. . . . . . "Gewann"@de . . . . . . . "Sistem lapangan terbuka adalah sistem pertanian yang lazim di sebagian besar Eropa dari Abad Pertengahan sampai terakhir abad ke-20 di beberapa tempat, terutama Rusia dan Iran. Di bawah sistem ini, setiap bangsawan atau desa memiliki beberapa ladang yang sangat besar, bertani di strip oleh keluarga masing-masing. Dari abad ke-12 dan seterusnya lapangan terbuka secara bertahap digantikan oleh bidang swasta melalui berbagai reformasi dalam teknologi pertanian dan pemerintah daerah."@in . 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"The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in Russia, Iran, and Turkey. Each manor or village had two or three large fields, usually several hundred acres each, which were divided into many narrow strips of land. The strips or selions were cultivated by peasants, often called tenants or serfs. The holdings of a manor also included woodland and pasture areas for common usage and fields belonging to the lord of the manor and the religious authorities, usually Roman Catholics in medieval Western Europe. The farmers customarily lived in separate houses in a nucleated village with a much larger manor house and church nearby. The open-field system necessitated co-operation among the residents of the manor. The Lord of the Manor, his officials, and a manorial court administered the manor and exercised jurisdiction over the peasantry. The Lord levied rents and required the peasantry to work on his personal lands, called a demesne. In medieval times, little land was owned outright. Instead, generally the lord had rights given to him by the king, and the tenant rented land from the lord. Lords demanded rents and labour from the tenants, but the tenants had firm user rights to cropland and common land and those rights were passed down from generation to generation. A medieval lord could not evict a tenant nor hire labour to replace him without legal cause. Most tenants likewise were not free without penalty to depart the manor for other locations or occupations. The rise of capitalism and the concept of land as a commodity to be bought and sold led to the gradual demise of the open-field system. The open-field system was gradually replaced over several centuries by private ownership of land, especially after the 15th century in the process known as enclosure in England. France, Germany, and other northern European countries had systems similar to England, although open fields generally endured longer on the continent. Some elements of the open-field system were practised by early settlers in the New England region of the United States."@en . . . . . . . . "\uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C"@ko . . . . "Openfield"@eu . "Open-field system"@en . . 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"\u5728\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u7684\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u655E\u7530\u5236\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aopen-field system\uFF09\u662F\u6B27\u6D32\u666E\u904D\u7684\u519C\u4E1A\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u8BE5\u5236\u5EA6\u5728\u897F\u6B27\u3001\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u3001\u4F0A\u6717\u548C\u571F\u8033\u5176\u7684\u90E8\u5206\u5730\u533A\u5EF6\u7EED\u523020\u4E16\u7EAA\u3002\u5728\u655E\u7530\u5236\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6BCF\u4E2A\u5E84\u56ED\u6216\u6751\u5E84\u90FD\u6709\u4E24\u4E09\u5757\u5927\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u901A\u5E38\u6BCF\u5757\u6709\u51E0\u767E\u82F1\u4EA9\uFF0C\u5B83\u4EEC\u88AB\u5206\u6210\u8BB8\u591A\u72ED\u7A84\u7684\u6761\u72B6\u5730\u5757\u3002\u8FD9\u4E9B\u6761\u72B6\u8015\u5730\uFF08selion\uFF09\u7531\u4E2A\u4EBA\u6216\u519C\u6C11\u5BB6\u5EAD\u8015\u79CD\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u4F43\u8FB2\uFF08tenant\uFF09\u6216\u519C\u5974\uFF08serf\uFF09\u3002\u5E84\u56ED\u7684\u8D22\u4EA7\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u516C\u7528\u7684\u6797\u5730\u548C\u7267\u573A\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5C5E\u4E8E\u5E84\u56ED\u4E3B\u548C\u6559\u4F1A\u7684\u571F\u5730\u3002\u519C\u6C11\u901A\u5E38\u5C45\u4F4F\u5728\u96C6\u6751\u4E2D\u7684\u72EC\u7ACB\u623F\u5C4B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9644\u8FD1\u6709\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u838A\u5712\u5927\u5C4B\u548C\u6559\u5802\u3002\u655E\u7530\u5236\u9700\u8981\u5E84\u56ED\u5C45\u6C11\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u5408\u4F5C\u3002 \u3001\u5176\u5B98\u5458\u548C\u5BF9\u8BE5\u5E84\u56ED\u5B9E\u65BD\u7BA1\u7406\uFF0C\u5E76\u5BF9\u519C\u6C11\u884C\u4F7F\u7BA1\u8F96\u6743\u3002\u9886\u4E3B\u6536\u79DF\uFF0C\u8981\u6C42\u519C\u6C11\u5728\u4ED6\u7684\u79C1\u4EBA\u571F\u5730\u4E0A\u8015\u4F5C\uFF0C\u8FD9\u5C31\u662F\u6240\u8C13\u7684\u3002"@zh . "Campi aperti (traduzione letterale del termine inglese open field o common field) \u00E8 un sistema di ordinamento e di suddivisione del terreno agricolo."