"\u041F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434"@ru . . "\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4"@ko . . . . "Poliploidia zelula edo organismo batek kromosoma kopuru normalaren ordez kopuru horren multiploa den kromosoma-hornidura duenean gertatzen den mutazioa da. Esaterako, kromosoma-hornidura diploide normala 2n bada (eta zelula haploidea: n), zelula edo organismo poliploide batek hiru aldiz kromosoma gehiago (3n) izan ditzake, edo lau aldiz (4n) gehiago. Ohiko kromosoma-hornidura (2n) handitzen da, eta kopuru poliploidea zenbaki haploidearen multiplo bat da (3n, 4n, 5n...)."@eu . . . . . . "Poliploidi adalah kondisi pada suatu organisme yang memiliki set kromosom (genom) lebih dari sepasang. Organisme yang memiliki keadaan demikian disebut sebagai organisme poliploid. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan orang untuk menghasilkan organisme poliploid disebut sebagai poliploidisasi. Organisme hidup pada umumnya memiliki sepasang set kromosom pada sebagian besar tahap hidupnya. Organisme ini disebut diploid (disingkat 2n). Namun, sejumlah organisme pada tahap yang sama memiliki lebih dari sepasang set. Gejala semacam ini dinamakan poliploidi (dari bahasa Yunani \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03CC\u03BD, berganda). Organisme dengan kondisi demikian disebut poliploid. Tipe poliploid dinamakan tergantung banyaknya set kromosom. Jadi, triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), pentaploid (5n), heksaploid (6n), oktoploid, dan seterusnya. Dalam kenyataan, organisme dengan satu set kromosom (haploid, n) juga ditemukan hidup normal di alam. Poliploidi umum terjadi pada tumbuhan. Ia ditemukan pula pada hewan tingkat rendah (seperti cacing pipih, lintah, atau beberapa jenis udang), dan juga fungi."@in . . . "Poliploidio"@eo . . . . "La polyplo\u00EFdie est le fait, chez un \u00EAtre vivant, de poss\u00E9der un patrimoine chromosomique au moins \u00E9gal \u00E0 3 lots complets de chromosomes (3 n) voire plus. L'autopolyplo\u00EFdie r\u00E9sulte d'une multiplication d'un m\u00EAme g\u00E9nome, alors que l'allopolyplo\u00EFdie repr\u00E9sente un montage r\u00E9unissant deux ou plusieurs g\u00E9nomes diff\u00E9rents."@fr . . . . . . "Poliploidia"@it . "En genetiko, la poliploidio estas la fenomeno per kiu oni originas \u0109elojn, histojn a\u016D organismojn kun tri a\u016D pli kompletaj aroj de kromosomoj de la sama a\u016D diversaj specioj kun du a\u016D pli da genomoj de diferencaj specioj. Tiuj \u0109eloj, histoj a\u016D organismoj estas nomitaj poliploidoj. Temas pri unu el la malmultaj kazoj de konfirmita saltismo. La superfluaj genetikaj elementoj de la poliploidaj organismoj povas rezulti en transformado al unikaj ekzempleroj pere de mekanismoj de subfunkciigo, novfunkciigo a\u016D pere de la apero de determinitaj mutacioj."@eo . . . . . . . . "\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4(\u500D\u6578\u9AD4, polyploid)\uB780 \uB450 \uBC8C \uC774\uC0C1\uC758 \uC5FC\uC0C9\uCCB4\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C0\uB294 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uCCB4\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC138\uD3EC\uBD84\uC5F4\uC758 \uC0AC\uAC74\uC73C\uB85C \uC0DD\uAE30\uB294\uB370, \uC790\uC5F0\uC801 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uB3C4 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC778\uC704\uC801\uC778 \uC790\uADF9\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C\uB3C4 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBAB8\uC758 \uD06C\uAE30\uAC00 \uC885\uC790\uC758 \uD06C\uAE30\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uD06C\uBBC0\uB85C \uC791\uBB3C\uC758 \uD488\uC9C8 \uACC4\uB7C9\uC5D0 \uC774\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB610\uB2E4\uB978 \uB113\uC740 \uC758\uBBF8\uB85C\uB294 \uBC30\uC218\uC131\uC744 \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . "En gen\u00E9tica, la poliploid\u00EDa se define como el fen\u00F3meno por el cual se originan c\u00E9lulas, tejidos u organismos con tres o m\u00E1s juegos completos de cromosomas de la misma o distintas especies o con dos o m\u00E1s genomas de