. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@sv . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@eu . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (ur. 25 grudnia 1923 w Awinionie, zm. 4 listopada 2015 w Stanford) \u2013 by\u0142 francuskim polimat\u0105, historykiem, krytykiem literackim i filozofem nauk spo\u0142ecznych, kt\u00F3rego prace nale\u017C\u0105 do tradycji filozofii antropologicznej. Girard by\u0142 autorem blisko trzydziestu ksi\u0105\u017Cek, a jego pisma obejmowa\u0142y wiele dziedzin akademickich. Chocia\u017C odbi\u00F3r jego prac jest r\u00F3\u017Cny w ka\u017Cdej z tych dziedzin, to coraz wi\u0119cej jest literatury wt\u00F3rnej na temat jego prac i jego wp\u0142ywu na takie dyscypliny jak krytyka literacka, teoria krytyczna, antropologia, teologia, psychologia, mitologia, socjologia, ekonomia, kulturoznawstwo i filozofia."@pl . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard, f\u00F6dd 25 december 1923 i Avignon, d\u00F6d 4 november 2015 i Stanford i Kalifornien, var en fransk-amerikansk historiker, litteraturvetare och filosof inom den filosofiska antropologiska skolan. Han utg\u00E5r i sina teorier fr\u00E5n en hypotes han utvecklat, om att m\u00E4nniskors kulturer strukturellt bygger p\u00E5 ett offer som en utv\u00E4g ur ett mimetiskt v\u00E5ld mellan rivaler. Han r\u00E4knas som en kontroversiell filosof p\u00E5 grund av att han \u00E4r en skarp kritiker till modern filosofi, och f\u00F6r de uttalat kristna st\u00E5ndpunkterna som han v\u00E4ver in i sin forskning. Tre huvudtankar \u00E5terkommer i hans verk: 1) det mimetiska beg\u00E4ret, 2) syndabocks-begreppet, och 3) att Bibeln ger svaret p\u00E5 1) och 2)."@sv . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@ca . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (Avignon, 1923ko abenduaren 25a - Stanford, Kalifornia, 2015eko azaroaren 4a) frantziar historialari, literatur kritikari eta gizarte-zientziaren filosofoa izan zen. Bere lana filosofia antropologikoaren tradiziokoa da. Bere ekarpen nagusia epistemologiaren alorrean eta desioaren sistema etikoetan izan zen. Haren arabera, gizakiak mimikaren bidez ikasten du, baina laster agertzen da bestearen ondasunak eskuratzeko nahia, eta indarkeria sortzen da. Indarkeria saihesteko, petxero bat behar da, erlijioak eta mitologiak ematen dutena. Bere garaiko postmodernismoaren aurkakoak izan ziren bere ideiak eta giza izaerari buruz zuen ikuspegia ezkorra izan zen. Erlijioa funtsezko kohesio-tresnatzat hartu zuen. Hasierako agnostizismotik katolizismora bihurtu zen. 2005ean Frantses Akademiako kide hautatu zuten."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB974\uB124 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974"@ko . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile GIRARD ([\u0292i\u0281a\u0281]; 25a de Decembro 1923 \u2013 4a de Novembro 2015) estis franca multfakulo, historiisto, literatura kritikisto, kaj filozofo de socia scienco kies verkaro apartenas al la tradicio de antropologia filozofio. Girard estis la a\u016Dtoro de preska\u016D tri dek libroj, kaj liaj verkoj kovras multajn akademiajn kampojn. Kvankam la ricevo de lia verkaro estas diferenca en \u0109iu el tiuj areoj, estas kreskanta korpo de duaranga literaturo en lia verkaro kaj lia influo sur fakoj kiel la literatura kritiko, la kritika teorio, antropologio, teologio, psikologio, mitologio, sociologio, ekonomiko, kulturaj sciencoj, kaj filozofio. La \u0109efa kontribuo de Girard al la filozofio, kaj siavice al aliaj fakoj, estis en la kampo de epistemologiaj kaj etikaj sistemoj de deziro. Girard kredis, ke la homa disvolvigo okazas dekomence tra procezo de observema imitado, en kiu la infano disvolvigas deziron tra procezo de lernado por kopii la konduton de plenkreskuloj, fundamente ligante la akiron de identeco, la sciaron kaj la materian sanon al la disvolvigo de deziro al io kion aliaj posedas. \u0108iu konflikto, konkurenco kaj rivaleco tiel origini\u011Das en imita deziro (imita rivaleco), kiu finfine atingis detruajn stadiojn de konflikto kaj inter individuoj kaj sociaj grupoj kiuj postulas ilin por kulpigi iun a\u016D ion por malaktivigi konflikton tra la propekakapra mekanismo. Malkapablaj starigi respondecon a\u016D enga\u011Di\u011Di en mem-montro por agnoski sian propran parton en la konflikto, homoj individue malakceptas konflikton."@eo . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (Avignone, 25 dicembre 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 novembre 2015) \u00E8 stato un antropologo, critico letterario e filosofo francese.Il suo lavoro appartiene al campo dell'antropologia filosofica e ha influssi su critica letteraria, psicologia, storia, sociologia e teologia. \u00C8 stato professore di letteratura comparata presso la Stanford University (Stati Uniti) fino al momento del ritiro. Cattolico, ha scritto diversi libri, sviluppando l'idea che ogni cultura umana \u00E8 basata sul sacrificio come via d'uscita dalla violenza mimetica (cio\u00E8 imitativa) tra rivali. Le sue riflessioni si sono indirizzate verso tre idee principali:"@it . . "1124605613"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@en . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@de . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (Avinh\u00E3o, 25 de dezembro de 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 de Novembro de 2015) foi historiador, cr\u00EDtico liter\u00E1rio, antrop\u00F3logo, fil\u00F3sofo, te\u00F3logo, soci\u00F3logo e fil\u00F3logo franc\u00EAs. Girard foi professor de literatura comparada na Universidade de Stanford, Calif\u00F3rnia, Estados Unidos. Foi autor de quase trinta livros, que abrangiam diversas \u00E1reas do saber e membro da Academia Francesa, de 2005 at\u00E9 sua morte em novembro de 2015. Apelidado de \u201CDarwin das ci\u00EAncias humanas\u201D, inovou os estudos da antropologia, literatura comparada, hist\u00F3ria das religi\u00F5es e psican\u00E1lise com a sua Teoria Mim\u00E9tica. Suas obras articulam e revisitam as de autores como L\u00E9vi-Strauss, Marcel Mauss, Miguel de Cervantes, Dostoi\u00E9vski, Mircea Eliade, Rudolf Otto, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan. A influ\u00EAncia de Girard vem crescendo exponencialmente, impactando diversas \u00E1reas, tais como o direito, a economia, a psicologia, os estudos sociais, e as ci\u00EAncias da religi\u00E3o."