u00E9s antic com una llengua no tonal, per\u00F2 amb grups conson\u00E0ntics al final de les s\u00EDl\u00B7labes que es transformarien en les distincions tonals del xin\u00E9s mitj\u00E0. La majoria d'investigadors tracen l'origen del nucli del vocabulari del xin\u00E9s antic fins al sinotibet\u00E0, amb molts pr\u00E9stecs primerencs de les lleng\u00FCes ve\u00EFnes.Durant la dinastia Zhou el vocabulari monosil\u00B7l\u00E0bic originari augment\u00E0 amb mots polisil\u00B7l\u00E0bics formats per composici\u00F3 i reduplicaci\u00F3. Tamb\u00E9 s'hi han identificat afixos derivatius. La llengua manca, per\u00F2, d'inflexi\u00F3, i indica la relaci\u00F3 gramatical usant l'ordre de les paraules i part\u00EDcules gramaticals."@ca . . . "och"@en . "Bahasa Tionghoa Kuno"@in . . . . . . "Old Chinese"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A"@ru . "\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4, \u043F\u0430\u043B\u043B. \u0448\u0430\u043D\u0433\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043D\u044C\u044E\u0439) \u2014 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A, \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441 XIV \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u0432 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043A\u0438 \u0425\u0443\u0430\u043D\u0445\u044D \u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435, \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u044B. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 (\u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u044F, \u0412\u044C\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0430\u043C) \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u044F\u043B \u044D\u0442\u0443 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0432\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E 1919 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F 4 \u043C\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435 \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0431\u044A\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0445\u0443\u0430 (\u00AB\u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u00BB), \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439 (420\u2014589 \u043D. \u044D.). \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u0433\u0443\u0432\u044D\u043D\u044C \u53E4\u6587, \u0433\u0443\u0434\u044F\u043D\u044C \u0445\u0430\u043D\u044C\u044E\u0439 \u53E4\u5178\u6F22\u8A9E), \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439/\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u0432\u044D\u043D\u044C\u044F\u043D\u044C \u6587\u8A00), \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 (\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043C. \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0421. \u0415. \u042F\u0445\u043E\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430 1965 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u00AB\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u00BB) ."@ru . . . . . . . "bronze inscriptions"@en . . . . "early Shu (Documents), Shi (Poetry), I Ching"@en . . "Xin\u00E9s antic"@ca . . . . . . . . "Shanggu Hanyu"@en . . . "Fornkinesiska (f\u00F6renklade tecken: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED, traditionella tecken: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) \u00E4r den form av kinesiska som talades i Kina fr\u00E5n ungef\u00E4r 1300-talet f.Kr., under senare delen av Shangdynastin, till grundandet av Qindynastin \u00E5r 221 f.Kr. Spr\u00E5ket bevarades l\u00E5ngt efter att det slutat anv\u00E4ndas i form av klassisk kinesiska, det skriftspr\u00E5k som fram till 1900-talets b\u00F6rjan anv\u00E4ndes som gemensamt skriftspr\u00E5k f\u00F6r samtliga kinesiska dialekter och \u00E4ven som litter\u00E4rt spr\u00E5k i Japan, Korea och Vietnam."@sv . . . . . . . . . . "Annals, later Shu"@en . . . . . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\u6307\u7684\u662F\u5468\u671D\u81F3\u6F22\u671D\u65F6\u671F\u7684\u6C49\u8BED\uFF0C\u7E7C\u627F\u81EA\u539F\u59CB\u6F22\u8A9E\uFF0C\u4F9D\u7167\u6F14\u9032\u53C8\u53EF\u7D30\u5206\u5148\u79E6\u97F3\u7CFB\u8207\u6F22\u4EE3\u97F3\u7CFB\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\u7684\u6784\u62DF\u4E0D\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5728\u6B77\u53F2\u6BD4\u8F03\u8A9E\u8A00\u5B78\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u4E0A\uFF0C\u56E0\u6F22\u5B57\u975E\u62FC\u97F3\u6587\u5B57\uFF0C\u6545\u4E0D\u80FD\u5F9E\u64DA\u65BC\u4E0D\u540C\u6642\u4EE3\u7684\u300C\u62FC\u6CD5\u300D\u4F86\u63A8\u65B7\u53E4\u8B80\u97F3\u3002\u6B64\u4E00\u539F\u5219\u548C\u5370\u6B27\u8BED\u4E0D\u540C\u3002 \u4E0A\u53E4\u97F3\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u65B9\u6CD5\u662F\u4ECE\u4E2D\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED\uFF08\u300A\u5207\u97F5\u300B\u97F3\u7CFB\uFF09\u5012\u63A8\u4E0A\u53E4\u97F3\u3002\u5728\u4E2D\u53E4\u97F3\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u4E0A\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u300A\u8BD7\u7ECF\u300B\u7684\u97F5\u90E8\u548C\u8C10\u58F0\u7CFB\u5217\uFF08\u5F62\u8072\u5B57\uFF09\u6765\u63A8\u6D4B\u53E4\u4EE3\u7684\u53D1\u97F3\uFF0C\u8FD8\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u6C49\u8BED\u65B9\u8A00\u7684\u5B58\u53E4\u7279\u5F81\u548C\u4E00\u4E9B\u5916\u90E8\u8BC1\u636E\uFF08\u6C49\u85CF\u8BED\u7CFB\u3001\u58EE\u4F97\u8BED\u7CFB\u3001\u82D7\u7476\u8BED\u7CFB\u7B49\u8BED\u8A00\u4E2D\u7684\u6C49\u8BED\u540C\u6E90\u8BCD\u548C\u501F\u8BCD\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . "Altchinesische Sprache"@de . "Als Altchinesisch (auch archaisches Chinesisch) wird im Allgemeinen die chinesische Sprache der Zhou-Dynastie in der Zeit vor 256 v. Chr. bezeichnet, wobei die Definition je nach Sichtweise variiert. In der historischen Phonologie des Chinesischen wird mit \u201EAltchinesisch\u201C diejenige Entwicklungsstufe der Sprache bezeichnet, deren Phonologie in den Reimen des Shi Jing und in den \u00E4ltesten Zeichen der chinesischen Schrift fassbar ist, w\u00E4hrend aus syntaktischer Sicht die gesamte Sprache bis zum Beginn der Qin-Dynastie unter diesem Namen zusammengefasst ist. Die \u00E4lteste Form des Chinesischen findet sich in den Orakelknocheninschriften aus der sp\u00E4teren Shang-Dynastie. Aus der fr\u00FChen oder westlichen Zhou-Dynastie (11. Jahrhundert v. Chr. \u2013 771 v. Chr.) und der Zeit der Fr\u00FChlings- und Herbstannalen (bis 481 v. Chr.) stammen sowohl Inschriften, insbesondere auf Bronzegef\u00E4\u00DFen, als auch erste literarische Werke wie die Gedichtsammlung des Shi Jing und die \u00E4lteren Teile des Shujing. Die letzte Stufe des Altchinesischen ist das klassische Chinesisch, die Sprache der Zeit der Streitenden Reiche (5.\u20133. Jahrhundert v. Chr.), die als Literatursprache bis in die Neuzeit Verwendung fand. Durch einige syntaktische Eigenschaften wird das Altchinesische von seinem Nachfolger, dem Mittelchinesischen abgegrenzt. Es finden sich jedoch auch innerhalb des Altchinesischen Unterschiede. So besa\u00DF es urspr\u00FCnglich eine Kopula \u60DF, \u552F, \u96B9, \u7DAD w\u00E9i, die im Klassischen Chinesisch auf die Bedeutung \u201Enur\u201C reduziert wurde. Umgekehrt stellt etwa die Konjunktion \u800C \u00E9r \u201Edann\u201C eine Innovation des j\u00FCngeren Altchinesisch dar. Das Altchinesische war mutma\u00DFlich keine Tonsprache. Die heute typischen T\u00F6ne entwickelten sich erst, wie in anderen Ost- und S\u00FCdostasiatischen Sprachen (vergleiche Tai-Kadai oder Vietnamesisch), ab dem Mittelchinesischen."