@it . . "\u5728\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u7684\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u655E\u7530\u5236\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aopen-field system\uFF09\u662F\u6B27\u6D32\u666E\u904D\u7684\u519C\u4E1A\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u8BE5\u5236\u5EA6\u5728\u897F\u6B27\u3001\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u3001\u4F0A\u6717\u548C\u571F\u8033\u5176\u7684\u90E8\u5206\u5730\u533A\u5EF6\u7EED\u523020\u4E16\u7EAA\u3002\u5728\u655E\u7530\u5236\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6BCF\u4E2A\u5E84\u56ED\u6216\u6751\u5E84\u90FD\u6709\u4E24\u4E09\u5757\u5927\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u901A\u5E38\u6BCF\u5757\u6709\u51E0\u767E\u82F1\u4EA9\uFF0C\u5B83\u4EEC\u88AB\u5206\u6210\u8BB8\u591A\u72ED\u7A84\u7684\u6761\u72B6\u5730\u5757\u3002\u8FD9\u4E9B\u6761\u72B6\u8015\u5730\uFF08selion\uFF09\u7531\u4E2A\u4EBA\u6216\u519C\u6C11\u5BB6\u5EAD\u8015\u79CD\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u4F43\u8FB2\uFF08tenant\uFF09\u6216\u519C\u5974\uFF08serf\uFF09\u3002\u5E84\u56ED\u7684\u8D22\u4EA7\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u516C\u7528\u7684\u6797\u5730\u548C\u7267\u573A\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5C5E\u4E8E\u5E84\u56ED\u4E3B\u548C\u6559\u4F1A\u7684\u571F\u5730\u3002\u519C\u6C11\u901A\u5E38\u5C45\u4F4F\u5728\u96C6\u6751\u4E2D\u7684\u72EC\u7ACB\u623F\u5C4B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9644\u8FD1\u6709\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u838A\u5712\u5927\u5C4B\u548C\u6559\u5802\u3002\u655E\u7530\u5236\u9700\u8981\u5E84\u56ED\u5C45\u6C11\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u5408\u4F5C\u3002 \u3001\u5176\u5B98\u5458\u548C\u5BF9\u8BE5\u5E84\u56ED\u5B9E\u65BD\u7BA1\u7406\uFF0C\u5E76\u5BF9\u519C\u6C11\u884C\u4F7F\u7BA1\u8F96\u6743\u3002\u9886\u4E3B\u6536\u79DF\uFF0C\u8981\u6C42\u519C\u6C11\u5728\u4ED6\u7684\u79C1\u4EBA\u571F\u5730\u4E0A\u8015\u4F5C\uFF0C\u8FD9\u5C31\u662F\u6240\u8C13\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\uFF0C\u51E0\u4E4E\u6CA1\u6709\u571F\u5730\u88AB\u5B8C\u5168\u62E5\u6709\u3002\u53D6\u800C\u4EE3\u4E4B\u7684\u662F\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u800C\u8A00\uFF0C\u9886\u4E3B\u62E5\u6709\u56FD\u738B\u6388\u4E88\u7684\u6743\u5229\uFF0C\u800C\u4F43\u519C\u5219\u4ECE\u9886\u4E3B\u90A3\u91CC\u79DF\u7528\u571F\u5730\u3002\u9886\u4E3B\u4EEC\u8981\u6C42\u4F43\u519C\u4ED8\u51FA\u5730\u79DF\u548C\u52B3\u52A8\u529B\uFF0C\u4F46\u4F43\u519C\u5BF9\u8015\u5730\u548C\u516C\u5730\u62E5\u6709\u5B8C\u5168\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u6743\uFF0C\u4E14\u8FD9\u4E9B\u6743\u5229\u4E16\u4EE3\u76F8\u4F20\u3002\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u7684\u9886\u4E3B\u4E0D\u80FD\u5728\u6CA1\u6709\u6CD5\u5F8B\u6839\u636E\u7684\u60C5\u51B5\u4E0B\u9A71\u9010\u4E00\u540D\u4F43\u519C\uFF0C\u4E5F\u4E0D\u80FD\u96C7\u7528\u52B3\u52A8\u529B\u6765\u53D6\u4EE3\u4ED6\u3002\u540C\u6837\uFF0C\u5927\u591A\u6570\u4F43\u519C\u4E5F\u4E0D\u80FD\u81EA\u7531\u800C\u4E0D\u4ED8\u51FA\u7F5A\u6B3E\u800C\u79BB\u5F00\u5E84\u56ED\u524D\u5F80\u5176\u4ED6\u5730\u70B9\u6216\u4ECE\u4E8B\u5176\u4ED6\u804C\u4E1A\u3002\u8D44\u672C\u4E3B\u4E49\u7684\u5174\u8D77\u548C\u571F\u5730\u4F5C\u4E3A\u4E70\u5356\u5546\u54C1\u7684\u7406\u5FF5\u5BFC\u81F4\u4E86\u655E\u7530\u5236\u7684\u9010\u6E10\u6D88\u4EA1\u3002\u51E0\u4E2A\u4E16\u7EAA\u4EE5\u6765\uFF0C\u655E\u7530\u5236\u9010\u6E10\u88AB\u571F\u5730\u79C1\u6709\u5236\u53D6\u4EE3\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u572815\u4E16\u7EAA\u4E4B\u540E\u82F1\u683C\u5170\u7684\u5708\u5730\u8FD0\u52A8\u7684\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u3002\u6CD5\u56FD\u3001\u5FB7\u56FD\u548C\u5176\u4ED6\u5317\u6B27\u56FD\u5BB6\u7684\u5236\u5EA6\u4E0E\u82F1\u56FD\u76F8\u4F3C\uFF0C\u4E0D\u8FC7\u6B27\u6D32\u5927\u9646\u4E0A\u655E\u7530\u5236\u7684\u6301\u7EED\u65F6\u95F4\u66F4\u4E45\u3002\u7F8E\u56FD\u65B0\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u5730\u533A\u7684\u65E9\u671F\u5B9A\u5C45\u8005\u5B9E\u8DF5\u4E86\u655E\u7530\u5236\u7684\u67D0\u4E9B\u5143\u7D20\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Openfield, euskaraz