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Signature Ren\u00E9 Girard.svg"@en . . "Martha Girard"@en . . . . "Girard in 2007"@en . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@in . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (/\u0292\u026A\u0259\u02C8r\u0251\u02D0rd/; French: [\u0292i\u0281a\u0281]; 25 December 1923 \u2013 4 November 2015) was a French polymath, historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science whose work belongs to the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books, with his writings spanning many academic domains. Although the reception of his work is different in each of these areas, there is a growing body of secondary literature on his work and his influence on disciplines such as literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy. Girard's main contribution to philosophy, and in turn to other disciplines, was in the psychology of desire. Girard claimed that human desire functions imitatively, or mimetically, rather than arising as the spontaneous byproduct of human individuality, as much of theoretical psychology had assumed. Girard found that human development proceeds triangularly from a model of desire who indicates some object of desire as desirable by desiring it themselves. We copy this desire for the object of the model and appropriate it as our own, most often without recognizing that the source of this desire comes from another apart from ourselves completing the triangle of mimetic desire. This process of appropriation of desire includes (but is not limited to) identity formation, the transmission of knowledge and social norms, and material aspirations which all have their origin in copying the desires of others who we take, consciously or unconsciously, as models for desire. The second major discovery of the mimetic theory proceeds from considering the consequences of the mimetic nature of desire as it relates to human origins and anthropology. The mimetic nature of desire allows for the anthropological success of human beings through social learning, but is also laden with potential for violent escalation. If the subject desires an object simply because another subject desires it, then their desires are bound to converge on the same objects. If these objects cannot be easily shared (food, mates, territory, prestige and status, etc.), then the subjects are bound to come into mimetically intensifying conflict over these objects. The simplest solution to this problem of violence for early human communities was to polarize blame and hostility onto one member of the group who would be killed and interpreted as the source of conflict and hostility within the group. The transition from the violent conflict of all-against-all would be transformed into the unifying and pacifying violence of all-except-one whose death would reconcile the community together. The victim who was persecuted as the source of disorder would then become venerated as the source of order and meaning for the community and seen as a god. This process of engendering and making possible human community through arbitrary victimization is called, within mimetic theory, the scapegoat mechanism. Eventually the scapegoat mechanism would be exposed within the Biblical texts who categorically reorient the position of the Divinity to be on the side of the victim as opposed to that of the persecuting community. All other myths, such as Romulus and Remus, for example, are written and constructed from the point of view of the community whose legitimacy depends on the guilt of the victim in order to be brought together as a unified community. By exposing the relative innocence of the victim within the scapegoat mechanism it is no longer able to function as a vehicle for generating unity and peace."@en . "Sandor Goodhart"@en . . . "\u0631\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0647 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629: Ren\u00E9 Girard)\u200F (25 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1923- 4 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0646\u062F\u0631\u062C \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0646 \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062A\u062F\u062A \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0632\u0627\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062A \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064F\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u062A\u0646\u062F\u0631\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u063A\u0628\u0629\u060C \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A \u064A\u0646\u062A\u062C \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064A \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0631\u063A\u0628\u062A\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062A\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062A\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063A\u064A\u0646 \u0625\u0630 \u062A\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u063A\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064A\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062D\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062F\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062A \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063A\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062A\u064A) \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062D\u0644 \u062A\u062F\u0645\u064A\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064F\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062F\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062E\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u064A\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u062D\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00AB\u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062F\u0627\u0621\u00BB\u060C \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0648\u062D\u062F \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0628\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u062D\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062E\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u064F\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062F\u0639\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062F\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062F\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062F \u0645\u0648\u062A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062E\u0635 \u064A\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0648\u062D\u062F\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064A\u062F\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062A \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u0644\u064A\u0647. \u0623\u0648 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064A\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0646\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u062E\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0621 \u0625\u0630 \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0642\u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u062A\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062E\u0635 \u064A\u062C\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633 \u062D\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u062D\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u062C\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062A\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0632\u064A\u0639 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063A\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060C \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0648\u062C\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0650\u0651\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064A\u0645 \u062A\u062E\u064A\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064A\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0644\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0634\u0647\u062F \u063A\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A \u0628\u062D\u0633\u0628 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064A\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u062A\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064F\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064A\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u062F\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u060C \u0645\u062A\u0628\u0646\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064B\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u064A\u062A\u0634\u0647\u060C \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0636\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062A\u063A\u064A\u064A\u0631\u060C \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0642\u0633\u064A\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u064F\u062D\u062F\u062B\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062F\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0630\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0643\u064A\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0648\u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981\u060C \u062B\u0645 \u062F\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062F \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0644\u064F\u0642\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064A\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062F \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0631\u061B \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062F. \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u060C \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00AB\u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u00BB \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062F\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@it . . . . . "( \uAC19\uC740 \uC774\uB984\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uCD95\uAD6C\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uB974\uB124 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974 (\uCD95\uAD6C\uC778) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uB974\uB124 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974(\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5B4: Ren\u00E9 Girard, 1923\uB144 12\uC6D4 25\uC77C \uC544\uBE44\uB1FD \u2013 2015\uB144 11\uC6D4 4\uC77C \uCE98\uB9AC\uD3EC\uB2C8\uC544 \uC2A4\uD0E0\uD37C\uB4DC)\uB294 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC790, \uC0AC\uD559\uC790, \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uC5D0\uCF5C \uB370 \uC0E4\uB974\uD2B8\uB974\uC5D0\uC11C \uC218\uD559\uD55C \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uCDE8\uB4DD\uD558\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4 \uCB49 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uD559\uC220 \uACBD\uB825\uC744 \uC313\uC544\uAC14\uB2E4. \uCC98\uC74C\uC5D0\uB294 \uADF8\uACF3\uC5D0\uC11C \uBB38\uD559\uC744 \uAC00\uB974\uCCE4\uB2E4. \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 1957\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1980\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC874\uC2A4 \uD649\uD0A8\uC2A4 \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uD6C4 1980\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1995\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC2A4\uD0E0\uD37C\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uB2E4. '\uBAA8\uBC29 \uC774\uB860'\uC758 \uC544\uBC84\uC9C0\uC778 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 \uC695\uB9DD\uC758 \uBAA8\uBC29\uC801 \uC131\uACA9\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC\uC744 \uAE30\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uD3ED\uB825\uACFC \uC885\uAD50\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C\uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC744 \uCC3D\uC124\uD558\uACE0\uC790 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uD588\uB2E4. \uBB38\uD559 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uC758 \uBD84\uC11D\uC740 <\uB0AD\uB9CC\uC801 \uAC70\uC9D3\uACFC \uC18C\uC124\uC758 \uC9C4\uC2E4>\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2E0\uD654\uC758 \uC6D0\uC870, \uD76C\uC0DD\uC801 \uC81C\uC758\uB97C <\uD3ED\uB825\uACFC \uC131\uC2A4\uB7EC\uC6C0>\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC801 \uD3ED\uB825 \uD604\uC0C1 \uBC0F \uBC15\uD574 \uD604\uC0C1\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D2\u5185\u00B7\u5409\u62C9\u5C14\uFF08\u6CD5\u8BED\uFF1ARen\u00E9 Girard\uFF0C1923\u5E7412\u670825\u65E5\uFF0D2015\u5E7411\u67084\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u751F\u4E8E\u6CD5\u56FD\u963F\u7EF4\u5C3C\u7FC1\uFF0C\u901D\u4E8E\u7F8E\u56FD\u52A0\u5DDE\u65AF\u5766\u798F\u3002\u5409\u62C9\u5C14\u662F\u6CD5\u56FD\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5B66\u5BB6\u548C\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u5B66\u672F\u9662\u9662\u58EB\uFF082005\u5E743\u670817\u65E5\uFF0C37\u53F7\u4EA4\u6905\uFF09\uFF0C\u201C\u6B32\u671B\u7684\u6A21\u4EFF\u7406\u8BBA\u201D\u7684\u521B\u59CB\u4EBA\u3002\u4ED6\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u5174\u8DA3\u548C\u5F71\u54CD\u529B\u6781\u5176\u5E7F\u6CDB\uFF0C\u5728\u6587\u5B66\u6279\u8BC4\u3001\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8BBA\u3001\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5B66\u3001\u795E\u5B66\u3001\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u3001\u795E\u8BDD\u5B66\u3001\u793E\u4F1A\u5B66\u3001\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7A76\u548C\u54F2\u5B66\u90FD\u6709\u6210\u5C31\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (/\u0292\u026A\u0259\u02C8r\u0251\u02D0rd/; French: [\u0292i\u0281a\u0281]; 25 December 1923 \u2013 4 November 2015) was a French polymath, historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science whose work belongs to the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books, with his writings spanning many academic domains. Although the reception of his work is different in each of these areas, there is a growing body of secondary literature on his work and his influence on disciplines such as literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy."@en . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (Avignon, 1923ko abenduaren 25a - Stanford, Kalifornia, 2015eko azaroaren 4a) frantziar historialari, literatur kritikari eta gizarte-zientziaren filosofoa izan zen. Bere lana filosofia antropologikoaren tradiziokoa da. Bere ekarpen nagusia epistemologiaren alorrean eta desioaren sistema etikoetan izan zen. Haren arabera, gizakiak mimikaren bidez ikasten du, baina laster agertzen da bestearen ondasunak eskuratzeko nahia, eta indarkeria sortzen da. Indarkeria saihesteko, petxero bat behar da, erlijioak eta mitologiak ematen dutena."@eu . . "\u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 Girard, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u041D\u043E\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0422\u0435\u043E\u0444\u0456\u043B\u044C \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440, \u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard; *25 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1923, \u0410\u0432\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u0434\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0412\u043E\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0437 (\u0434\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442), \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044F \u2014 \u20204 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 2015, \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u0434, \u041A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0456\u044F, \u0421\u0428\u0410) \u2014 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043A, \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A, \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u00AB\u043C\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u00BB."@uk . . . . . "\u0631\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0647 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629: Ren\u00E9 Girard)\u200F (25 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1923- 4 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0646\u062F\u0631\u062C \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0646 \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062A\u062F\u062A \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0632\u0627\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629."@ar . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0631\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0647 \u062C\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062F"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard"@en . . . . "\u30EB\u30CD\u30FB\u30B8\u30E9\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08Ren\u00E9 Girard\u30011923\u5E7412\u670825\u65E5 - 2015\u5E7411\u67084\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u51FA\u8EAB\u306E\u6587\u82B8\u6279\u8A55\u5BB6\u3002\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3084\u30C7\u30E5\u30FC\u30AF\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u6BD4\u8F03\u6587\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u3002 \u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u30DF\u30E1\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\uFF08\u6A21\u5023\uFF1D\u64EC\u614B\uFF09\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u3001\u6B32\u671B\u306E\u30DF\u30E1\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u306A\u6027\u683C\u306E\u767A\u898B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u65B0\u3057\u3044\u4EBA\u985E\u5B66\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u3002\u81EA\u8EAB\u3067\u306F\u66B4\u529B\u3068\u5B97\u6559\u306E\u4EBA\u985E\u5B66\u3092\u5C02\u9580\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "2015-11-04"^^ . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@es . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@cs . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 Girard, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u041D\u043E\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0422\u0435\u043E\u0444\u0456\u043B\u044C \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440, \u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard; *25 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1923, \u0410\u0432\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u0434\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0412\u043E\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0437 (\u0434\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442), \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044F \u2014 \u20204 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 2015, \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u0434, \u041A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0456\u044F, \u0421\u0428\u0410) \u2014 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043A, \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A, \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u00AB\u043C\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u00BB."@uk . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440"@uk . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@eo . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard, f\u00F6dd 25 december 1923 i Avignon, d\u00F6d 4 november 2015 i Stanford i Kalifornien, var en fransk-amerikansk historiker, litteraturvetare och filosof inom den filosofiska antropologiska skolan."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (Avi\u00F1\u00F3n, 25 de diciembre de 1923 - Stanford, 4 de noviembre de 2015)\u200B fue un cr\u00EDtico literario, historiador y fil\u00F3sofo franc\u00E9s notable por su teor\u00EDa de la que surgi\u00F3 en primera instancia para analizar obras literarias en las que se muestran relaciones interpersonales mim\u00E9ticas. Posteriormente fue aplicada al an\u00E1lisis de la violencia en las sociedades primitivas que se fundamentan en lo sagrado; y por extensi\u00F3n, a la violencia en las sociedades contempor\u00E1neas."@es . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (menswetenschapper)"@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Knight of the L\u00E9gion d\u2019honneur"@en . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@en . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile GIRARD ([\u0292i\u0281a\u0281]; 25a de Decembro 1923 \u2013 4a de Novembro 2015) estis franca multfakulo, historiisto, literatura kritikisto, kaj filozofo de socia scienco kies verkaro apartenas al la tradicio de antropologia filozofio. Girard estis la a\u016Dtoro de preska\u016D tri dek libroj, kaj liaj verkoj kovras multajn akademiajn kampojn. Kvankam la ricevo de lia verkaro estas diferenca en \u0109iu el tiuj areoj, estas kreskanta korpo de duaranga literaturo en lia verkaro kaj lia influo sur fakoj kiel la literatura kritiko, la kritika teorio, antropologio, teologio, psikologio, mitologio, sociologio, ekonomiko, kulturaj sciencoj, kaj filozofio."@eo . "3"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 Girard, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u041D\u043E\u044D\u043B\u044C \u0422\u0435\u043E\u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440, \u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard; 25 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1923, \u0410\u0432\u0438\u043D\u044C\u043E\u043D, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044F \u2014 4 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 2015) \u2014 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434. \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044E \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00AB\u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00BB, \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043C\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438\u044F, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@pt . "\u30EB\u30CD\u30FB\u30B8\u30E9\u30FC\u30EB"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "( \uAC19\uC740 \uC774\uB984\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uCD95\uAD6C\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uB974\uB124 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974 (\uCD95\uAD6C\uC778) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uB974\uB124 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974(\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5B4: Ren\u00E9 Girard, 1923\uB144 12\uC6D4 25\uC77C \uC544\uBE44\uB1FD \u2013 2015\uB144 11\uC6D4 4\uC77C \uCE98\uB9AC\uD3EC\uB2C8\uC544 \uC2A4\uD0E0\uD37C\uB4DC)\uB294 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC790, \uC0AC\uD559\uC790, \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uC5D0\uCF5C \uB370 \uC0E4\uB974\uD2B8\uB974\uC5D0\uC11C \uC218\uD559\uD55C \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uCDE8\uB4DD\uD558\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4 \uCB49 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uD559\uC220 \uACBD\uB825\uC744 \uC313\uC544\uAC14\uB2E4. \uCC98\uC74C\uC5D0\uB294 \uADF8\uACF3\uC5D0\uC11C \uBB38\uD559\uC744 \uAC00\uB974\uCCE4\uB2E4. \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 1957\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1980\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC874\uC2A4 \uD649\uD0A8\uC2A4 \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uD6C4 1980\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1995\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC2A4\uD0E0\uD37C\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uAD50\uC218\uC600\uB2E4. '\uBAA8\uBC29 \uC774\uB860'\uC758 \uC544\uBC84\uC9C0\uC778 \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uB294 \uC695\uB9DD\uC758 \uBAA8\uBC29\uC801 \uC131\uACA9\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC\uC744 \uAE30\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uD3ED\uB825\uACFC \uC885\uAD50\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C\uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC778\uB958\uD559\uC744 \uCC3D\uC124\uD558\uACE0\uC790 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uD588\uB2E4. \uBB38\uD559 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uB77C\uB974\uC758 \uBD84\uC11D\uC740 <\uB0AD\uB9CC\uC801 \uAC70\uC9D3\uACFC \uC18C\uC124\uC758 \uC9C4\uC2E4>\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2E0\uD654\uC758 \uC6D0\uC870, \uD76C\uC0DD\uC801 \uC81C\uC758\uB97C <\uD3ED\uB825\uACFC \uC131\uC2A4\uB7EC\uC6C0>\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC801 \uD3ED\uB825 \uD604\uC0C1 \uBC0F \uBC15\uD574 \uD604\uC0C1\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . "[[#Mimetic desire"@en . . . . "84459"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440, \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435"@ru . . . . . "1923-12-25"^^ . "\u30EB\u30CD\u30FB\u30B8\u30E9\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08Ren\u00E9 Girard\u30011923\u5E7412\u670825\u65E5 - 2015\u5E7411\u67084\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u51FA\u8EAB\u306E\u6587\u82B8\u6279\u8A55\u5BB6\u3002\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3084\u30C7\u30E5\u30FC\u30AF\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u6BD4\u8F03\u6587\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u3002 \u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u30DF\u30E1\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\uFF08\u6A21\u5023\uFF1D\u64EC\u614B\uFF09\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u3001\u6B32\u671B\u306E\u30DF\u30E1\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u306A\u6027\u683C\u306E\u767A\u898B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u65B0\u3057\u3044\u4EBA\u985E\u5B66\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u3002\u81EA\u8EAB\u3067\u306F\u66B4\u529B\u3068\u5B97\u6559\u306E\u4EBA\u985E\u5B66\u3092\u5C02\u9580\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8FF0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Th\u00E9ophile No\u00EBl Girard (Aviny\u00F3, 25 de desembre de 1923 - Stanford, 4 de novembre de 2015) fou un historiador, cr\u00EDtic literari i fil\u00F2sof de ci\u00E8ncies socials franc\u00E8s. La seva obra pertany a la tradici\u00F3 de l'antropologia filos\u00F2fica. Fou autor de diversos llibres, en els quals va desenvolupar les idees de:"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Girard (Avignon, 25 december 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 november 2015) was een Frans-Amerikaans antropoloog, filosoof, historicus, vergelijkend literatuurwetenschapper en emeritus-hoogleraar aan Stanford University (Stanford, Californi\u00EB) en Duke University (Durham, North Carolina). Hij wordt als een van de grootste vernieuwers in de hedendaagse menswetenschappen beschouwd."@nl . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 Girard, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u041D\u043E\u044D\u043B\u044C \u0422\u0435\u043E\u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440, \u0444\u0440. Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard; 25 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1923, \u0410\u0432\u0438\u043D\u044C\u043E\u043D, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044F \u2014 4 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 2015) \u2014 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434. \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0440 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044E \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00AB\u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00BB, \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043C\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438\u044F, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (ur. 25 grudnia 1923 w Awinionie, zm. 4 listopada 2015 w Stanford) \u2013 by\u0142 francuskim polimat\u0105, historykiem, krytykiem literackim i filozofem nauk spo\u0142ecznych, kt\u00F3rego prace nale\u017C\u0105 do tradycji filozofii antropologicznej. Girard by\u0142 autorem blisko trzydziestu ksi\u0105\u017Cek, a jego pisma obejmowa\u0142y wiele dziedzin akademickich. Chocia\u017C odbi\u00F3r jego prac jest r\u00F3\u017Cny w ka\u017Cdej z tych dziedzin, to coraz wi\u0119cej jest literatury wt\u00F3rnej na temat jego prac i jego wp\u0142ywu na takie dyscypliny jak krytyka literacka, teoria krytyczna, antropologia, teologia, psychologia, mitologia, socjologia, ekonomia, kulturoznawstwo i filozofia. G\u0142\u00F3wny wk\u0142ad Girarda na rzecz filozofii, jak te\u017C na rzecz innych dyscyplin, dotyczy\u0142 epistemologicznych i etycznych system\u00F3w po\u017C\u0105dania. Girard