. "Roman Republic, succeeded byRoman EmpireandEastern Roman Empire" . . . . . . . . "Byzantiumby650AD.svg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1122772370"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Whitby"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids"@en . . . . . . . . . "Aksumites" . . 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"Michael"@en . . . . . . "The Sassanians"@en . . 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"Romersk-persiska krigen"@sv . "Romerskpersiska krigen var en serie med konflikter mellan Romarriket och de olika dynastierna i Perserriket som partiska- och Sassandinska dynastin. Krigen, som b\u00F6rjade under Romerska republiken 92 f.Kr. fortsatte under det Romerska kejsard\u00F6met och det Bysantinska riket fram till \u00E5r 627. F\u00F6r n\u00E4stan sju \u00E5rhundraden efter det att det f\u00F6rsta slaget \u00E4gde rum mellan de tv\u00E5 imperierna i Slaget vid Carrhae 53 f.Kr. tog de romerskpersiska krigen slut i och med den Islamiska expansionen."@sv . "Quintus Labienus"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Per guerre romano-persiane si intende quel complesso di ostilit\u00E0 a bassa o alta intensit\u00E0 che oppose l'Impero romano ai Persiani, Parti prima, Sasanidi poi. Per quasi sette secoli dopo la prima battaglia avvenuta tra i due imperi a Carre nel 53 a.C., Roma non perse l'occasione per combattere in una lotta lungo il fiume Eufrate, dalle sue sorgenti fino in Mesopotamia e al deserto palmireno. Alla fine i due antagonisti, indebolitisi reciprocamente, furono entrambi sconfitti (l'Impero bizantino) o totalmente inglobati (Sasanidi) dal nascente impero arabo."@it . . . . . . . . . . . "The Severan Dynasty"@en . "The Eastern Empire in the Sixth Century"@en . . . . "Kinda" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Successors of Justinian"@en . . . "Sclaveni" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Romawi-Persia"@in . . . . "Les guerres romano-perses van ser una s\u00E8rie de conflictes militars que van enfrontar l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 primer amb l'Imperi Part i despr\u00E9s amb l'Imperi Sass\u00E0nida entre els segles i i vii. Les dues pot\u00E8ncies m\u00E9s importants de l'Antiguitat tardana a la mediterr\u00E0nia i el pr\u00F2xim orient van combatre gaireb\u00E9 cont\u00EDnuament durant aquest per\u00EDode, encara que hi va haver per\u00EDodes llargs de coexist\u00E8ncia pac\u00EDfica (sobretot durant el segle v). Els conflictes es van iniciar al segle i aC i van concloure amb la victoriosa campanya de l'emperador Heracli, el 628 - 630. Les operacions militars van ser especialment intenses en temps de Sapor I (240/242 - 272), Sapor II (309 - 379), Cosroes I (531 - 579) i Cosroes II (590 - 628). Les agressions van provenir tant del costat rom\u00E0 com del persa. Despr\u00E9s de l'\u00FAltima i major de les guerres entre Roma i P\u00E8rsia (603 - 628), ambdues pot\u00E8ncies, esgotades, van ser v\u00EDctimes de l'expansi\u00F3 de l'islam, que va destruir per complet l'Imperi Sass\u00E0nida i es va apoderar de les prov\u00EDncies orientals de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0. Aquest esdeveniment marca el final definitiu de l'edat antiga."@ca . . . . "9"^^ . . "14"^^ . . . "12"^^ . . . "13"^^ . "0054-01-01"^^ . . "3"^^ . "1"^^ . . . . . "Western Turkic Khaganate" . . . "Xionites" . "R\u00F6misch-Persische Kriege"@de . 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"Osroene" . . . . . . . "Hatra" . . . . . . . . . "Khazars" . . . . . . . "The Cambridge Ancient History"@en . . "Adiabene" . . . . . "Nabatea" . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633"@ar . "Pompeians" . . . . . "Dailamites" . "\u039F\u03B9 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9, \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03CA\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9, \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BD\u03BF\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03BA\u03CC\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B9\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD: \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B8\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03B1\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2. \u039F\u03B9 \u03BC\u03AC\u03C7\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF 54 \u03C0.