landa zabala, paisaia eta landa mota bat da, non lursailak hesirik gabeko zerrenda handietan banatzen diren landa paisaia zabal batean zehar, baso-eremu handirik gabe. Bereziki lautadetan agertzen paisaia da eta zentralizatutako herria izaten da dagokion gizarte-egitura. Sistema hau ohikoa da Polonian, Errusian, Alemanian eta Gaztelan. Euskal Herrian, Arabako lautadan eta Nafarroako hegoaldean daude openfield motako paisaiak."@eu . . "174799"^^ . . "Tegskifte var den skiftesform som tidigare till\u00E4mpades i stora delar av Europa och i Sverige (i Sverige fram till Storskiftesreformen 1749). Tegskiftet innebar att varje g\u00E5rd i en by tilldelades var sin del i byns g\u00E4rden. Varje g\u00E5rds andel i byn kunde vara olika stor. Skiftet gjorde att alla g\u00E5rdar fick s\u00E5 stor andel av byns mark som deras andel ber\u00E4ttigade dem till. Skiftet hade som grundprincip att ingen g\u00E5rd skulle gynnas mer \u00E4n andra men det \u00E4r en vanlig missuppfattning att detta skulle inneb\u00E4ra total r\u00E4ttvisa mellan en bys g\u00E5rdar. Skiftesformen fungerade relativt bra under tidig tid men vartefter befolkningen \u00F6kade och g\u00E5rdarna runt om i landet skiftades mer och mer mellan g\u00E5rdsbarnen, ofta i m\u00E5nga generationer, blev tegskiftet med tiden mycket opraktiskt. Ett annat problem var den stora arbetsm\u00E4ngd som kr\u00E4vdes f\u00F6r att f\u00F6rflytta sig och sina redskap mellan varje teg. Med tiden blev tegskiftet s\u00E5 ineffektivt att statsmakten s\u00E5g sig tvungen att genomf\u00F6ra de stora jordreformer som genomdrevs under 1700-talet och b\u00F6rjan av 1800-talet. N\u00E5gon tvingande nationell jordreform genomf\u00F6rdes dock aldrig utan b\u00E5de storskiftet och det laga skiftet byggde p\u00E5 skiftesanm\u00E4lan fr\u00E5n \u00E5tminstone en av byns b\u00F6nder. Hade en bonde gjort en s\u00E5dan anm\u00E4lan var resten av byns b\u00F6nder tvungna att medverka i skiftet, vilket ofta bidrog till os\u00E4mja mellan bybor. Detta gjorde dels att m\u00E5nga b\u00F6nder k\u00E4nde sig missgynnade j\u00E4mf\u00F6rt med tegskiftet, d\u00E5 vissa i.o.m. det nya systemet kunde erh\u00E5lla \u00E5krar med god jordkvalitet och v\u00E4xtbarhet medan andra helt kunde tillskiftas magrare jord. Det gjorde \u00E4ven att m\u00E5nga byar i de stora sl\u00E4ttlandskapen splittrades d\u00E5 b\u00F6nderna blev tvungna att flytta sina boningshus, ut fr\u00E5n byn, till sina nya mer sammanh\u00E4ngande \u00E4gor."@sv . "1116170941"^^ . . "The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in Russia, Iran, and Turkey. Each manor or village had two or three large fields, usually several hundred acres each, which were divided into many narrow strips of land. The strips or selions were cultivated by peasants, often called tenants or serfs. The holdings of a manor also included woodland and pasture areas for common usage and fields belonging to the lord of the manor and the religious authorities, usually Roman Catholics in medieval Western Europe. The farmers customarily lived in separate houses in a nucleated village with a much larger manor house and church nearby. The open-field system necessitated co-operation among the residents of the manor."@en . "Tegskifte"@sv . . . . "Openfield"@fr . . . . . . . . . "Malferma kamparo (openfields, common fields en angla) estas sistemo de ordigado kaj espluatado de la rura kamparo. En ili, la terpecoj de \u0109iu kamparano ne estis separataj de ajna tipo de barilo a\u016D he\u011Do. Krome plej ofte la decidoj pri kio, kiel kaj kiam estu kultivata en \u0109iu laborejo estis farataj kolektive inte la najbaroj. En la barkamparo estas dividoj inter la terpecoj, kaj ili asocii\u011Das al decidoj de unuopaj kultivoj. Al tio oni aldonas gravan pezon da komunaj hava\u0135oj (pa\u015Dtejoj, arbaroj, rajtoj) en tiu tipo de kampaj sistemoj."