uwa\u017Ca\u0142, \u017Ce rozw\u00F3j cz\u0142owieka nast\u0119puje pocz\u0105tkowo poprzez proces obserwacyjnego na\u015Bladownictwa, w kt\u00F3rym niemowl\u0119 rozwija pragnienia za pomoc\u0105 na\u015Bladownictwa zachowa\u0144 doros\u0142ych, \u0142\u0105cz\u0105c zdobywanie to\u017Csamo\u015Bci, wiedzy i bogactwa materialnego z rozwojem po\u017C\u0105dania posiadania czego\u015B, co posiadaj\u0105 inni. Dla Girarda religia i mitologia by\u0142y z tego wzgl\u0119du niezb\u0119dnymi krokami w ludzkiej ewolucji, aby kontrolowa\u0107 przemoc, kt\u00F3ra wynika z mimetycznej rywalizacji i nier\u00F3wnej dystrybucji po\u017C\u0105danych rzeczy. Religia ukierunkowa\u0142a impuls koz\u0142a ofiarnego na wyobra\u017Cone koncepcje, takie jak Szatan czy demony, kt\u00F3rych brak, zdaniem Girarda, spowodowa\u0142by wzrost konflikt\u00F3w mi\u0119dzyludzkich. Jego idee by\u0142y ostro sprzeczne z postmodernizmem, kt\u00F3ry by\u0142 modny przez wi\u0119kszo\u015B\u0107 jego \u017Cycia, a jego pogl\u0105dy na natur\u0119 ludzk\u0105 by\u0142y pesymistyczne w przeciwie\u0144stwie do g\u0142\u00F3wnych nurt\u00F3w jego czas\u00F3w. Girard postrzega\u0142 religi\u0119 jako istotny instrument sp\u00F3jno\u015Bci, wierz\u0105c, \u017Ce g\u0142\u00F3wnym celem \u015Bwi\u0119tych tekst\u00F3w by\u0142o zako\u0144czenie praktyki sk\u0142adania ofiar z ludzi poprzez rytualne zast\u0119powanie zachowa\u0144 wywo\u0142anych przez mechanizm koz\u0142a ofiarnego, przyjmuj\u0105c i rozwijaj\u0105c wiele z idei Nietzschego."@pl . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@en . "Ren\u00E9 Girard [ren\u00E9 \u017Eir\u00E1r] (* 25. prosince 1923 v Avignonu \u2013 4. listopadu 2015) byl francouzsk\u00FD historik, liter\u00E1rn\u00ED kritik a filozof soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch v\u011Bd."@cs . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (Avinh\u00E3o, 25 de dezembro de 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 de Novembro de 2015) foi historiador, cr\u00EDtico liter\u00E1rio, antrop\u00F3logo, fil\u00F3sofo, te\u00F3logo, soci\u00F3logo e fil\u00F3logo franc\u00EAs. Girard foi professor de literatura comparada na Universidade de Stanford, Calif\u00F3rnia, Estados Unidos. Foi autor de quase trinta livros, que abrangiam diversas \u00E1reas do saber e membro da Academia Francesa, de 2005 at\u00E9 sua morte em novembro de 2015."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard [ren\u00E9 \u017Eir\u00E1r] (* 25. prosince 1923 v Avignonu \u2013 4. listopadu 2015) byl francouzsk\u00FD historik, liter\u00E1rn\u00ED kritik a filozof soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch v\u011Bd."@cs . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (25 Desember 1923 \u2013 4 November 2015) adalah salah seorang pemikir besar dari Prancis pada abad ke-20. Bidang yang ia kaji dan pengaruh dari pemikirannya amat luas, mulai dari antropologi, sastra, psikologi, mitologi, dan teologi. Pemikiran Girard yang paling dikenal adalah teori kambing hitam yang menerangkan hubungan antara agama dan kekerasan. Salah satu pokok pemikirannya didasarkan pada analisis agama primitif yang melihat kekerasan sebagai pengganggu stabilitas sosial dan perlu untuk melakukan penebusan karena hal itu. Girard berusaha untuk menganalisis sistem ini dan menyimpulkan bahwa saat penebusan terjadi bukan dengan sendirinya menghilangkan pelaku kekerasan, melainkan meng-kambinghitam-kan seseorang atau sesuatu demi suatu komunitas yang melakukan kesalahan. Sistem i"@in . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (Avi\u00F1\u00F3n, 25 de diciembre de 1923 - Stanford, 4 de noviembre de 2015)\u200B fue un cr\u00EDtico literario, historiador y fil\u00F3sofo franc\u00E9s notable por su teor\u00EDa de la que surgi\u00F3 en primera instancia para analizar obras literarias en las que se muestran relaciones interpersonales mim\u00E9ticas. Posteriormente fue aplicada al an\u00E1lisis de la violencia en las sociedades primitivas que se fundamentan en lo sagrado; y por extensi\u00F3n, a la violencia en las sociedades contempor\u00E1neas."@es . . . . "2015-11-04"^^ . . "\u52D2\u5167\u00B7\u5409\u62C9\u723E"@zh . . . . . "Avignon, France"@en . . "\u52D2\u5185\u00B7\u5409\u62C9\u5C14\uFF08\u6CD5\u8BED\uFF1ARen\u00E9 Girard\uFF0C1923\u5E7412\u670825\u65E5\uFF0D2015\u5E7411\u67084\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u751F\u4E8E\u6CD5\u56FD\u963F\u7EF4\u5C3C\u7FC1\uFF0C\u901D\u4E8E\u7F8E\u56FD\u52A0\u5DDE\u65AF\u5766\u798F\u3002\u5409\u62C9\u5C14\u662F\u6CD5\u56FD\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5B66\u5BB6\u548C\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u5B66\u672F\u9662\u9662\u58EB\uFF082005\u5E743\u670817\u65E5\uFF0C37\u53F7\u4EA4\u6905\uFF09\uFF0C\u201C\u6B32\u671B\u7684\u6A21\u4EFF\u7406\u8BBA\u201D\u7684\u521B\u59CB\u4EBA\u3002\u4ED6\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u5174\u8DA3\u548C\u5F71\u54CD\u529B\u6781\u5176\u5E7F\u6CDB\uFF0C\u5728\u6587\u5B66\u6279\u8BC4\u3001\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8BBA\u3001\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5B66\u3001\u795E\u5B66\u3001\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u3001\u795E\u8BDD\u5B66\u3001\u793E\u4F1A\u5B66\u3001\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7A76\u548C\u54F2\u5B66\u90FD\u6709\u6210\u5C31\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Girard (Avignon, 25 december 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 november 2015) was een Frans-Amerikaans antropoloog, filosoof, historicus, vergelijkend literatuurwetenschapper en emeritus-hoogleraar aan Stanford University (Stanford, Californi\u00EB) en Duke University (Durham, North Carolina). Hij wordt als een van de grootste vernieuwers in de hedendaagse menswetenschappen beschouwd."@nl . . . . . . . . . "Indiana University"@en . . . . . . . . . "1345074"^^ . "Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres"@en . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (* 25. Dezember 1923 in Avignon; \u2020 4. November 2015 in Stanford, Kalifornien) war ein franz\u00F6sischer Literaturwissenschaftler, Kulturanthropologe und Religionsphilosoph. Sein Werk l\u00E4sst sich in die Tradition der philosophischen Anthropologie einordnen."@de . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (Avignone, 25 dicembre 1923 \u2013 Stanford, 4 novembre 2015) \u00E8 stato un antropologo, critico letterario e filosofo francese.Il suo lavoro appartiene al campo dell'antropologia filosofica e ha influssi su critica letteraria, psicologia, storia, sociologia e teologia. \u00C8 stato professore di letteratura comparata presso la Stanford University (Stati Uniti) fino al momento del ritiro. Cattolico, ha scritto diversi libri, sviluppando l'idea che ogni cultura umana \u00E8 basata sul sacrificio come via d'uscita dalla violenza mimetica (cio\u00E8 imitativa) tra rivali. Le sue riflessioni si sono indirizzate verso tre idee principali: 1. \n* il desiderio mimetico, 2. \n* il meccanismo del capro espiatorio, 3. \n* la capacit\u00E0 del testo della Bibbia di svelare sia l'uno (1) che l'altro (2)."@it . "Stanford, California, U.S."@en . "Ren\u00E9 Girard"@pl . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard, n\u00E9 le 25 d\u00E9cembre 1923 \u00E0 Avignon et mort le 4 novembre 2015 \u00E0 Stanford en Californie, est un anthropologue, historien et philosophe fran\u00E7ais. Ancien \u00E9l\u00E8ve de l'\u00C9cole des chartes, il part faire son doctorat aux \u00C9tats-Unis o\u00F9 il passera toute sa carri\u00E8re. Il y enseigne d'abord la litt\u00E9rature. Il est professeur \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9 Johns-Hopkins de 1957 \u00E0 1980, puis \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9 Stanford de 1980 \u00E0 1995. Il est le p\u00E8re de la \u00AB th\u00E9orie mim\u00E9tique \u00BB qui, \u00E0 partir de la d\u00E9couverte du caract\u00E8re mim\u00E9tique du d\u00E9sir, cherche \u00E0 fonder une nouvelle anthropologie de la violence et du religieux. Partie de la litt\u00E9rature, dans Mensonge romantique et V\u00E9rit\u00E9 romanesque (1961), son analyse s'\u00E9tend ensuite aux mythes fondateurs, aux rites sacrificiels et aux ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes de violences collectives et de pers\u00E9cutions, dans La Violence et le Sacr\u00E9 (1972). Il est \u00E9lu \u00E0 l'Acad\u00E9mie fran\u00E7aise en 2005."@fr . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 No\u00EBl Th\u00E9ophile Girard (* 25. Dezember 1923 in Avignon; \u2020 4. November 2015 in Stanford, Kalifornien) war ein franz\u00F6sischer Literaturwissenschaftler, Kulturanthropologe und Religionsphilosoph. Sein Werk l\u00E4sst sich in die Tradition der philosophischen Anthropologie einordnen."@de . . . "1923-12-25"^^ . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard, n\u00E9 le 25 d\u00E9cembre 1923 \u00E0 Avignon et mort le 4 novembre 2015 \u00E0 Stanford en Californie, est un anthropologue, historien et philosophe fran\u00E7ais. Ancien \u00E9l\u00E8ve de l'\u00C9cole des chartes, il part faire son doctorat aux \u00C9tats-Unis o\u00F9 il passera toute sa carri\u00E8re. Il y enseigne d'abord la litt\u00E9rature. Il est professeur \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9 Johns-Hopkins de 1957 \u00E0 1980, puis \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9 Stanford de 1980 \u00E0 1995. Il est \u00E9lu \u00E0 l'Acad\u00E9mie fran\u00E7aise en 2005."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Th\u00E9ophile No\u00EBl Girard (Aviny\u00F3, 25 de desembre de 1923 - Stanford, 4 de novembre de 2015) fou un historiador, cr\u00EDtic literari i fil\u00F2sof de ci\u00E8ncies socials franc\u00E8s. La seva obra pertany a la tradici\u00F3 de l'antropologia filos\u00F2fica. Fou autor de diversos llibres, en els quals va desenvolupar les idees de: 1. \n* El desig mim\u00E8tic: tots els nostres desitjos provenen d'altres persones; 2. \n* La rivalitat mim\u00E8tica: tot conflicte t\u00E9 l'origen en el desig mim\u00E8tic; 3. \n* El boc expiatori: aquest \u00E9s l'origen dels sacrificis i la fundaci\u00F3 dels drets humans. La religi\u00F3 era necess\u00E0ria en l'evoluci\u00F3 humana per controlar la viol\u00E8ncia que pot venir de la rivalitat mim\u00E8tica; 4. \n* La B\u00EDblia posa de manifest les tres idees anteriors i denuncia el mecanisme del boc expiatori. Els escrits de Ren\u00E9 Girard cobreixen moltes \u00E0rees. Encara que la recepci\u00F3 del seu treball \u00E9s diferent en cadascuna d'aquestes \u00E0rees, hi ha un creixent cos de literatura secund\u00E0ria que utilitza les seves hip\u00F2tesis i idees en les \u00E0rees de la cr\u00EDtica liter\u00E0ria, teoria cr\u00EDtica, antropologia, teologia, psicologia, mitologia, sociologia, economia, els estudis culturals i filosofia."@ca . . . . . . "Ren\u00E9 Girard (25 Desember 1923 \u2013 4 November 2015) adalah salah seorang pemikir besar dari Prancis pada abad ke-20. Bidang yang ia kaji dan pengaruh dari pemikirannya amat luas, mulai dari antropologi, sastra, psikologi, mitologi, dan teologi. Pemikiran Girard yang paling dikenal adalah teori kambing hitam yang menerangkan hubungan antara agama dan kekerasan. Salah satu pokok pemikirannya didasarkan pada analisis agama primitif yang melihat kekerasan sebagai pengganggu stabilitas sosial dan perlu untuk melakukan penebusan karena hal itu. Girard berusaha untuk menganalisis sistem ini dan menyimpulkan bahwa saat penebusan terjadi bukan dengan sendirinya menghilangkan pelaku kekerasan, melainkan meng-kambinghitam-kan seseorang atau sesuatu demi suatu komunitas yang melakukan kesalahan. Sistem inilah yang akhirnya melahirkan rantai kekerasan karena penebusan tidak begitu saja menghentikan kekerasan ."@in . . . . . . . . . . . .