@de . . . . . . . . . . "\uC0C1\uACE0 \uD55C\uC5B4"@ko . . . . . . . . "\u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED"@zh . "Le chinois archa\u00EFque (chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED ; chinois traditionnel : \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E ; pinyin : Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) est une des langues parl\u00E9es en Chine avant la dynastie Han. Comme l'\u00E9criture chinoise n'indique pas directement la prononciation, il est n\u00E9cessaire pour la reconstruire d'effectuer une recherche sp\u00E9cifique. Le premier \u00E0 avoir tent\u00E9 de reconstituer ces \u00E9tats anciens de la langue chinoise est le sinologue su\u00E9dois Bernhard Karlgren. Les deux principales m\u00E9thodes de reconstruction phon\u00E9tique sont celle de Zhengzhang Shangfang et la m\u00E9thode dite , de William Hubbard Baxter et Laurent Sagart."@fr . . "Ancient China"@en . . . . . . . "Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese. The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty. Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty. The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including classical works such as the Analects, the Mencius, and the Zuo zhuan. These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese. Old Chinese was written with several early forms of Chinese characters, including Oracle Bone, Bronze, and Seal scripts. Throughout the Old Chinese period, there was a close correspondence between a character and a monosyllabic and monomorphemic word. Although the script is not alphabetic, the majority of characters were created based on phonetic considerations. At first, words that were difficult to represent visually were written using a \"borrowed\" character for a similar-sounding word (rebus principle). Later on, to reduce ambiguity, new characters were created for these phonetic borrowings by appending a radical that conveys a broad semantic category, resulting in compound xingsheng (phono-semantic) characters (\u5F62\u8072\u5B57). For the earliest attested stage of Old Chinese of the late Shang dynasty, the phonetic information implicit in these xingsheng characters which are grouped into phonetic series, known as the xiesheng series, represents the only direct source of phonological data for reconstructing the language. The corpus of xingsheng characters was greatly expanded in the following Zhou dynasty. In addition, the rhymes of the earliest recorded poems, primarily those of the Shijing, provide an extensive source of phonological information with respect to syllable finals for the Central Plains dialects during the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn periods. Similarly, the Chuci provides rhyme data for the dialect spoken in the Chu region during the Warring States period. These rhymes, together with clues from the phonetic components of xingsheng characters, allow most characters attested in Old Chinese to be assigned to one of 30 or 31 rhyme groups. For late Old Chinese of the Han period, the modern Southern Min dialects, the oldest layer of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, and a few early transliterations of foreign proper names, as well as names for non-native flora and fauna, also provide insights into language reconstruction. Although many of the finer details remain unclear, most scholars agree that Old Chinese differed from Middle Chinese in lacking retroflex and palatal obstruents but having initial consonant clusters of some sort, and in having voiceless nasals and liquids. Most recent reconstructions also describe Old Chinese as a language without tones, but having consonant clusters at the end of the syllable, which developed into tone distinctions in Middle Chinese. Most researchers trace the core vocabulary of Old Chinese to Sino-Tibetan, with much early borrowing from neighbouring languages.During the Zhou period, the originally monosyllabic vocabulary was augmented with polysyllabic words formed by compounding and reduplication, although monosyllabic vocabulary was still predominant. Unlike Middle Chinese and the modern Chinese dialects, Old Chinese had a significant amount of derivational morphology. Several affixes have been identified, including ones for the verbification of nouns, conversion between transitive and intransitive verbs, and formation of causative verbs. Like modern Chinese, it appears to be uninflected, though a pronoun case and number system seems to have existed during the Shang and early Zhou but was already in the process of disappearing by the Classical period. Likewise, by the Classical period, most morphological derivations had become unproductive or vestigial, and grammatical relationships were primarily indicated using word order and grammatical particles."