@eo . "\uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C(\u958B\u653E\u8015\u5730\u5236, open-field system)\uB294 \uC911\uC138 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uD574\uC9C0\uB358 \uB18D\uC5C5 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uC11C\uC720\uB7FD, \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544, \uC774\uB780, \uD130\uD0A4 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 20\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uC18D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C\uB294 \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC774\uB098 \uB9C8\uC744\uC744 \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB098\uC5D0 \uC218\uBC31 \uC5D0\uC774\uCEE4\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uD070 \uBC2D \uB450\uC138 \uACF3\uC774 \uD3BC\uCCD0\uC838 \uC788\uACE0 \uC774 \uBC2D\uB4E4\uC744 \uB760\uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uBD84\uD560\uD558\uC5EC \uB300\uC0C1\uC7AC\uBC30 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uACBD\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uB760\uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uB098\uB25C \uAC01\uAC01\uC758 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB294 \uC140\uB9AC\uC628\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB838\uC73C\uBA70 \uB18D\uB178\uB098 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uBD84\uBC30\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC758 \uC601\uC9C0\uB294 \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0 \uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uB554\uAC10 \uB4F1\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uC232\uC774\uB098 \uAC00\uCD95\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uBAA9\uCD08\uC9C0\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uC6A9 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB97C \uB450\uC5C8\uACE0, \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uC758 \uC140\uB9AC\uC628 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370\uC5D0\uB294 \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC9C1\uD560\uC9C0, \uAD50\uD68C\uC5D0 \uD5CC\uB0A9\uB41C \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uAC83\uB4E4\uB3C4 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC800\uD0DD\uC778 \uC7A5\uC6D0\uACFC \uAD50\uD68C\uAC00 \uC601\uC9C0\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC\uC5D0 \uC790\uB9AC\uC7A1\uACE0 \uADF8\uC640 \uC870\uAE08 \uB5A8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uACF3\uC5D0 \uC8FC\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uB530\uB85C \uB9C8\uC744\uC744 \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4 \uC0B4\uC558\uB2E4. \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uB294 \uC8FC\uBBFC\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uD611\uC5C5\uC774 \uC788\uC5B4\uC57C \uC6B4\uC601\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC758 \uC601\uC8FC\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC774 \uBD80\uB9AC\uB294 \uC640 \uC7A5\uC6D0 \uC7AC\uD310\uC18C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC601\uC9C0\uC640 \uB18D\uBBFC\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uAD00\uD560\uAD8C\uC744 \uD589\uC0AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uB294 \uB18D\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uACBD\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uB545\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC18C\uC791\uB8CC\uB97C \uC9D5\uC218\uD558\uC600\uACE0 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC9C1\uD560\uC9C0\uC778 \uC758 \uACBD\uC791\uB3C4 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4."@ko . . . "L\u2019openfield (\u00AB champ ouvert \u00BB en fran\u00E7ais) est un terme de g\u00E9ographie qui d\u00E9signe un paysage agraire \u00E0 champs ouverts. Les g\u00E9ographes francophones ont recours \u00E0 cet anglicisme, parfois jug\u00E9 abusif, pour \u00E9viter les mots fran\u00E7ais correspondant campagne ou champagne, qui signifient \u00E9galement \u00AB champ ouvert \u00BB \u00E9tymologiquement, car leurs multiples sens actuels et les usages toponymiques les rendent quelque peu ambigus. Il ne faut pas confondre le paysage d'openfield (toujours existant) et l'organisation sociale qui engendre ce paysage (notamment l'organisation en commun de certaines t\u00E2ches agricoles, qui a aujourd'hui disparu en France). Ainsi le paysage d\u2019openfield actuel est le t\u00E9moin d'une organisation sociale pass\u00E9e, m\u00EAme s'il est aussi en grande partie recr\u00E9\u00E9 par l'\u00E9volution et la d\u00E9sagr\u00E9gation partielle des paysages de bocage et semi-bocage qui ont pu lui succ\u00E9der."