especies distintas. Dichas c\u00E9lulas, tejidos u organismos se denominan poliploides. Es uno de los pocos casos de saltacionismo confirmados. Si los genomas de una especie poliploide provienen de la misma especie ancestral, se dice que es autopoliploide o autoploide; si provienen de dos especies ancestrales diferentes, se dice que es o aloploide. Dependiendo del n\u00FAmero de juegos cromos\u00F3micos completos que posee la especie se denomina triploide (3n), tetraploide (4n), pentaploide (5n), hexaploide (6n) y as\u00ED sucesivamente, donde n es el n\u00FAmero haploide, y no hay que confundirlo con el n\u00FAmero monoploide (x). Los elementos gen\u00E9ticos redundantes de los organismos poliploides pueden llegar a transformarse en copias \u00FAnicas mediante mecanismos de subfuncionalizaci\u00F3n, neofuncionalizaci\u00F3n o mediante la aparici\u00F3n de determinadas mutaciones. La poliploid\u00EDa es un suceso bastante frecuente en la naturaleza, aunque es m\u00E1s com\u00FAn en plantas\u200B y algas que en animales y hongos. En plantas, la poliploid\u00EDa se encuentra muy extendida dentro de las angiospermas (aproximadamente un 30% de las especies son alopoliploides) y parece estar relacionada con la latitud geogr\u00E1fica. Generalmente en las plantas poliploides se da el fenotipo giga: se produce un aumento de tama\u00F1o en los individuos poliploides, ya que poseen mayor n\u00FAmero de c\u00E9lulas que los individuos los diploides. En animales, el fenotipo giga no se da como tal, ya que el aumento de tama\u00F1o que se da en algunos grupos de insectos, crust\u00E1ceos y algunos anfibios y peces poliploides se debe al aumento del volumen celular pero no del n\u00FAmero de c\u00E9lulas, siendo este \u00FAltimo el mismo en individuos diploides y poliploides."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Poliploidia"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . "\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53"@zh . . . . "Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains one or more chromosomes and comes from each of two parents, resulting in pairs of homologous chromosomes between sets. However, some organisms are polyploid. Polyploidy is especially common in plants. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or more commonly from the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis or from the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. In addition, it can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content. Polyploidy occurs in highly differentiated human tissues in the liver, heart muscle, bone marrow and the placenta.It occurs in the somatic cells of some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids. Sugarcane can have ploidy levels higher than octaploid. Polyploidization can be a mechanism of sympatric speciation because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors. An example is the plant Erythranthe peregrina. Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from E. \u00D7 robertsii, a sterile triploid hybrid between E. guttata and E. lutea, both of which have been introduced and naturalised in the United Kingdom. New populations of E. peregrina arose on the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands via genome duplication from local populations of E. \u00D7 robertsii. Because of a rare genetic mutation, E. peregrina is not sterile."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Polyplo\u00EFdie"@fr . . . . "Riocht in org\u00E1nach ar leith ina mb\u00EDonn n\u00EDos m\u00F3 n\u00E1 an d\u00E1 thacar norm\u00E1lta cr\u00F3mas\u00F3m homal\u00F3gach a fhaightear in org\u00E1naigh dhiopl\u00F3ideacha. An-choiteann i bplanda\u00ED. Tarla\u00EDonn s\u00ED nuair a mhacasamhla\u00EDtear na cr\u00F3mas\u00F3im uile taobh istigh den n\u00FAicl\u00E9as ach nach dtarla\u00EDonn deighilt an n\u00FAicl\u00E9is ina dhiaidh sin mar is gn\u00E1ch. Is f\u00E9idir go mbeidh 3 thacar (triopl\u00F3ideach), 4 thacar (teitreapl\u00F3ideach), n\u00F3 fi\u00FA 8 dtacar (ochtapl\u00F3ideach)."