\u03A7. \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B8\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0394\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03AD\u03C3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 (\u03B1\u03C1\u03B3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u0392\u03C5\u03B6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03AE\u03C2) \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03A3\u03B1\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03B4\u03CE\u03BD. \u03A1\u03CC\u03BB\u03BF \u03AD\u03C0\u03B1\u03B9\u03BE\u03B1\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03AE \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03AD\u03B8\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE \u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B5\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03CE\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BB\u03B7\u03BE\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BB\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BF\u03B4\u03AE\u03B3\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03B1\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03B4\u03B1\u03C6\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CE\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7 \u0392\u03C5\u03B6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03AE \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1, \u03BB\u03AF\u03B3\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5."@el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ghassanids" . . "Iberia" . "Guerras romano-persas"@pt . . . . . "9781139054409"^^ . . . . . . . "Palmyra" . "54"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alans" . . . . "Jews" . . . "Las guerras romano-sas\u00E1nidas o guerras bizantino-sas\u00E1nidas fueron una serie de conflictos militares que enfrentaron al Imperio romano y a su continuador, el Imperio bizantino, con el Imperio sas\u00E1nida entre los siglos III y VII. Las dos potencias m\u00E1s importantes de la Antig\u00FCedad tard\u00EDa en el Mediterr\u00E1neo y el Pr\u00F3ximo Oriente combatieron casi continuamente durante este per\u00EDodo, aunque hubo tambi\u00E9n largos per\u00EDodos de coexistencia pac\u00EDfica (sobre todo durante el siglo V). Los conflictos se iniciaron en el siglo III, con la fundaci\u00F3n del Imperio sas\u00E1nida, y concluyeron con la victoriosa campa\u00F1a del emperador Heraclio, en 628-630. Las operaciones militares fueron especialmente intensas en tiempos de Sapor I (240/242-272), Sapor II (309-379), Cosroes I (531-579) y Cosroes II (590-628). Las agresiones provinieron tanto del lado romano como del persa. Despu\u00E9s de la \u00FAltima y mayor de las guerras entre Bizancio y Persia (603-628), ambas potencias, agotadas, fueron v\u00EDctimas de la expansi\u00F3n del islam, que destruy\u00F3 por completo al Imperio sas\u00E1nida y se apoder\u00F3 de las provincias orientales del Imperio bizantino. Este acontecimiento marca el final definitivo de la Edad Antigua."@es . "Crassus"@en . . . . . "Per guerre romano-persiane si intende quel complesso di ostilit\u00E0 a bassa o alta intensit\u00E0 che oppose l'Impero romano ai Persiani, Parti prima, Sasanidi poi. Per quasi sette secoli dopo la prima battaglia avvenuta tra i due imperi a Carre nel 53 a.C., Roma non perse l'occasione per combattere in una lotta lungo il fiume Eufrate, dalle sue sorgenti fino in Mesopotamia e al deserto palmireno. Alla fine i due antagonisti, indebolitisi reciprocamente, furono entrambi sconfitti (l'Impero bizantino) o totalmente inglobati (Sasanidi) dal nascente impero arabo."@it . . . . . . . "Roman Republic, succeeded by Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire"@en . . . . "Media Atropatene" . . . . . . . "Blockley"@en . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u0301\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0301\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0301\u0439\u043D\u044B \u2014 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 (\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439) \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043A \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u041F\u0430\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0432 226 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0444\u044F\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D."