@fr . . . . . "Sistem lapangan terbuka"@in . "Die Ausdr\u00FCcke Gewann (s\u00FCddeutsch und schweizerisch auch Gewand) und Gewann(e)flur (wahrscheinlich zu althochdeutsch wenden) bezeichnen eine Flurform, die vor allem infolge der zelgengebundenen Dreifelderwirtschaft und des Erbrechts entstand. Gewannflure zeichnen sich mehrheitlich durch fruchtbare und gut zu bearbeitende B\u00F6den aus. Agrar\u00F6kologische Sonderstandorte und die mit ihnen einhergehenden Grenzertragsfl\u00E4chen sind im Gegensatz zur Esch-, Block- und Hufenflur nur selten zu finden. Dementsprechend kommt hier auch eine extensive Landnutzung nur selten vor."@de . . "Los Campos abiertos (Openfields, common fields en ingl\u00E9s) son un sistema de ordenaci\u00F3n creado y una explotaci\u00F3n del terrazgo agrario. En ellos, las parcelas de cada campesino no estaban separadas por ning\u00FAn tipo de cerca o seto estaban separadas en \"hojas\", y las decisiones sobre qu\u00E9, c\u00F3mo y cu\u00E1ndo deb\u00EDa cultivarse en cada zona de labor se tomaban de forma colectiva entre todos los vecinos del lugar. En los campos cerrados, por el contrario, existen divisiones entre las parcelas, y se asocian a decisiones de cultivo individuales. A ello suele a\u00F1adirse un importante peso de los bienes comunales (pastos, bosques, derechos) en este tipo de sistemas agrarios."@es . . . . . "Openfield, euskaraz landa zabala, paisaia eta landa mota bat da, non lursailak hesirik gabeko zerrenda handietan banatzen diren landa paisaia zabal batean zehar, baso-eremu handirik gabe. Bereziki lautadetan agertzen paisaia da eta zentralizatutako herria izaten da dagokion gizarte-egitura. Sistema hau ohikoa da Polonian, Errusian, Alemanian eta Gaztelan. Euskal Herrian, Arabako lautadan eta Nafarroako hegoaldean daude openfield motako paisaiak."@eu . . . . . "Sistem lapangan terbuka adalah sistem pertanian yang lazim di sebagian besar Eropa dari Abad Pertengahan sampai terakhir abad ke-20 di beberapa tempat, terutama Rusia dan Iran. Di bawah sistem ini, setiap bangsawan atau desa memiliki beberapa ladang yang sangat besar, bertani di strip oleh keluarga masing-masing. Dari abad ke-12 dan seterusnya lapangan terbuka secara bertahap digantikan oleh bidang swasta melalui berbagai reformasi dalam teknologi pertanian dan pemerintah daerah."@in . . "Campi aperti (traduzione letterale del termine inglese open field o common field) \u00E8 un sistema di ordinamento e di suddivisione del terreno agricolo."@it . . "\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0648\u062D\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060C \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064A\u0629 4 \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u062F\u0627 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . . "\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0648\u062D\u0629"@ar . "Die Ausdr\u00FCcke Gewann (s\u00FCddeutsch und schweizerisch auch Gewand) und Gewann(e)flur (wahrscheinlich zu althochdeutsch wenden) bezeichnen eine Flurform, die vor allem infolge der zelgengebundenen Dreifelderwirtschaft und des Erbrechts entstand. Im Zuge der Einf\u00FChrung der Dreifelderwirtschaft wurde die Feldflur einer Siedlung in schmale, streifenf\u00F6rmige Ackerst\u00FCcke unterteilt, die im Flurzwang bewirtschaftet wurden, d. h. die Arbeiten auf allen Ackerst\u00FCcken eines Gewanns wurden immer gleichzeitig ausgef\u00FChrt. Typisch f\u00FCr Gewanne ist, dass die L\u00E4nge ihrer Felder mindestens das Zehnfache der Breite betr\u00E4gt. Diese langgestreckte Form ist auf die Schwierigkeit des Wendens mit Pfluggespannen zur\u00FCckzuf\u00FChren. Schmalgestreckte Parzellen machten nur wenige Wenden notwendig. Gewannfluren sind typisch f\u00FCr den S\u00FCdwesten Deutschlands sowie f\u00FCr Mitteldeutschland, sie finden sich etwa im Oberrheingraben, im Neckar- und Rheinland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen, Unter- und Mittelfranken, in den Hellweg-, Hildesheimer und Magdeburger B\u00F6rden sowie im Mittelgebirge. \u00DCberall dort wurde Realerbteilung praktiziert, welche bei den Grundst\u00FCcken immer in L\u00E4ngsrichtung erfolgte. Mit Einf\u00FChrung der Fruchtwechselwirtschaft und Aufhebung des Flurzwangs wurde die Einteilung in Gewanne \u00FCberfl\u00FCssig. In manchen Gegenden wie S\u00FCdwestdeutschland blieben die Gewannnamen aber erhalten und sind auch in der Flurkarte eingetragen. Sie dienen als Lagebezeichnungen der leichteren Lokalisierung von Flurst\u00FCcken, anders als die Flurnummer sind sie aber kein notwendiger Bestandteil der eindeutigen Bezeichnung eines Flurst\u00FCcks. Gewannflure zeichnen sich mehrheitlich durch fruchtbare und gut zu bearbeitende B\u00F6den aus. Agrar\u00F6kologische Sonderstandorte und die mit ihnen einhergehenden Grenzertragsfl\u00E4chen sind im Gegensatz zur Esch-, Block- und Hufenflur nur selten zu finden. Dementsprechend kommt hier auch eine extensive Landnutzung nur selten vor."