@ga . . . . . . . . . . "Polyploidie bezeichnet in der Biologie das bei manchen Arten zu beobachtende Ph\u00E4nomen, mehr als zwei S\u00E4tze von Chromosomen in den Zellen zu besitzen. Bei einigen weiteren Arten tritt Polyploidie nur in einzelnen Zellen auf. Ein einfacher (haploider) Chromosomensatz enth\u00E4lt jedes Chromosom einmal, ein zweifacher (diploider) Chromosomensatz zweimal. Ab drei Chromosomens\u00E4tzen spricht man von Polyploidie: Bei einer geraden Anzahl von Chromosomens\u00E4tzen spricht man von Orthoploidie, bei einer ungeraden von Anorthoploidie."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Poliploidia zelula edo organismo batek kromosoma kopuru normalaren ordez kopuru horren multiploa den kromosoma-hornidura duenean gertatzen den mutazioa da. Esaterako, kromosoma-hornidura diploide normala 2n bada (eta zelula haploidea: n), zelula edo organismo poliploide batek hiru aldiz kromosoma gehiago (3n) izan ditzake, edo lau aldiz (4n) gehiago. Ohiko kromosoma-hornidura (2n) handitzen da, eta kopuru poliploidea zenbaki haploidearen multiplo bat da (3n, 4n, 5n...). Poliploidia meiosirik ezaren ondorioz gertatu ohi da. Hori dela eta, gametoek ez dute n kromosoma, 2n baizik. Gameto anormal batek (2n) gameto normala (n) ernaltzen badu sortutako zigotoa triploidea izango da (3n); ernalketa hori bi gameto anormalen (2n) artean gertatzen bada, sortutako zelula tetraploidea (4n) izanen da. Poliploidia ez da urria bizidunen artean, askoz ohikoagoa izanik landareetan animaliengan baino. Landare poliploideek nekazaritza errendimendu handiagoa dutenez, modu artifizialean eragiten da sarritan poliploidia. Era horretan zereal, tomate eta fruta poliploide ugari lortu dira, ohikoak baino etekin handiagokoak. Bi poliploide mota daude: autopoliploideak (poliploidea sortuko duten bi gametoak espezie berekoak direnean) eta alopoliploideak (gameto horiek espezie ezberdinetakoak direnean) Poliploidia ez da oso ohikoa animalien artean: igelak, hainbat intsektu, zizareak eta arrain batzuk poliploideak izan daitezke."@eu . . . . . . . . . . "62610"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Poliploidi"@in . . . "Poliploidalno\u015B\u0107 \u2013 posiadanie przez dany organizm wi\u0119cej ni\u017C dw\u00F3ch kompletnych zestaw\u00F3w chromosom\u00F3w. Organizm taki nazywa si\u0119 poliploidalnym, poliploidem lub polieuploidem. Takie zwi\u0119kszenie ilo\u015Bci zestaw\u00F3w chromosom\u00F3w dzieje si\u0119 w trakcie tworzenia gamet, gdy po podziale chromosom\u00F3w nie nast\u0105pi podzia\u0142 kom\u00F3rki."@pl . . . . . . . . "A poliploidia \u00E9 uma muta\u00E7\u00E3o cromoss\u00F4mica, em que um ou mais conjuntos de cromossomos s\u00E3o adicionados ,ou seja um poliploide \u00E9 qualquer organismo com mais de dois conjuntos de cromossomos (3n,4n,5n ou mais). Observa\u00E7\u00E3o: o n \u00E9 definido como um conjunto cromoss\u00F4mico. Al\u00E9m disso, ela \u00E9 comum nas plantas ,ou seja, \u00E9 um mecanismo muito importante no surgimento de novas esp\u00E9cies de plantas. Percebe-se essa caracter\u00EDstica ao observar a agricultura, que cultiva alguns produtos como trigo, algod\u00E3o, aveia, batatas e cana de a\u00E7\u00FAcar, os quais s\u00E3o resultado da poliploidia. Vale ressaltar que em animais ela \u00E9 menos comum, mas \u00E9 encontrada em alguns invertebrados como, peixes, sapos e lagartos."@pt . "Source notes only a type of placental cell, the extravillous trophoblast as being polyploid"@en . "Poliploid\u00EDa"@es . . . . . "Un cariotipo poliploide presenta come corredo cromosomico un multiplo del cariotipo aploide (2n, 3n, 4n). La maggior parte degli eucarioti \u00E8 diploide nelle cellule somatiche (2n) e aploide nei gameti quali spermatozoi o ovociti (n)."@it . . . . . . "A poliploidia \u00E9 uma muta\u00E7\u00E3o cromoss\u00F4mica, em que um ou mais conjuntos de cromossomos s\u00E3o adicionados ,ou seja um poliploide \u00E9 qualquer organismo com mais de dois conjuntos de cromossomos (3n,4n,5n ou mais). Observa\u00E7\u00E3o: o n \u00E9 definido como um conjunto cromoss\u00F4mico. Al\u00E9m disso, ela \u00E9 comum nas plantas ,ou seja, \u00E9 um mecanismo muito importante no surgimento de novas esp\u00E9cies de plantas. Percebe-se essa caracter\u00EDstica ao observar a agricultura, que cultiva alguns produtos como trigo, algod\u00E3o, aveia, batatas e cana de a\u00E7\u00FAcar, os quais s\u00E3o resultado da poliploidia."