@ru . . "270"^^ . . "Hyrcanus II"@en . . "Guerres perso-romaines"@fr . . . . . "A. D. H."@en . . . . . . . "Goths" . . . . . . . . . "Les guerres perso-romaines commencent lorsque les Romains, apr\u00E8s avoir conquis la Gr\u00E8ce, envahissent l'Asie Mineure et entrent en contact avec l'Empire parthe vers 100 av. J.-C. En 64 av. J.-C., Antiochos XIII, dernier monarque s\u00E9leucide, est d\u00E9tr\u00F4n\u00E9 par Pomp\u00E9e qui r\u00E9duit la Syrie s\u00E9leucide en province romaine. Les Parthes, occupant les territoires s\u00E9leucides \u00E0 l'est de l'Euphrate, deviennent le \u00AB concurrent \u00BB de l'Empire romain dans l\u2019est de la M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e. La civilisation et la culture des Parthes semblent reprendre celles des Ach\u00E9m\u00E9nides, particuli\u00E8rement dans leur syst\u00E8me religieux. Elle est aussi marqu\u00E9e par la pr\u00E9sence d'importantes cit\u00E9s grecques en M\u00E9sopotamie. L'Empire parthe, organis\u00E9 de mani\u00E8re peu autoritaire, prend fin en 224 ap. J.-C. Il laisse la place aux Sassanides qui continuent leur guerre avec les Romains. La guerre perdure avec l'Empire byzantin et prend fin avec l'expansion de l'islam : les guerres perso-byzantines (502-628). La longue s\u00E9rie de conflits entre le monde m\u00E9diterran\u00E9en et le monde perse forme une des plus longues s\u00E9ries d'affrontements r\u00E9gionaux de l'histoire. Aucune partie n'\u00E9tant capable de dominer l'autre, ceux-ci ne prirent fin qu'avec les conqu\u00EAtes musulmanes. L'est de la Syrie romaine, le nord-ouest de la M\u00E9sopotamie et le contr\u00F4le indirect de l'Arm\u00E9nie sont les principaux enjeux de ces affrontements, mais ils peuvent aussi surgir du d\u00E9sir de gloire du souverain de l'un ou l'autre empire. Malgr\u00E9 la r\u00E9currence des conflits, d'assez longues p\u00E9riodes de paix existent et les deux empires ont aussi des \u00E9changes pacifiques propices au d\u00E9veloppement d'un commerce \u00E0 longue distance le long des routes de la soie en direction de l'Extr\u00EAme-Orient."@fr . . . . . . "Phasael"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir"@en . . . "\u00DCber Jahrhunderte stellten das R\u00F6mische bzw. Ostr\u00F6mische Reich und das neupersische Sassanidenreich die beiden vorherrschenden Staatengebilde im Mittelmeerraum und im Vorderen Orient dar. Obwohl es zwischen den beiden sp\u00E4tantiken Gro\u00DFm\u00E4chten durchaus Phasen friedlicher Koexistenz gab, besonders im 5. Jahrhundert, waren ihre zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen ma\u00DFgeblich von milit\u00E4rischen Konflikten gepr\u00E4gt, die bisweilen in der Forschung als r\u00F6misch-persische Kriege bezeichnet werden."@de . . . . . . . . . "Himyar" . . . . . . "21"^^ . . . . "Byzantine Empire by 650. By this point the Sasanian Empire had fallen to the Arab Muslim Caliphate as well as Byzantine Syria, Palestine and Egypt."@en . . . . . . . . . . "Erromatar-Persiar gerrak, - Erromatar-Iraniar gerrak, Erromatar-Sasandar gerrak edo Bizantziar-Sasandar gerrak bezala ezagunak ere -, III. eta VII. mendeetan Erromatar Inperioak, -gero Bizantziar Inperioa-, Sasandar Inperioarekin izandako gatazka militarrak izan ziren. Ia etengabe borrokatu ziren aldi horretan, nahiz eta aldi luzeak egon ziren elkarrekin modu baketsuan (batez ere V. mendean). Erromatar eta pertsiar gerretako baliabideen gastua handia izan zen bi inperioentzat."@eu . . . . . . "Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith"@en . . . . . . . "Lazica" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lakhmids" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "As guerras romano-persas foram uma s\u00E9rie de conflitos militares entre o Estado romano e os sucessivos imp\u00E9rios iranianos: a P\u00E1rtia e a Sass\u00E2nia. A P\u00E9rsia, como um grande desenvolvimento cultural e militar, tornou-se um inimigo de Roma e manteve-se como tal por v\u00E1rios s\u00E9culos. Os romanos viram nos persas uma pot\u00EAncia semelhante a si, e os grandes reis de Ctesifonte viam-os da mesma forma. Os persas j\u00E1 h\u00E1 muito tempo denominam seus soberanos como \"grande rei\", o que lhes atribui uma grandeza similar \u00E0 de augusto no Imp\u00E9rio Romano."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Cappadocia" . . . . . . . . . "vertical"@en . . . "Antigonus II Mattathias"@en . . . . "Byzantine Empire by 626 under Heraclius; striped areas are lands still threatened by the Sasanians."