@en . "El chino antiguo, tambi\u00E9n denominado chino arcaico en las obras antiguas, es la etapa m\u00E1s antigua registrada del idioma chino (m\u00E1s exactamente de las lenguas sin\u00EDticas), y el ancestro ling\u00FC\u00EDstico de todas las variedades del chino modernas. El periodo abarcod en el que se habl\u00F3 chino antiguo var\u00EDa seg\u00FAn diferentes especialistas. Algunos lo limitan al inicio del periodo Zhou, bas\u00E1ndose en la disponibilidad de evidencia documental de la fonolog\u00EDa; otros incluyen la totalidad del periodo Zhou, y a menudo hasta el final del periodo periodo Shang con las primeras pruebas de escritura, mientras que otros incluyen los periodos Qin y Han posteriores. Los primeros ejemplos de chino antiguo son inscripciones adivinatorias en huesos oraculares de alrededor de 1250 a. C., al final de la dinast\u00EDa Shang."@es . . . . . "Bahasa Tionghoa Kuno (Hanzi tradisional: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; Hanzi sederhana: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; Pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4), atau Bahasa Tionghoa Arkais, merujuk kepada bahasa Tionghoa yang dipertuturkan dari masa Dinasti Shang (berakhir pada sekitar tahun 1045 SM menurut penelitian terkini), sampai ke masa Dinasti Han pertama (206 SM sampai 9 M). Ada beberapa sub-periode yang berbeda dalam waktu lama ini. Istilah ini yang beroposisi dengan bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan dan bahasa Tionghoa Modern, biasanya dipakai dalam bidang , yang mencoba merekonstruksi pengucapan bahasa Tionghoa Kuno. Karena bahasa Tionghoa Kuno merupakan bahasa yang dipertuturkan oleh bangsa Tionghoa ketika karya-karya sastra seperti Si Shu ditulis dan merupakan bahasa resmi kekaisaran Dinasti Qin yang dipersatukan dan Dinasti Han yang berlanjut lama, maka bahasa Tionghoa Kuno dilestarikan selama 2.000 tahun sebagai bahasa Tionghoa Klasik, sejenis gaya penulisan bahasa Tionghoa yang mencoba meniru tata bahasa dan kosakata bahasa Tionghoa Kuno seperti tertulis di karya-karya sastra di atas ini. Bahasa Tionghoa Klasik digunakan selama 2.000 tahun sebagai bahasa resmi tidak hanya di Tiongkok saja, tetapi juga di Korea, Jepang, dan Vietnam. Walau begitu banyak terdapatkan variasi pula dalam bahasa ini, terutama berdasarkan fakta kapan dan di mana karya sastra tertentu ditulis. Lalu bahasa Tionghoa Klasik yang ditulis agak mutakhir ini dan juga yang ditulis di luar Tiongkok kemungkinan besar agak sulit dimengerti oleh orang-orang yang hidup pada masa Kong Hu Cu."@in . . . . . "Western Zhou"@en . . . . "och"@en . . "Old Chinese"@en . "Chin\u00EAs antigo"@pt . . . . . . "Chin\u00EAs antigo (em chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) ou chin\u00EAs arcaico \u00E9 o termo que designa a l\u00EDngua chinesa falada desde a dinastia Shang at\u00E9 a (206 a.C. a 9 d.C.). Existem diversos subper\u00EDodos distintos do antigo chin\u00EAs dentro desta grande extens\u00E3o de tempo, e o termo - em contraste ao que \u00E9 feito com os termos e - costuma ser usado com frequ\u00EAncia em rela\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E0 , que tenta reconstruir a maneira em que o chin\u00EAs antigo era pronunciado. Como o antigo chin\u00EAs era o idioma falado pelos chineses quando obras cl\u00E1ssicas como os Analectos de Conf\u00FAcio, o M\u00EAncio e o Tao Te Ching estavam sendo escritos, e foi a l\u00EDngua oficial do imp\u00E9rio unificado da dinastia Qin e da longeva dinastia Han, acabou sendo preservado pelos dois mil\u00EAnios seguintes na forma do chin\u00EAs cl\u00E1ssico, um estilo do idioma escrito que emula a gram\u00E1tica e o vocabul\u00E1rio do chin\u00EAs antigo tal como \u00E9 apresentado nestas obras."