@pt . . "Poliploidi adalah kondisi pada suatu organisme yang memiliki set kromosom (genom) lebih dari sepasang. Organisme yang memiliki keadaan demikian disebut sebagai organisme poliploid. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan orang untuk menghasilkan organisme poliploid disebut sebagai poliploidisasi. Poliploidi umum terjadi pada tumbuhan. Ia ditemukan pula pada hewan tingkat rendah (seperti cacing pipih, lintah, atau beberapa jenis udang), dan juga fungi."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Polyplo\u00EFdie is een mutatie in de aantallen chromosomen bij eukaryote organismen. Deze getalsmatige afwijking van het bestand aan chromosomen door verandering in het aantal chromosomen of delen daarvan heet ook wel plo\u00EFdiemutatie of genoommutatie. Bij de gewone kernfasewisseling in de levenscyclus van eukaryote organismen met geslachtelijke voortplanting is er een cytologische afwisseling van een haplo\u00EFde fase die begint met de producten van een meiose of reductiedeling, en een diplo\u00EFde fase die begint met een zygote, het versmeltingsproduct van gameten. In de haplo\u00EFde kernfase is er een enkele set chromosomen in de celkernen, en in de diplo\u00EFde kernfase is er een dubbele set chromosomen in de celkernen. Men spreekt echter van een polyplo\u00EFde eukaryotische cel of organisme wanneer de celkern meer dan twee sets homologe chromosomen bevat. Van elk chromosoom bevinden zich in de celkern vaak meer dan twee exemplaren van de homologe chromosomen. Het aantal sets dat in de cel aanwezig is wordt de plo\u00EFdiegraad genoemd. Is dat aantal groter dan twee, dan is er sprake van polyplo\u00EFdie. Er zijn twee hoofdcategorie\u00EBn van polyplo\u00EFdie: euplo\u00EFdie en aneuplo\u00EFdie. Van euplo\u00EFdie spreekt men als de vermeerdering of vermindering volledige chromosomensets betreft. Van aneuplo\u00EFdie spreekt men als er slechts enkele chromosomen ontbreken of boventallig aanwezig zijn. Het kan gaan om de geslachtschromosomen (heterosomaal) of om de autosomen (de overige chromosomen). Polyplo\u00EFdie komt maar weinig voor bij dieren en veelvuldig bij planten."@nl . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . "Poliploidia"@pt . . . . "Un cariotipo poliploide presenta come corredo cromosomico un multiplo del cariotipo aploide (2n, 3n, 4n). La maggior parte degli eucarioti \u00E8 diploide nelle cellule somatiche (2n) e aploide nei gameti quali spermatozoi o ovociti (n)."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"La polyplo\u00EFdie est le fait, chez un \u00EAtre vivant, de poss\u00E9der un patrimoine chromosomique au moins \u00E9gal \u00E0 3 lots complets de chromosomes (3 n) voire plus. L'autopolyplo\u00EFdie r\u00E9sulte d'une multiplication d'un m\u00EAme g\u00E9nome, alors que l'allopolyplo\u00EFdie repr\u00E9sente un montage r\u00E9unissant deux ou plusieurs g\u00E9nomes diff\u00E9rents."@fr . . "Polyploidy"@en . . . "Riocht in org\u00E1nach ar leith ina mb\u00EDonn n\u00EDos m\u00F3 n\u00E1 an d\u00E1 thacar norm\u00E1lta cr\u00F3mas\u00F3m homal\u00F3gach a fhaightear in org\u00E1naigh dhiopl\u00F3ideacha. An-choiteann i bplanda\u00ED. Tarla\u00EDonn s\u00ED nuair a mhacasamhla\u00EDtear na cr\u00F3mas\u00F3im uile taobh istigh den n\u00FAicl\u00E9as ach nach dtarla\u00EDonn deighilt an n\u00FAicl\u00E9is ina dhiaidh sin mar is gn\u00E1ch. Is f\u00E9idir go mbeidh 3 thacar (triopl\u00F3ideach), 4 thacar (teitreapl\u00F3ideach), n\u00F3 fi\u00FA 8 dtacar (ochtapl\u00F3ideach)."@ga . . . . "Poliplo\u00EFdia"@ca . . . . . "Polyploidie (t\u00E9\u017E genomov\u00E1 multiplikace) je jev, kdy po\u010Det chromozomov\u00FDch sad p\u0159ekro\u010D\u00ED dv\u011B. Jedinec s polyploidn\u00EDmi bu\u0148kami se ozna\u010Duje polyploid, vznik polyploidie je tzv. polyploidizace. Polyploidie je b\u011B\u017En\u00E1 u rostlin (m\u016F\u017Ee dokonce zp\u016Fsobovat v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED v\u00FDnosy, proto\u017Ee polyploidi zpravidla dor\u016Fstaj\u00ED v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch rozm\u011Br\u016F), ale vz\u00E1cn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED u \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F (polyploidie je pro n\u011B zpravidla smrteln\u00E1, n\u011Bkdy v\u0161ak evolu\u010Dn\u011B v\u00FDznamn\u00E1)."