@en . . . "\u0158\u00EDmsko-persk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky je souhrnn\u00E9 ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro s\u00E9rii vojensk\u00FDch konflikt\u016F sveden\u00FDch mezi \u0158\u00EDmskou resp. V\u00FDchodo\u0159\u00EDmskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED a Novoperskou (S\u00E1s\u00E1novskou) \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED, kter\u00E9 v obdob\u00ED vymezen\u00E9m po\u010D\u00E1tkem 3. stolet\u00ED a prvn\u00ED polovinou 7. stolet\u00ED p\u0159edstavovaly dominantn\u00ED mocnosti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ED a St\u0159edn\u00EDho v\u00FDchodu. Zahrani\u010Dn\u011Bpolitick\u00E9 vztahy mezi t\u011Bmito pozdn\u011Bantick\u00FDmi st\u00E1ty nab\u00FDvaly p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B konfronta\u010Dn\u00EDho r\u00E1zu, a\u010Dkoli se vyskytly i dlouhodob\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED f\u00E1ze m\u00EDrov\u00E9 koexistence, obzvl\u00E1\u0161t\u011B v 5. stolet\u00ED."@cs . . . "Las guerras romano-sas\u00E1nidas o guerras bizantino-sas\u00E1nidas fueron una serie de conflictos militares que enfrentaron al Imperio romano y a su continuador, el Imperio bizantino, con el Imperio sas\u00E1nida entre los siglos III y VII. Las dos potencias m\u00E1s importantes de la Antig\u00FCedad tard\u00EDa en el Mediterr\u00E1neo y el Pr\u00F3ximo Oriente combatieron casi continuamente durante este per\u00EDodo, aunque hubo tambi\u00E9n largos per\u00EDodos de coexistencia pac\u00EDfica (sobre todo durante el siglo V)."@es . . . . "Warfare and Diplomacy"@en . . "Campbell"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Guerras romano-sas\u00E1nidas"@es . . "De Romeins-Perzische oorlogen vonden plaats tussen 92 voor Chr. tot 628 na Chr. Ze werden gevoerd door het Romeins-Byzantijnse Rijk aan de ene zijde en het Perzische Rijk van de Parthen en Sassaniden aan de andere zijde in het Midden-Oosten, de Levant, Klein-Azi\u00EB en Armeni\u00EB. De oorlogen werden afgewisseld met periodes van vrede. Men deelt ze in in drie periodes: 1. Romeins-Parthische oorlogen (92 v.Chr.-226 n.Chr.) 2. Romeins-Sassanidische oorlogen (226-476) 3. Byzantijns-Sassanidische oorlogen (476-628)"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "R. C."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Guerre romano-persiane"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Commagene" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "De Romeins-Perzische oorlogen vonden plaats tussen 92 voor Chr. tot 628 na Chr. Ze werden gevoerd door het Romeins-Byzantijnse Rijk aan de ene zijde en het Perzische Rijk van de Parthen en Sassaniden aan de andere zijde in het Midden-Oosten, de Levant, Klein-Azi\u00EB en Armeni\u00EB. De oorlogen werden afgewisseld met periodes van vrede. Men deelt ze in in drie periodes: 1. Romeins-Parthische oorlogen (92 v.Chr.-226 n.Chr.) 2. Romeins-Sassanidische oorlogen (226-476) 3. Byzantijns-Sassanidische oorlogen (476-628)"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Romawi\u2013Persia adalah serangkaian konflik antara Romawi melawan dua yang berturut-turut; Parthia dan Sassaniyah. Hubungan antara Kekaisaran Parthia dan Republik Romawi dimulai pada tahun 92 SM; peperangan dimulai ketika masa akhir Republik Romawi dan terus berlanjut ketika Kekaisaran Romawi melawan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah. Konflik ini berakhir ketika munculnya invasi Muslim Arab, yang menghantam Sassaniyah serta Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dengan dampak yang sangat menghancurkan tidak lama setelah Romawi dan Sassaniyah berhenti berperang."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "As guerras romano-persas foram uma s\u00E9rie de conflitos militares entre o Estado romano e os sucessivos imp\u00E9rios iranianos: a P\u00E1rtia e a Sass\u00E2nia. A P\u00E9rsia, como um grande desenvolvimento cultural e militar, tornou-se um inimigo de Roma e manteve-se como tal por v\u00E1rios s\u00E9culos. Os romanos viram nos persas uma pot\u00EAncia semelhante a si, e os grandes reis de Ctesifonte viam-os da mesma forma. Os persas j\u00E1 h\u00E1 muito tempo denominam seus soberanos como \"grande rei\", o que lhes atribui uma grandeza similar \u00E0 de augusto no Imp\u00E9rio Romano. As hostilidades entre estas pot\u00EAncias iniciaram-se em 92 a.C. e