@pt . "Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese. The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty. Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty. The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including classical works such as the Analects, the Mencius, and the Zuo zhuan. These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese."@en . . "\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4, \u043F\u0430\u043B\u043B. \u0448\u0430\u043D\u0433\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043D\u044C\u044E\u0439) \u2014 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A, \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441 XIV \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u0432 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043A\u0438 \u0425\u0443\u0430\u043D\u0445\u044D \u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435, \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u044B. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u0433\u0443\u0432\u044D\u043D\u044C \u53E4\u6587, \u0433\u0443\u0434\u044F\u043D\u044C \u0445\u0430\u043D\u044C\u044E\u0439 \u53E4\u5178\u6F22\u8A9E), \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439/\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A (\u0432\u044D\u043D\u044C\u044F\u043D\u044C \u6587\u8A00), \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 (\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043C. \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0421. \u0415. \u042F\u0445\u043E\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430 1965 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u00AB\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u00BB) ."@ru . . . . "Chin\u00EAs antigo (em chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E; pinyin: sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 h\u00E0ny\u01D4) ou chin\u00EAs arcaico \u00E9 o termo que designa a l\u00EDngua chinesa falada desde a dinastia Shang at\u00E9 a (206 a.C. a 9 d.C.). Existem diversos subper\u00EDodos distintos do antigo chin\u00EAs dentro desta grande extens\u00E3o de tempo, e o termo - em contraste ao que \u00E9 feito com os termos e - costuma ser usado com frequ\u00EAncia em rela\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E0 , que tenta reconstruir a maneira em que o chin\u00EAs antigo era pronunciado."@pt . . "\uC0C1\uACE0 \uD55C\uC5B4(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E) \uB610\uB294 \uACE0\uB300 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4(\u53E4\u4EE3\u4E2D\u570B\u8A9E, \uC601\uC5B4: Old Chinese)\uB294 \uC0C1\uB098\uB77C\uBD80\uD130 \uC0BC\uAD6D \uC2DC\uB300 \uB9D0\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4."@ko . . "221"^^ . . . "Antzinako txinera (TT: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6F22\u8A9E, TS: \u4E0A\u53E4\u6C49\u8BED, P: Sh\u00E0ngg\u01D4 H\u00E0ny\u01D4) Zh\u014Du dinastiaren hastapenetan eta erdialdean (K.a. 1122 - K.a. 256) ohiko hizkuntza izan zen, eta garai honetakoak dira brontzezko lanabesetan eginiko idazkunak, Konfuzioren bildumako Sh\u012B J\u012Bng olerki-liburua eta Shujing historia-liburua, eta bilduma bereko I Ching liburuaren atal batzuk. Karaktereetan aurkitutako elementu fonetikoek antzinako txineraren ahoskera zer nolakoa zen jakiteko pistak ematen dituzte. Japonierak, vietnamerak eta koreerak hartutako txinatar karaktereen ahoskera ere laguntza handikoa da. Antzinako txinera ez zen deklinaezina. Soinu sistema aberats bat zeukan, non aspirazioak kontsonanteak bereizten zituen, baina ziur aski tonurik gabe. Antzinako txinera berreraikitzearen lana Qing dinastiako filologoekin hasi"@eu . .