@cs . . "76450"^^ . . . "Polyploidie (t\u00E9\u017E genomov\u00E1 multiplikace) je jev, kdy po\u010Det chromozomov\u00FDch sad p\u0159ekro\u010D\u00ED dv\u011B. Jedinec s polyploidn\u00EDmi bu\u0148kami se ozna\u010Duje polyploid, vznik polyploidie je tzv. polyploidizace. Polyploidie je b\u011B\u017En\u00E1 u rostlin (m\u016F\u017Ee dokonce zp\u016Fsobovat v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED v\u00FDnosy, proto\u017Ee polyploidi zpravidla dor\u016Fstaj\u00ED v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch rozm\u011Br\u016F), ale vz\u00E1cn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED u \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F (polyploidie je pro n\u011B zpravidla smrteln\u00E1, n\u011Bkdy v\u0161ak evolu\u010Dn\u011B v\u00FDznamn\u00E1)."@cs . . . . "Polyploidie bezeichnet in der Biologie das bei manchen Arten zu beobachtende Ph\u00E4nomen, mehr als zwei S\u00E4tze von Chromosomen in den Zellen zu besitzen. Bei einigen weiteren Arten tritt Polyploidie nur in einzelnen Zellen auf. Ein einfacher (haploider) Chromosomensatz enth\u00E4lt jedes Chromosom einmal, ein zweifacher (diploider) Chromosomensatz zweimal. Ab drei Chromosomens\u00E4tzen spricht man von Polyploidie: \n* triploid: drei Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise bei einigen B\u00E4rtierchen (Tardigrada), Gew\u00F6hnlicher L\u00F6wenzahn und selten bei Amphibien, vergleiche Teichfrosch \n* tetraploid: vier Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise Gew\u00F6hnlicher L\u00F6wenzahn, Forellenfische und Wechselkr\u00F6ten wie Bufotes oblongus \n* hexaploid: sechs Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise beim Saatweizen \n* oktoploid: acht Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise bei Gartenerdbeersorten oder einigen St\u00F6ren \n* dekaploid: zehn Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise bei bestimmten Erdbeerhybriden \n* dodecaploid: zw\u00F6lf Chromosomens\u00E4tze, beispielsweise beim Silber-Brandschopf Bei einer geraden Anzahl von Chromosomens\u00E4tzen spricht man von Orthoploidie, bei einer ungeraden von Anorthoploidie. Die Entstehung der Polyploidie eines Organismus hat ihre Ursache in der Chromosomenvervielf\u00E4ltigung bei der Meiose. Werden keine Spindelfasern gebildet oder die homologen Chromosomenpaare bei der Reduktionsteilung aus anderen Gr\u00FCnden nicht getrennt, so entstehen diploide Gameten. Die Ursachen f\u00FCr solche nicht erfolgten Trennungen k\u00F6nnen Stoffwechselst\u00F6rungen, Umwelteinfl\u00FCsse (K\u00E4lte) oder vom Menschen hinzugef\u00FCgte Gifte wie Colchizin oder 8-Hydroxychinolin sein. \u00DCber evolution\u00E4re Zeitr\u00E4ume hinweg betrachtet stellt Polyploidie meist kein dauerhaftes Merkmal dar. Wohl entsteht sie in einem Organismus als Duplikation des gesamten Genoms (englisch: whole genome duplication, WGD). Doch driften die entstandenen Genkopien im Folgenden durch Mutationen und Chromosomenaberrationen auseinander, gehen verloren oder gewinnen neue Eigenschaften. Nach l\u00E4ngerer Weiterentwicklung ist die Herkunft erhaltener Gene oft erst durch Analysen ihrer DNA-Sequenzen zu kl\u00E4ren. Spuren fr\u00FCherer WGD-Ereignisse lassen sich in allen Lebewesen auffinden. Polyploidie einzelner Zellen eines Organismus kann durch Endoreplikation oder Endomitose entstehen."@de . . . . . "Polyplo\u00EFdie is een mutatie in de aantallen chromosomen bij eukaryote organismen. Deze getalsmatige afwijking van het bestand aan chromosomen door verandering in het aantal chromosomen of delen daarvan heet ook wel plo\u00EFdiemutatie of genoommutatie. Polyplo\u00EFdie komt maar weinig voor bij dieren en veelvuldig bij planten."