@de . . . "Een gewannflur is een verkavelingsvorm die zich kenmerkt door \"blokvormig verkavelde open akkercomplexen\". Het betreft hier een relatief grootschalige blokverkaveling, waarbij de blokken in kleinschalige stroken zijn onderverdeeld. De Engelse term is open field. Gewannfluren zijn vooral te vinden in vruchtbare regio's. Ze zijn te onderscheiden van esverkavelingen, die slechts een kleiner, omheind en doorgaans extra goed bemest deel van een minder vruchtbare streek omvatten. Gewannfluren zijn behalve in Centraal-Europa, Noord-Frankrijk en Engeland ook in Zuid-Limburg te vinden."@nl . "Malferma kamparo"@eo . . "Malferma kamparo (openfields, common fields en angla) estas sistemo de ordigado kaj espluatado de la rura kamparo. En ili, la terpecoj de \u0109iu kamparano ne estis separataj de ajna tipo de barilo a\u016D he\u011Do. Krome plej ofte la decidoj pri kio, kiel kaj kiam estu kultivata en \u0109iu laborejo estis farataj kolektive inte la najbaroj. En la barkamparo estas dividoj inter la terpecoj, kaj ili asocii\u011Das al decidoj de unuopaj kultivoj. Al tio oni aldonas gravan pezon da komunaj hava\u0135oj (pa\u015Dtejoj, arbaroj, rajtoj) en tiu tipo de kampaj sistemoj. Ofte oni diras ke la modelo de malferma kamparo estas la dominanto en la zonoj de seka agrikulturo (oni diru, la Norda kaj la Mediteranea E\u016Dropo) kaj tiu de ferma kamparo en la zonoj de montaro kaj pli malsekaj (Nordo de la Iberia Duoninsulo). \u0108iuokaze, estas idealaj modeloj a\u016D tipoj, pli komplikaj en la realo. Kvankam ili pluis en multaj landoj \u011Dis e\u0109 la 20a jarcento, \u011Denerale eniris en klara retroiro kun la penetro de la kapitalismaj trajtoj en la agrikulturaj ekonomioj el la 16a jarcento. Speciale grava tiusence estis la movado de la \u0109irka\u016Dbaroj en Anglio."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . "26615"^^ . . . . "Tegskifte var den skiftesform som tidigare till\u00E4mpades i stora delar av Europa och i Sverige (i Sverige fram till Storskiftesreformen 1749). Tegskiftet innebar att varje g\u00E5rd i en by tilldelades var sin del i byns g\u00E4rden. Varje g\u00E5rds andel i byn kunde vara olika stor. Skiftet gjorde att alla g\u00E5rdar fick s\u00E5 stor andel av byns mark som deras andel ber\u00E4ttigade dem till. Skiftet hade som grundprincip att ingen g\u00E5rd skulle gynnas mer \u00E4n andra men det \u00E4r en vanlig missuppfattning att detta skulle inneb\u00E4ra total r\u00E4ttvisa mellan en bys g\u00E5rdar. Skiftesformen fungerade relativt bra under tidig tid men vartefter befolkningen \u00F6kade och g\u00E5rdarna runt om i landet skiftades mer och mer mellan g\u00E5rdsbarnen, ofta i m\u00E5nga generationer, blev tegskiftet med tiden mycket opraktiskt. Ett annat problem var den st"@sv . . . . "\u655E\u7530\u5236"@zh . "Een gewannflur is een verkavelingsvorm die zich kenmerkt door \"blokvormig verkavelde open akkercomplexen\". Het betreft hier een relatief grootschalige blokverkaveling, waarbij de blokken in kleinschalige stroken zijn onderverdeeld. De Engelse term is open field. Gewannfluren zijn vooral te vinden in vruchtbare regio's. Ze zijn te onderscheiden van esverkavelingen, die slechts een kleiner, omheind en doorgaans extra goed bemest deel van een minder vruchtbare streek omvatten. Gewannfluren zijn behalve in Centraal-Europa, Noord-Frankrijk en Engeland ook in Zuid-Limburg te vinden."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0442\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0439"@ru . . . "Gewannflur"@nl . . "L\u2019openfield (\u00AB champ ouvert \u00BB en fran\u00E7ais) est un terme de g\u00E9ographie qui d\u00E9signe un paysage agraire \u00E0 champs ouverts. Les g\u00E9ographes francophones ont recours \u00E0 cet anglicisme, parfois jug\u00E9 abusif, pour \u00E9viter les mots fran\u00E7ais correspondant campagne ou champagne, qui signifient \u00E9galement \u00AB champ ouvert \u00BB \u00E9tymologiquement, car leurs multiples sens actuels et les usages toponymiques les rendent quelque peu ambigus."