prolongaram-se por s\u00E9culos at\u00E9 serem conclu\u00EDdas com as invas\u00F5es \u00E1rabes mu\u00E7ulmanas, que atingiram os imp\u00E9rios Sass\u00E2nida e Bizantino com efeito devastador logo ap\u00F3s o fim do \u00FAltimo conflito entre eles. Embora a guerra entre os romanos e partas/sass\u00E2nidas tenha durado sete s\u00E9culos, a fronteira permaneceu aproximadamente est\u00E1vel. Um jogo de cabo de guerra se seguiu: cidades, fortifica\u00E7\u00F5es e prov\u00EDncias foram continuamente saqueadas, capturadas, destru\u00EDdas e trocadas. Nenhum dos lados tinha for\u00E7a log\u00EDstica ou m\u00E3o de obra para manter longas campanhas longe de suas fronteiras e, portando, nem poderiam avan\u00E7ar muito longe sem arriscar estic\u00E1-las muito tenuemente. Ambos os lados fizeram conquistas al\u00E9m da fronteira, mas com o tempo o equil\u00EDbrio foi quase sempre restaurado. A linha do impasse deslocou-se no s\u00E9culo II: originalmente percorrendo a norte do Eufrates, neste per\u00EDodo foi deslocada para leste e mais tarde para nordeste atrav\u00E9s da Mesopot\u00E2mia para o norte do Tigre. Houve tamb\u00E9m v\u00E1rias mudan\u00E7as substanciais mais a norte, na Arm\u00EAnia e C\u00E1ucaso. A despesa de recursos durante as guerras romano-persas provaram-se catastr\u00F3ficas para ambos os imp\u00E9rios. A prolongada e ascendente guerra dos s\u00E9culos VI e VII deixou-os exaustos e vulner\u00E1veis \u00E0 s\u00FAbita emerg\u00EAncia e expans\u00E3o do Califado Ortodoxo, cujas for\u00E7as invadiram ambos os imp\u00E9rios poucos anos ap\u00F3s o fim da \u00FAltima guerra romano-persa. Beneficiados pela condi\u00E7\u00E3o enfraquecida deles, os rapidamente conquistaram o Imp\u00E9rio Sass\u00E2nida e privaram o Imp\u00E9rio Bizantino de seus territ\u00F3rios no Levante, , Egito e Magrebe. Ao longo dos s\u00E9culos seguintes, a maior parte do antigo territ\u00F3rio do Imp\u00E9rio Bizantino permaneceu sob dom\u00EDnio mu\u00E7ulmano."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Romeins-Perzische oorlogen"@nl . . "A. N. Sherwin-White"@en . . "Romerskpersiska krigen var en serie med konflikter mellan Romarriket och de olika dynastierna i Perserriket som partiska- och Sassandinska dynastin. Krigen, som b\u00F6rjade under Romerska republiken 92 f.Kr. fortsatte under det Romerska kejsard\u00F6met och det Bysantinska riket fram till \u00E5r 627. F\u00F6r n\u00E4stan sju \u00E5rhundraden efter det att det f\u00F6rsta slaget \u00E4gde rum mellan de tv\u00E5 imperierna i Slaget vid Carrhae 53 f.Kr. tog de romerskpersiska krigen slut i och med den Islamiska expansionen."@sv . . . "Avars" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Army, c. 420\u2013602"@en . "Louth"@en . . "Les guerres perso-romaines commencent lorsque les Romains, apr\u00E8s avoir conquis la Gr\u00E8ce, envahissent l'Asie Mineure et entrent en contact avec l'Empire parthe vers 100 av. J.-C. En 64 av. J.-C., Antiochos XIII, dernier monarque s\u00E9leucide, est d\u00E9tr\u00F4n\u00E9 par Pomp\u00E9e qui r\u00E9duit la Syrie s\u00E9leucide en province romaine. Les Parthes, occupant les territoires s\u00E9leucides \u00E0 l'est de l'Euphrate, deviennent le \u00AB concurrent \u00BB de l'Empire romain dans l\u2019est de la M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e. La civilisation et la culture des Parthes semblent reprendre celles des Ach\u00E9m\u00E9nides, particuli\u00E8rement dans leur syst\u00E8me religieux. Elle est aussi marqu\u00E9e par la pr\u00E9sence d'importantes cit\u00E9s grecques en M\u00E9sopotamie. L'Empire parthe, organis\u00E9 de mani\u00E8re peu autoritaire, prend fin en 224 ap. J.-C. Il laisse la place aux Sassanides qui co"@fr . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E (\u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u2014 \u0412\u0456\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0456\u044F) \u0456 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0406\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043E\u043C (\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0454\u044E), \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0432 \u0406\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0443 226 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u044F\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0444'\u044F\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0454\u043D."@uk . . . . "Herules" . . . . . . . "\u0158\u00EDmsko-persk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky je souhrnn\u00E9 ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro s\u00E9rii vojensk\u00FDch konflikt\u016F sveden\u00FDch mezi \u0158\u00EDmskou resp. V\u00FDchodo\u0159\u00EDmskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED a Novoperskou (S\u00E1s\u00E1novskou) \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED, kter\u00E9 v obdob\u00ED vymezen\u00E9m po\u010D\u00E1tkem 3. stolet\u00ED a prvn\u00ED polovinou 7. stolet\u00ED p\u0159edstavovaly dominantn\u00ED mocnosti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ED a St\u0159edn\u00EDho v\u00FDchodu. Zahrani\u010Dn\u011Bpolitick\u00E9 vztahy mezi t\u011Bmito pozdn\u011Bantick\u00FDmi st\u00E1ty nab\u00FDvaly p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B konfronta\u010Dn\u00EDho r\u00E1zu, a\u010Dkoli se vyskytly i dlouhodob\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED f\u00E1ze m\u00EDrov\u00E9 koexistence, obzvl\u00E1\u0161t\u011B v 5. stolet\u00ED. Tyto v\u00E1lky zapo\u010Daly kr\u00E1tce po z\u00E1niku parthsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e v dne\u0161n\u00EDm \u00CDr\u00E1nu a Ir\u00E1ku a jej\u00EDm nahrazen\u00EDm s\u00E1s\u00E1novskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED ve 3. stolet\u00ED a s ur\u010Dit\u00FDmi p\u0159est\u00E1vkami pokra\u010Dovaly a\u017E do v\u00EDt\u011Bzstv\u00ED v\u00FDchodo\u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9ho c\u00EDsa\u0159e Herakleia. Mimo\u0159\u00E1dn\u011B intenzivn\u00ED v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00E1 st\u0159etnut\u00ED prob\u00EDhala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm za panov\u00E1n\u00ED persk\u00FDch velkokr\u00E1l\u016F \u0160\u00E1p\u00FAra I., \u0160\u00E1p\u00FAra II., Husrava I. a Husrava II., p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E ofenzivn\u00ED akce byly vedeny jak z \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9, tak z persk\u00E9 strany. Nedlouho po skon\u010Den\u00ED posledn\u00ED \u0159\u00EDmsko-persk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky, vybojovan\u00E9 v letech 603 a\u017E 628, padly ob\u011B tyto velmoci za ob\u011B\u0165 nastupuj\u00EDc\u00ED expanzi isl\u00E1mu. V d\u016Fsledku arabsk\u00FDch v\u00FDboj\u016F se s\u00E1s\u00E1novsk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e zcela zhroutila, zat\u00EDmco \u0158\u00EDman\u00E9 pozbyli sv\u00E9 v\u00FDchodn\u00ED provincie. Jist\u00ED modern\u00ED historikov\u00E9 proto pova\u017Euj\u00ED tuto historickou ud\u00E1lost za okam\u017Eik definitivn\u00EDho zavr\u0161en\u00ED antiky."@cs . . . "Nehemiah ben Hushiel"@en . . . "Sherwin-White"@en . . "Sabirs" . . "Parthian Empire, succeeded by Sasanian Empire"@en . . . . . "\u7F57\u9A6C\uFF0D\u6CE2\u65AF\u6218\u4E89"@zh . . . . . . "\u0158\u00EDmsko-persk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky"@cs . . . . . . . "\u00DCber Jahrhunderte stellten das R\u00F6mische bzw. Ostr\u00F6mische Reich und das neupersische Sassanidenreich die beiden vorherrschenden Staatengebilde im Mittelmeerraum und im Vorderen Orient dar. Obwohl es zwischen den beiden sp\u00E4tantiken Gro\u00DFm\u00E4chten durchaus Phasen friedlicher Koexistenz gab, besonders im 5. Jahrhundert, waren ihre zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen ma\u00DFgeblich von milit\u00E4rischen Konflikten gepr\u00E4gt, die bisweilen in der Forschung als r\u00F6misch-persische Kriege bezeichnet werden. Die milit\u00E4rischen Auseinandersetzungen begannen mit der Formierung des Sassanidenreichs im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. und fanden erst mit dem Sieg des ostr\u00F6mischen Kaisers Herakleios 628/30 einen Abschluss. Besonders intensiv waren die Kampfhandlungen zu Zeiten Schapurs I. (240/42\u2013270), Schapurs II. (309\u2013379), Chosraus I. (531\u2013579) und Chosraus II. (590\u2013628). Dabei gingen die Angriffe sowohl von r\u00F6mischer wie von persischer Seite aus. Nach dem letzten und gr\u00F6\u00DFten r\u00F6misch-persischen Krieg (603\u2013628) wurden die beiden ersch\u00F6pften Gro\u00DFreiche ein Opfer der Expansion der Araber. Diese vernichteten das Sassanidenreich und eroberten die r\u00F6mischen Orientprovinzen. Dieses Ereignis wird von vielen Historikern als das endg\u00FCltige Ende der Antike angesehen (siehe auch Pirenne-These)."@de . . . . . . "411"^^ . . . . . "Erromatar-Persiar gerrak"@eu . . . . . "Roman\u2013Persian Wars"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Abasgia" . . . . . . . "R. N."@en . . . . . "\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: \u0648\u062D\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062B\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646. \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062B\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 92 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u061B \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u0631\u062A \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0647\u062A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0647\u0627\u062C\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u062D\u0637\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u062A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064A\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627."@ar . . . "A. N."@en . . . "Armenia" . "Sophene" . . . . "Julian"@en . . . . . . . "626"^^ . . "10.1017"^^ . . . "Albania" . . . "Frye"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Romawi\u2013Persia adalah serangkaian konflik antara Romawi melawan dua yang berturut-turut; Parthia dan Sassaniyah. Hubungan antara Kekaisaran Parthia dan Republik Romawi dimulai pada tahun 92 SM; peperangan dimulai ketika masa akhir Republik Romawi dan terus berlanjut ketika Kekaisaran Romawi melawan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah. Konflik ini berakhir ketika munculnya invasi Muslim Arab, yang menghantam Sassaniyah serta Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dengan dampak yang sangat menghancurkan tidak lama setelah Romawi dan Sassaniyah berhenti berperang. Meskipun peperangan antara Romawi dan Parthia/Sassaniyah berlangsung selama tujuh abad, garis depan kedua pihak cenderung tetap stabil. Tarik-menarik berlangsung: kota, benteng, dan provinsi terus-menerus diserang, ditaklukkan, dihancurkan, dan dipindahtangankan. Kedua belah pihak tidak memiliki kekuatan logistik dan tenaga manusia untuk menghadapi kampanye yang panjang dan jauh di luar perbatasan mereka, dan kedua belah pihak tidak mampu melaju terlalu jauh tanpa mengambil risiko membuat garis depan menjadi terlalu tipis. Kedua pihak memang melakukan penaklukan di luar perbatasan masing-masing, tetapi keseimbangan selalu kembali seperti semula. Garus kebuntuan bergeser pada abad ke-2 M: batasnya awalnya adalah di sepanjang Efrat; batas baru ada di timur, atau kemudian di timur laut, di seberang Mesopotamia sampai Tigris utara. Ada pula beberapa pergeseran penting lebih jauh di utara, yakni di Armenia dan Kaukasus. Penghabisan sumber daya selama Perang Romawi\u2013Persia pada akhirnya berujung bencana pada kedua Kekaisaran itu. Peperangan yang berkepanjangan dan meningkat pada abad ke-7 dan ke-6 SM menyebabkan kedua pihak menjadi lemah dan rentan ketika terjadi kebangkitan dan ekspansi yang tiba-tiba dari Kekhalifahan Muslim Arab, yang pasukannya menginvasi kedua kekaisaran itu hanya beberapa tahun setelah Perang Romawi\u2013Persia berakhir. Memanfaatkan keadaan mereka yang melemah, pasukan Muslim Arab dengan cepat menaklukkan . Pasukan Arab juga merampas wilayah Kekaisaran Romawi Timur yang ada di Levant, Kaukasus, Mesir, dan . Pada abad-abad berikutnya, sebagian besar Kekaisaran Romawi Timur berhasil dikuasai oleh Muslim."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . "112183"^^ . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438"@uk . . "1997"^^ . . . . "Wojny rzymsko-sasanidzkie \u2013 seria wojen mi\u0119dzy cesarstwem rzymskim (od 395 \u2013 wschodniorzymskim) i Imperium Sasanid\u00F3w (pa\u0144stwem nowoperskim), trwaj\u0105cych od III do VII wieku."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brian"@en . 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"Wojny rzymsko-sasanidzkie \u2013 seria wojen mi\u0119dzy cesarstwem rzymskim (od 395 \u2013 wschodniorzymskim) i Imperium Sasanid\u00F3w (pa\u0144stwem nowoperskim), trwaj\u0105cych od III do VII wieku."@pl . . 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"Pontus" . . ""@en . . . . . . . "The Roman\u2013Persian Wars, also known as the Roman\u2013Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian. Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the Roman (later Byzantine) and Sasanian empires. A plethora of vassal kingdoms and allied nomadic nations in the form of buffer states and proxies also played a role. The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire, shortly after the end of the last war between them. Although warfare between the Romans and Persians continued over seven centuries, the frontier, aside from shifts in the north, remained largely stable. A game of tug of war ensued: towns, fortifications, and provinces were continually sacked, captured, destroyed, and traded. Neither side had the logistical strength or manpower to maintain such lengthy campaigns far from their borders, and thus neither could advance too far without risking stretching its frontiers too thin. Both sides did make conquests beyond the border, but in time the balance was almost always restored. Although initially different in military tactics, the armies of both sides gradually adopted from each other and by the second half of the 6th century, they were similar and evenly matched. The expense of resources during the Roman\u2013Persian Wars ultimately proved catastrophic for both empires. The prolonged and escalating warfare of the 6th and 7th centuries left them exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate, whose forces invaded both empires only a few years after the end of the last Roman\u2013Persian war. Benefiting from their weakened condition, the Rashidun armies swiftly conquered the entire Sasanian Empire, and deprived the Eastern Roman Empire of its territories in the Levant, the Caucasus, Egypt, and the rest of North Africa. Over the following centuries, more of the Eastern Roman Empire came under Muslim rule."@en . "Roman\u2013Persian Wars"@en . "Lucullus, Pompey and the East"@en . . . . . "Les guerres romano-perses van ser una s\u00E8rie de conflictes militars que van enfrontar l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 primer amb l'Imperi Part i despr\u00E9s amb l'Imperi Sass\u00E0nida entre els segles i i vii. Les dues pot\u00E8ncies m\u00E9s importants de l'Antiguitat tardana a la mediterr\u00E0nia i el pr\u00F2xim orient van combatre gaireb\u00E9 cont\u00EDnuament durant aquest per\u00EDode, encara que hi va haver per\u00EDodes llargs de coexist\u00E8ncia pac\u00EDfica (sobretot durant el segle v)."@ca . . . "Parthian Empire, succeeded bySasanian Empire" . . . . . . . "Erromatar-Persiar gerrak, - Erromatar-Iraniar gerrak, Erromatar-Sasandar gerrak edo Bizantziar-Sasandar gerrak bezala ezagunak ere -, III. eta VII. mendeetan Erromatar Inperioak, -gero Bizantziar Inperioa-, Sasandar Inperioarekin izandako gatazka militarrak izan ziren. Ia etengabe borrokatu ziren aldi horretan, nahiz eta aldi luzeak egon ziren elkarrekin modu baketsuan (batez ere V. mendean). Erromatar eta pertsiar gerretako baliabideen gastua handia izan zen bi inperioentzat. Gatazkak III. mendean hasi ziren, Sasandar Inperioaren sorrerarekin, eta Heraklio enperadorearen kanpaina garailearekin amaitu ziren, 628-630ean. Operazio militarrak bereziki gogorrak izan ziren Xapur I.aren garaian (240/242-272), Xapur II.aren garaian (309-379), Kosroes I.aren garaian (531-579) eta Kosroes II.aren garaian (590-628). Erasoak erromatarren zein persiarren aldekoak izan ziren. Bizantzio eta Persiaren arteko azkeneko gerrarik handienaren ondoren (603-628) bi potentziak, agortuak, islamaren hedapenaren biktima izan ziren, Sasandar Inperioa erabat suntsitu eta Bizantziar Inperioaren ekialdeko probintziez jabetu zelarik. Gertaera honek Antzinaroaren amaiera adierazten du."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Roman\u2013Persian Wars, also known as the Roman\u2013Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian. Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the Roman (later Byzantine) and Sasanian empires. A plethora of vassal kingdoms and allied nomadic nations in the form of buffer states and proxies also played a role. The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire, shortly after the end of the last war between them."@en . . . . . . . . "Valerian"@en . "Wojny rzymsko-sasanidzkie"@pl . . . . "Guerres romano-perses"@ca . . "3459560"^^ . . . . "Galatia" . "Bivar"@en . . . . . "Germans" . . ""@en . "Andrew"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B"@ru . . . . . . . . "Gordian III"@en . . . . . . . . "Tzani" . . . . . . . . "\u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9"@el . "Roman\u2013Persian Wars"@en . "Stephen I of Iberia"@en . . . . "\uB85C\uB9C8-\uD398\uB974\uC2DC\uC544 \uC804\uC7C1"@ko . . . . . . .