@nl . . . . . . . . . "\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u662F\u7531\u67D0\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\u5728\u5206\u88C2\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u59D0\u59B9\u67D3\u8272\u5355\u4F53\u6216\u540C\u6E90\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u5206\u79BB\u5931\u8D25\u4F7F\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u6570\u76EE\u52A0\u500D\u9020\u6210\u7684\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u4E2A\u4F53\u6BCF\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\u4E2D\u6570\u53EF\u80FD\u4E3A\u5947\u6570\uFF0C\u4F7F\u5B83\u4EEC\u5728\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u4E2D\u65E0\u6CD5\u6B63\u786E\u914D\u5BF9\u548C\u5E73\u5747\u5206\u79BB\uFF0C\u56E0\u800C\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u4E2A\u4F53\u53EF\u80FD\u4E0D\u80B2\u3002 \u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u53D1\u751F\u4E86\u6B63\u5E38\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u6570\u7684\u52A0\u500D\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u6240\u6709\u7684\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u90FD\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u540C\u4E00\u4E2A\u7269\u79CD\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E14\u5E38\u5E38\u662F\u6765\u81EA\u540C\u4E00\u4E2A\u4E2A\u4F53\u3002\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u53EF\u4EE5\u6E90\u4E8E\u6709\u4E1D\u5206\u88C2\u5F02\u5E38\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u6E90\u4E8E\u56E0\u5931\u8D25\u800C\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u914D\u5B50\u3002\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u5E38\u5E38\u4E0D\u80B2\u662F\u56E0\u4E3A\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u65F63\u6761\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u6761\u540C\u6E90\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u4E0D\u80FD\u5F62\u6210\uFF08\u6210\u5BF9\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u5F62\u6210\uFF083\u6761\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u7684\u8054\u4F1A\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\uFF09\u3002\u8FD9\u4F7F\u5F97\u5206\u88C2\u65F6\u53D1\u751F\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u7578\u53D8\uFF0C\u914D\u5B50\u4FBF\u4E0D\u80FD\u5305\u542B\u4E00\u5957\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u3002\u901A\u8FC7\u5B9E\u9A8C\u64CD\u4F5C\u5F97\u5230\u7684\u4EBA\u5DE5\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u5F80\u5F80\u6BD4\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u4EB2\u672C\u9002\u5408\u5EA6\u4F4E\u3002"@zh . . . . "En gen\u00E9tica, la poliploid\u00EDa se define como el fen\u00F3meno por el cual se originan c\u00E9lulas, tejidos u organismos con tres o m\u00E1s juegos completos de cromosomas de la misma o distintas especies o con dos o m\u00E1s genomas de especies distintas. Dichas c\u00E9lulas, tejidos u organismos se denominan poliploides. Es uno de los pocos casos de saltacionismo confirmados. Los elementos gen\u00E9ticos redundantes de los organismos poliploides pueden llegar a transformarse en copias \u00FAnicas mediante mecanismos de subfuncionalizaci\u00F3n, neofuncionalizaci\u00F3n o mediante la aparici\u00F3n de determinadas mutaciones."@es . . . "La poliplo\u00EFdia en gen\u00E8tica, \u00E9s la qualitat del poliploide. Es defineix la poliplo\u00EFdia com el fenomen pel qual s'originen c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, teixits o organismes amb tres o m\u00E9s jocs complets de cromosomes de la mateixa o diferents esp\u00E8cies o amb dos o m\u00E9s genomes d'esp\u00E8cies diferents. Aquestes c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, teixits o organismes s'anomenen poliploides. Si els genomes d'una esp\u00E8cie poliploide provenen de la mateixa esp\u00E8cie ancestral, es diu que \u00E9s autopoliploide o autoploide; si provenen de dues esp\u00E8cies ancestrals diferents es diu que \u00E9s al\u00B7lopoliploide o al\u00B7loploide. Depenent del nombre de jocs cromos\u00F2mics complets que posseeix l'esp\u00E8cie rep el nom de triploide (3X), tetraploide (4X), pentaploide (5X), hexaploide (6X) i aix\u00ED successivament, essent X el nombre monoploide, no s'ha de confondre amb el nombre haploide. La poliplo\u00EFdia ocorre amb freq\u00FC\u00E8ncia a la natura, si b\u00E9 \u00E9s