@fr . . . . . "Campo abierto"@es . . . . . "Campi aperti"@it . . "\uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C(\u958B\u653E\u8015\u5730\u5236, open-field system)\uB294 \uC911\uC138 \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uD574\uC9C0\uB358 \uB18D\uC5C5 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uC11C\uC720\uB7FD, \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544, \uC774\uB780, \uD130\uD0A4 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 20\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uC18D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C\uB294 \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC774\uB098 \uB9C8\uC744\uC744 \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB098\uC5D0 \uC218\uBC31 \uC5D0\uC774\uCEE4\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uD558\uB294 \uD070 \uBC2D \uB450\uC138 \uACF3\uC774 \uD3BC\uCCD0\uC838 \uC788\uACE0 \uC774 \uBC2D\uB4E4\uC744 \uB760\uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uBD84\uD560\uD558\uC5EC \uB300\uC0C1\uC7AC\uBC30 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uACBD\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uB760\uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uB098\uB25C \uAC01\uAC01\uC758 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB294 \uC140\uB9AC\uC628\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB838\uC73C\uBA70 \uB18D\uB178\uB098 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uBD84\uBC30\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC758 \uC601\uC9C0\uB294 \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0 \uC678\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uB554\uAC10 \uB4F1\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uC232\uC774\uB098 \uAC00\uCD95\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uBAA9\uCD08\uC9C0\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uACF5\uC6A9 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uB97C \uB450\uC5C8\uACE0, \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uC758 \uC140\uB9AC\uC628 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370\uC5D0\uB294 \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC9C1\uD560\uC9C0, \uAD50\uD68C\uC5D0 \uD5CC\uB0A9\uB41C \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uAC83\uB4E4\uB3C4 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC800\uD0DD\uC778 \uC7A5\uC6D0\uACFC \uAD50\uD68C\uAC00 \uC601\uC9C0\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC\uC5D0 \uC790\uB9AC\uC7A1\uACE0 \uADF8\uC640 \uC870\uAE08 \uB5A8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uACF3\uC5D0 \uC8FC\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uB530\uB85C \uB9C8\uC744\uC744 \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4 \uC0B4\uC558\uB2E4. \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uB294 \uC8FC\uBBFC\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uD611\uC5C5\uC774 \uC788\uC5B4\uC57C \uC6B4\uC601\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC7A5\uC6D0\uC758 \uC601\uC8FC\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC774 \uBD80\uB9AC\uB294 \uC640 \uC7A5\uC6D0 \uC7AC\uD310\uC18C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD574 \uC601\uC9C0\uC640 \uB18D\uBBFC\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uAD00\uD560\uAD8C\uC744 \uD589\uC0AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uB294 \uB18D\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uACBD\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uB545\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC18C\uC791\uB8CC\uB97C \uC9D5\uC218\uD558\uC600\uACE0 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC9C1\uD560\uC9C0\uC778 \uC758 \uACBD\uC791\uB3C4 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uC911\uC138 \uC2DC\uAE30 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uB545\uC740 \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC18C\uC720\uC600\uB2E4. \uC18C\uC720\uAD8C\uC774 \uC5C6\uB294 \uB545\uC774 \uC544\uC608 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uB358 \uAC83\uC740 \uC544\uB2C8\uB098 \uBC95\uB9AC\uC0C1 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC758 \uC8FC\uAD8C\uACFC \uC601\uD1A0\uC758 \uCD5C\uC885 \uC18C\uC720\uC790\uB294 \uAD70\uC8FC\uC600\uC73C\uBA70 \uAD70\uC8FC\uB294 \uC2E4\uC81C \uC9C0\uC8FC\uC600\uB358 \uC601\uC8FC\uB97C \uC11C\uC784\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uC18C\uC720\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uB294 \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uD569\uBC95\uC131\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uC740 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uB85C \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uB545\uC744 \uC784\uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uC8FC\uACE0 \uC18C\uC791\uB8CC\uB97C \uAC77\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC601\uC8FC \uC5ED\uC2DC \uC18C\uC791\uB18D\uC758 \uACBD\uC791\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD560 \uC218 \uBC16\uC5D0 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uAE30\uC5D0 \uBC95\uC801\uC778 \uC808\uCC28 \uC5C6\uC774 \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uB97C \uBE7C\uC557\uC744 \uC218\uB294 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC601\uC8FC\uC758 \uC9C0\uC704\uAC00 \uC138\uC2B5\uB418\uB294 \uAC83\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC774\uC720\uB85C \uACBD\uC791\uAD8C \uC5ED\uC2DC \uC18C\uC791\uB18D\uC758 \uB300\uB97C \uC774\uC5B4 \uC138\uC2B5\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC18C\uC791\uB18D\uC5D0\uAC8C \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uB97C \uB5A0\uB098\uAC70\uB098 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC9C1\uC5C5\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C8 \uC790\uC720\uB294 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uACE0 \uB9C8\uC74C\uB300\uB85C \uACBD\uC791\uC9C0\uB97C \uB5A0\uB098\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uCC98\uBC8C \uB300\uC0C1\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADFC\uC138\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uC790\uBCF8\uC8FC\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C \uCCB4\uC81C\uAC00 \uB18D\uC5C5\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uD655\uC0B0\uB418\uC790 \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC9C0\uC81C\uB294 \uC810\uCC28 \uC18C\uBA78\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uD2B9\uD788 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0C1\uC5C5 \uBAA9\uCD95\uC744 \uC704\uD574 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC6B8\uD0C0\uB9AC\uB97C \uCE58\uB294 \uC778\uD074\uB85C\uC800\uAC00 \uD655\uC0B0\uB41C 15\uC138\uAE30 \uC774\uD6C4 \uACBD\uC791 \uD615\uD0DC\uB294 \uC810\uCC28 \uC790\uC601\uB18D\uC73C\uB85C \uB300\uCCB4\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD504\uB791\uC2A4, \uB3C5\uC77C \uBC0F \uAE30\uD0C0 \uBD81\uC720\uB7FD \uAD6D\uAC00\uC758 \uAC1C\uBC29\uACBD\uC791\uC81C\uB294 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uBE44\uD574 \uB354 \uC624\uB798 \uC9C0\uC18D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uCD08\uAE30 \uC720\uB7FD \uC774\uBBFC \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC778 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"Los Campos abiertos (Openfields, common fields en ingl\u00E9s) son un sistema de ordenaci\u00F3n creado y una explotaci\u00F3n del terrazgo agrario. En ellos, las parcelas de cada campesino no estaban separadas por ning\u00FAn tipo de cerca o seto estaban separadas en \"hojas\", y las decisiones sobre qu\u00E9, c\u00F3mo y cu\u00E1ndo deb\u00EDa cultivarse en cada zona de labor se tomaban de forma colectiva entre todos los vecinos del lugar. En los campos cerrados, por el contrario, existen divisiones entre las parcelas, y se asocian a decisiones de cultivo individuales. A ello suele a\u00F1adirse un importante peso de los bienes comunales (pastos, bosques, derechos) en este tipo de sistemas agrarios. Suele decirse que el modelo de campos abiertos es el dominante en las zonas de secano (generalmente en la Europa del Norte y la Mediterr\u00E1nea) y el de campos cerrados en las zonas de monta\u00F1a y m\u00E1s h\u00FAmedas (Norte de la pen\u00EDnsula ib\u00E9rica). Aunque persistieron en muchos pa\u00EDses hasta incluso el siglo XX, en general entraron en franco retroceso a partir del siglo XVI con la penetraci\u00F3n de las relaciones capitalistas en las econom\u00EDas agrarias. Especialmente importante en este sentido fue el movimiento de los cercamientos en Inglaterra,(Reino Unido)."@es . . . . . 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