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"El Renacimiento en Escocia se refiere al movimiento cultural, intelectual y art\u00EDstico que apareci\u00F3 en Escocia, desde finales del siglo XV hasta principios del siglo XVII. Se asocia con el Renacimiento paneuropeo que generalmente se considera que comenz\u00F3 en Italia a finales del siglo XIV y que lleg\u00F3 al norte de Europa como un Renacimiento n\u00F3rdico en el siglo XV. Implicaba un intento de revivir los principios de la Antig\u00FCedad cl\u00E1sica, incluido el humanismo, un esp\u00EDritu de investigaci\u00F3n acad\u00E9mica, el escepticismo y conceptos de equilibrio y proporci\u00F3n. Desde el siglo XX, los historiadores han custionado la singularidad y la unidad del Renacimiento, pero en Escocia se pueden ver cambios significativos en la educaci\u00F3n, la vida intelectual, la literatura, el arte, la arquitectura, la m\u00FAsica, la "@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El Renacimiento en Escocia se refiere al movimiento cultural, intelectual y art\u00EDstico que apareci\u00F3 en Escocia, desde finales del siglo XV hasta principios del siglo XVII. Se asocia con el Renacimiento paneuropeo que generalmente se considera que comenz\u00F3 en Italia a finales del siglo XIV y que lleg\u00F3 al norte de Europa como un Renacimiento n\u00F3rdico en el siglo XV. Implicaba un intento de revivir los principios de la Antig\u00FCedad cl\u00E1sica, incluido el humanismo, un esp\u00EDritu de investigaci\u00F3n acad\u00E9mica, el escepticismo y conceptos de equilibrio y proporci\u00F3n. Desde el siglo XX, los historiadores han custionado la singularidad y la unidad del Renacimiento, pero en Escocia se pueden ver cambios significativos en la educaci\u00F3n, la vida intelectual, la literatura, el arte, la arquitectura, la m\u00FAsica, la ciencia y la pol\u00EDtica. La Corte fue determinante para el patrocinio y la difusi\u00F3n de obras e ideas del Renacimiento. Tambi\u00E9n fue fundamental para la puesta en escena de una exhibici\u00F3n lujosa que retrataba el papel pol\u00EDtico y religioso de la monarqu\u00EDa. El Renacimiento llev\u00F3 a la adopci\u00F3n de ideas de una monarqu\u00EDa imperial, alentando a la corona escocesa a unirse a las nuevas monarqu\u00EDas al afirmar la jurisdicci\u00F3n y distinci\u00F3n imperial. El creciente \u00E9nfasis en la educaci\u00F3n en la Edad Media se convirti\u00F3 en parte de un programa humanista y luego protestante para extender y reformar el aprendizaje. Supuso la extensi\u00F3n del sistema escolar y la fundaci\u00F3n de seis colegios universitarios a fines del siglo XVI. Un n\u00FAmero relativamente grande de acad\u00E9micos escoceses estudi\u00F3 en el continente o en Inglaterra y algunos, como Hector Boece, John Mair, y George Buchanan,, regresaron a Escocia para desempe\u00F1ar un papel importante en el desarrollo de la vida intelectual escocesa. Las obras vern\u00E1culas en escoc\u00E9s comenzaron a surgir en el siglo XV, mientras que el lat\u00EDn segu\u00EDa siendo una lengua literaria importante. Con el patrocinio de James V (r. 1513-1542) y de James VI (r. 1567-1625), destacaron escritores como , John Bellenden, David Lindsay, y Alexander Montgomerie. En el siglo XVI, los reyes escoceses \u2014particularmente James V\u2014 construyeron palacios en estilo renacentista, comenzando en Linlithgow. La tendencia pronto se extendi\u00F3 a los miembros de la aristocracia. La pintura estuvo fuertemente influenciada por la pintura flamenca, con obras encargadas del continente y con flamencos desempe\u00F1\u00E1ndose como artistas de la corte. Mientras que el arte de la iglesia sufri\u00F3 iconoclasia y una p\u00E9rdida de patrocinio como resultado de la Reforma escocesa, la decoraci\u00F3n de la casa y el retrato se volvieron importantes para los ricos, con emergiendo como el principal artista a principios del siglo XVII. La m\u00FAsica tambi\u00E9n incorpor\u00F3 influencias europeas m\u00E1s amplias, aunque la Reforma provoc\u00F3 un cambio de la compleja m\u00FAsica polif\u00F3nica de la iglesia al canto m\u00E1s simple de los salmos m\u00E9tricos. Combinada con la Uni\u00F3n de las Coronas en 1603, la Reforma tambi\u00E9n elimin\u00F3 la iglesia y la corte como fuentes de mecenazgo, cambiando la direcci\u00F3n de la creaci\u00F3n art\u00EDstica y limitando su alcance. A principios del siglo XVII, los principales elementos del Renacimiento comenzaron a dar paso al manierismo y al barroco."