m\u00E9s freq\u00FCent en plantes i algues que en animals i fongs. En plantes, la poliplo\u00EFdia es troba molt estesa dins les angiospermes (aproximadament un 30% de les esp\u00E8cies s\u00F3n al\u00B7lopoliploides) i sembla estar relacionada amb la latitud geogr\u00E0fica. Generalment en plantes poliploides es dona el fenotip gigas, \u00E9s a dir que es produeix un augment de la mida en els individus poliploides, ja que aquests tenen m\u00E9s c\u00E8l\u00B7lules que els individus diploides. En animals, el fenotip gigas no es dona com a tal, ja que l'augment de mida que es presenta en alguns grups d'insectes crustacis i alguns amfibis i peixos poliploides \u00E9s degut a l'augment del volum cel\u00B7lular per\u00F2 no del nombre de c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, essent aquest darrer el mateix en individus diploides i poliploides."@ca . . "Polyploidie"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Poliploidalno\u015B\u0107"@pl . . . . "La poliplo\u00EFdia en gen\u00E8tica, \u00E9s la qualitat del poliploide. Es defineix la poliplo\u00EFdia com el fenomen pel qual s'originen c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, teixits o organismes amb tres o m\u00E9s jocs complets de cromosomes de la mateixa o diferents esp\u00E8cies o amb dos o m\u00E9s genomes d'esp\u00E8cies diferents. Aquestes c\u00E8l\u00B7lules, teixits o organismes s'anomenen poliploides."@ca . . . . . . . . . "October 2022"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Polyploidie"@cs . . . . . . . . . . "1122615547"^^ . . . . "Poliploidalno\u015B\u0107 \u2013 posiadanie przez dany organizm wi\u0119cej ni\u017C dw\u00F3ch kompletnych zestaw\u00F3w chromosom\u00F3w. Organizm taki nazywa si\u0119 poliploidalnym, poliploidem lub polieuploidem. Takie zwi\u0119kszenie ilo\u015Bci zestaw\u00F3w chromosom\u00F3w dzieje si\u0119 w trakcie tworzenia gamet, gdy po podziale chromosom\u00F3w nie nast\u0105pi podzia\u0142 kom\u00F3rki."@pl . 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\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062A\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0648\u062C\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0646\u064A \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062A\u0633\u064A. \u062A\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062F\u0631\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains one or more chromosomes and comes from each of two parents, resulting in pairs of homologous chromosomes between sets. However, some organisms are polyploid. Polyploidy is especially common in plants. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cy"@en . . . . "\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u662F\u7531\u67D0\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\u5728\u5206\u88C2\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u59D0\u59B9\u67D3\u8272\u5355\u4F53\u6216\u540C\u6E90\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u5206\u79BB\u5931\u8D25\u4F7F\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u6570\u76EE\u52A0\u500D\u9020\u6210\u7684\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u3002\u7531\u4E8E\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u4E2A\u4F53\u6BCF\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\u4E2D\u6570\u53EF\u80FD\u4E3A\u5947\u6570\uFF0C\u4F7F\u5B83\u4EEC\u5728\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u4E2D\u65E0\u6CD5\u6B63\u786E\u914D\u5BF9\u548C\u5E73\u5747\u5206\u79BB\uFF0C\u56E0\u800C\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u4E2A\u4F53\u53EF\u80FD\u4E0D\u80B2\u3002 \u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u53D1\u751F\u4E86\u6B63\u5E38\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u6570\u7684\u52A0\u500D\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u6240\u6709\u7684\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u90FD\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u540C\u4E00\u4E2A\u7269\u79CD\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E14\u5E38\u5E38\u662F\u6765\u81EA\u540C\u4E00\u4E2A\u4E2A\u4F53\u3002\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u53EF\u4EE5\u6E90\u4E8E\u6709\u4E1D\u5206\u88C2\u5F02\u5E38\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u6E90\u4E8E\u56E0\u5931\u8D25\u800C\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u914D\u5B50\u3002\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u5E38\u5E38\u4E0D\u80B2\u662F\u56E0\u4E3A\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u65F63\u6761\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u6761\u540C\u6E90\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u4E0D\u80FD\u5F62\u6210\uFF08\u6210\u5BF9\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u5F62\u6210\uFF083\u6761\u6216\u66F4\u591A\u7684\u8054\u4F1A\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\uFF09\u3002\u8FD9\u4F7F\u5F97\u5206\u88C2\u65F6\u53D1\u751F\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u7578\u53D8\uFF0C\u914D\u5B50\u4FBF\u4E0D\u80FD\u5305\u542B\u4E00\u5957\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u67D3\u8272\u4F53\u3002\u901A\u8FC7\u5B9E\u9A8C\u64CD\u4F5C\u5F97\u5230\u7684\u4EBA\u5DE5\u540C\u6E90\u591A\u500D\u4F53\u5F80\u5F80\u6BD4\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u4EB2\u672C\u9002\u5408\u5EA6\u4F4E\u3002"@zh . "Polapl\u00F3ideacht"@ga . . . . . . . "\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4(\u500D\u6578\u9AD4, polyploid)\uB780 \uB450 \uBC8C \uC774\uC0C1\uC758 \uC5FC\uC0C9\uCCB4\uB97C \uAC00\uC9C0\uB294 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uCCB4\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC138\uD3EC\uBD84\uC5F4\uC758 \uC0AC\uAC74\uC73C\uB85C \uC0DD\uAE30\uB294\uB370, \uC790\uC5F0\uC801 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uB3C4 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC778\uC704\uC801\uC778 \uC790\uADF9\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C\uB3C4 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBAB8\uC758 \uD06C\uAE30\uAC00 \uC885\uC790\uC758 \uD06C\uAE30\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uD06C\uBBC0\uB85C \uC791\uBB3C\uC758 \uD488\uC9C8 \uACC4\uB7C9\uC5D0 \uC774\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB610\uB2E4\uB978 \uB113\uC740 \uC758\uBBF8\uB85C\uB294 \uBC30\uC218\uC131\uC744 \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . "En genetiko, la poliploidio estas la fenomeno per kiu oni originas \u0109elojn, histojn a\u016D organismojn kun tri a\u016D pli kompletaj aroj de kromosomoj de la sama a\u016D diversaj specioj kun du a\u016D pli da genomoj de diferencaj specioj. Tiuj \u0109eloj, histoj a\u016D organismoj estas nomitaj poliploidoj. Temas pri unu el la malmultaj kazoj de konfirmita saltismo. Se la genomoj de poliploida specio devenas de la sama praspecio, oni diras, ke \u011Di estas mempoliploida a\u016D memploida; se ili devenas de du diferencaj praspecioj, oni diras, ke \u011Di estas alopoliploida a\u016D aloploida. Depende de la nombro de kromosomaj kompletaj aroj kiujn posedas la specio oni nomas triploida (3n), tetraploida (4n), pentaploida (5n), heksaploida (6n) kaj tiel plu, kie n estas la monoploida nombro, kaj oni ne konfuzu tion kun la haploida nombro. La superfluaj genetikaj elementoj de la poliploidaj organismoj povas rezulti en transformado al unikaj ekzempleroj pere de mekanismoj de subfunkciigo, novfunkciigo a\u016D pere de la apero de determinitaj mutacioj. La poliploidio estas okazo sufi\u0109e ofta en la naturo, kvankam estas pli ofta en plantoj kaj algoj ol en animaloj kaj fungoj. En plantoj, la poliploidio estas tre etenda ene de las angiospermoj (proksimume 30% de la specioj estas alopoliploidaj) kaj \u015Dajne tio estas rilata kun la geografia latitudo. \u011Cenerale en la poliploidiaj plantoj okazas la fenotipo giga: nome okazas pligrandi\u011Do en la poliploidiaj individuoj, \u0109ar ili posedas pli grandan nombron de \u0109eloj ol la diploidiaj individuoj. En animaloj, la fenotipo giga ne okazas tia, \u0109ar la pligrandi\u011Do kiu okazas en kelkaj grupoj de insektoj, krustuloj kaj kelkaj diploidiaj amfibioj kaj fi\u015Doj rilatas al pliigo de la \u0109ela volumo, sed ne al la nombro de \u0109eloj, kaj tiu lasta estas la sama en diploidiaj kaj poliploidiaj individuoj."@eo . "Polyplo\u00EFdie"@nl . . . . . .