@es . . . . . . "1078293798"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Renaissance in Scotland was a cultural, intellectual and artistic movement in Scotland, from the late fifteenth century to the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late fourteenth century and reaching northern Europe as a Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century. It involved an attempt to revive the principles of the classical era, including humanism, a spirit of scholarly enquiry, scepticism, and concepts of balance and proportion. Since the twentieth century, the uniqueness and unity of the Renaissance has been challenged by historians, but significant changes in Scotland can be seen to have taken place in education, intellectual life, literature, art, architecture, music, s"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "35698149"^^ . . "Renaissance in Scotland"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Renacimiento en Escocia"@es . . . . . . . . . . . "74209"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0641\u0633\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0643."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Renaissance in Scotland was a cultural, intellectual and artistic movement in Scotland, from the late fifteenth century to the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late fourteenth century and reaching northern Europe as a Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century. It involved an attempt to revive the principles of the classical era, including humanism, a spirit of scholarly enquiry, scepticism, and concepts of balance and proportion. Since the twentieth century, the uniqueness and unity of the Renaissance has been challenged by historians, but significant changes in Scotland can be seen to have taken place in education, intellectual life, literature, art, architecture, music, science and politics. The court was central to the patronage and dissemination of Renaissance works and ideas. It was also central to the staging of lavish display that portrayed the political and religious role of the monarchy. The Renaissance led to the adoption of ideas of imperial monarchy, encouraging the Scottish crown to join the new monarchies by asserting imperial jurisdiction and distinction. The growing emphasis on education in the Middle Ages became part of a humanist and then Protestant programme to extend and reform learning. It resulted in the expansion of the school system and the foundation of six university colleges by the end of the sixteenth century. Relatively large numbers of Scottish scholars studied on the continent or in England and some, such as Hector Boece, John Mair, Andrew Melville and George Buchanan, returned to Scotland to play a major part in developing Scottish intellectual life. Vernacular works in Scots began to emerge in the fifteenth century, while Latin remained a major literary language. With the patronage of James V and James VI, writers included William Stewart, John Bellenden, David Lyndsay, William Fowler and Alexander Montgomerie. In the sixteenth century, Scottish kings \u2013 particularly James V \u2013 built palaces in Renaissance style, beginning at Linlithgow. The trend soon spread to members of the aristocracy. Painting was strongly influenced by Flemish painting, with works commissioned from the continent and Flemings serving as court artists. While church art suffered iconoclasm and a loss of patronage as a result of the Reformation, house decoration and portraiture became significant for the wealthy, with George Jamesone emerging as the first major named artist in the early seventeenth century. Music also incorporated wider European influences although the Reformation caused a move from complex polyphonic church music to the simpler singing of metrical psalms. Combined with the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Reformation also removed the church and the court as sources of patronage, changing the direction of artistic creation and limiting its scope. In the early seventeenth century the major elements of the Renaissance began to give way to Mannerism and the Baroque."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .