. . . . . . . . . "176294"^^ . "Der Solemn League and Covenant war ein Abkommen, das w\u00E4hrend des Englischen B\u00FCrgerkrieges zwischen den schottischen Covenanters und F\u00FChrern des englischen Parlamentes 1643 getroffen wurde."@de . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. National Covenant) \u2014 \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0448\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0443 1638 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0448\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430 I. \u0420\u0443\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0443, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0406\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0443 XVII \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456. \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 \u0454 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@uk . . . . . . . . . "\uC5C4\uC219\uB3D9\uB9F9\uACFC \uC5B8\uC57D(Solemn League and Covenant)\uC740 1643\uB144\uC5D0 \uCCAB\uBC88\uC9F8 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uB0B4\uC804 \uAE30\uAC04\uB3D9\uC548 \uB3C4\uC640 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uB9FA\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC870\uC57D\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC73C\uB85C \uC2A4\uCF54\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uAD70\uB300\uAC00 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uC640 \uC5F0\uD569\uD558\uC5EC \uCC30\uC2A4 1\uC138\uAC00 \uC2F8\uC6B8 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uC0AC\uC804 \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uB9FA\uAC8C \uB41C \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uBC30\uACBD\uC73C\uB85C \uC6E8\uC2A4\uD2B8\uBBFC\uC2A4\uD130 \uC2E0\uC559\uACE0\uBC31\uACFC \uC608\uBC30\uADDC\uBC94 \uBC0F \uC694\uB9AC\uBB38\uB2F5, \uAD50\uD68C\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uC81C\uC815\uD558\uC5EC \uB2E8\uC77C\uD654\uB41C \uC2E0\uC559\uC801 \uADDC\uBC94\uC744 \uAC16\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\u0422\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442"@ru . . . . . . "1055057619"^^ . . . . . . "\u53B3\u7C9B\u306A\u540C\u76DF\u3068\u5951\u7D04"@ja . . "\u0422\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Solemn League and Covenant) \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . . "Der Solemn League and Covenant war ein Abkommen, das w\u00E4hrend des Englischen B\u00FCrgerkrieges zwischen den schottischen Covenanters und F\u00FChrern des englischen Parlamentes 1643 getroffen wurde."@de . . . "Solemn League and Covenant"@pt . . . "Solemn League and Covenant"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC5C4\uC219\uB3D9\uB9F9\uACFC \uC5B8\uC57D"@ko . . . "6642"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "O Solemn League and Covenant (conven\u00E7\u00E3o ou contrato e liga solenes), foi um acordo solene que teve a sua primeira vers\u00E3o assinada em 28 de Fevereiro de 1638 em Edimburgo, na Esc\u00F3cia. Trata-se de um documento de central import\u00E2ncia na hist\u00F3ria do nacionalismo escoc\u00EAs. Ocorre pouco depois de o rei Charles I de Inglaterra, que tamb\u00E9m reinava sobre a Esc\u00F3cia, sendo na verdade sua dinastia (Stuart) de origem escocesa, ter procurado for\u00E7ar os nacionais desse reino (a maioria dos quais seguiam a doutrina presbiteriana de John Knox, inspirada no Calvinismo) a praticar nas igrejas os ritos comuns \u00E0 Igreja Anglicana (em 23 de Julho de 1637 tinham-se iniciado novos desacatos). Nesta conven\u00E7\u00E3o ficava resguardada a liberdade de culto da igreja escocesa. Deu origem a um verdadeiro movimento social (o"@pt . . . . "The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians in 1643 during the First English Civil War, a theatre of conflict in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On 17 August 1643, the Church of Scotland (the Kirk) accepted it and on 25 September 1643 so did the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly."@en . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. National Covenant) \u2014 \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0448\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0443 1638 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0448\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430 I. \u0420\u0443\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0443, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0406\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0443 XVII \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456. \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 \u0454 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@uk . "Solemn League and Covenant"@en . "The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians in 1643 during the First English Civil War, a theatre of conflict in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On 17 August 1643, the Church of Scotland (the Kirk) accepted it and on 25 September 1643 so did the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly."@en . . . . "O Solemn League and Covenant (conven\u00E7\u00E3o ou contrato e liga solenes), foi um acordo solene que teve a sua primeira vers\u00E3o assinada em 28 de Fevereiro de 1638 em Edimburgo, na Esc\u00F3cia. Trata-se de um documento de central import\u00E2ncia na hist\u00F3ria do nacionalismo escoc\u00EAs. Ocorre pouco depois de o rei Charles I de Inglaterra, que tamb\u00E9m reinava sobre a Esc\u00F3cia, sendo na verdade sua dinastia (Stuart) de origem escocesa, ter procurado for\u00E7ar os nacionais desse reino (a maioria dos quais seguiam a doutrina presbiteriana de John Knox, inspirada no Calvinismo) a praticar nas igrejas os ritos comuns \u00E0 Igreja Anglicana (em 23 de Julho de 1637 tinham-se iniciado novos desacatos). Nesta conven\u00E7\u00E3o ficava resguardada a liberdade de culto da igreja escocesa. Deu origem a um verdadeiro movimento social (os covenanters). O covenant teve um impacto muito maior nas Lowlands (zona protestante) do que nas Highlands (zona cat\u00F3lica). Aplicava na pr\u00E1tica determinados princ\u00EDpios de inspira\u00E7\u00E3o democr\u00E1tica, recusando o poder do rei Carlos I em nome da soberania dos escoceses. Aqueles que o assinaram juraram defender a f\u00E9 que John Knox tinha fundado. Desencadeou uma verdadeira onda de entusiasmo popular. Foram enviadas c\u00F3pias para assinatura por todo o pa\u00EDs. Diz-se que houve mesmo pessoas que assinaram com o seu pr\u00F3prio sangue. No entanto, tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 verdade que houve coer\u00E7\u00E3o. Algumas pessoas que se recusavam a assinar o documento foram expulsas. Mesmo nos colonatos de escoceses do Ulster, muitos assinaram o documento, apesar dos esfor\u00E7os dos oficiais reais em o evitar. Consequentemente, em Novembro de 1638, a Assembleia General de Glasgow declarou a guerra ao reinado de Satan\u00E1s e do Anticristo, referindo-se ao rei e seus bispos anglicanos. A estrutura presbiteriana n\u00E3o admite bispos, organizando-se de baixo para cima e n\u00E3o de cima para baixo. Esta tens\u00E3o entre tr\u00EAs for\u00E7as, a saber: \n* Os puritanos, sobretudo na Esc\u00F3cia mas tamb\u00E9m em Inglaterra; \n* O parlamento ingl\u00EAs, convocado pelo rei ap\u00F3s um longo per\u00EDodo de recesso, a fim de obter impostos para enfrentar os rebeldes escoceses; \n* As for\u00E7as do rei Charles I de Inglaterra, um d\u00E9spota que n\u00E3o tinha inten\u00E7\u00E3o de ceder o poder ao parlamento. acabariam por resultar na Guerra Civil Inglesa, na derrota de Charles I, seu julgamento e execu\u00E7\u00E3o em 1649 e a instaura\u00E7\u00E3o do regime de Oliver Cromwell. Se se pode dizer que a Guerra Civil Inglesa p\u00F4s fim \u00E0 tend\u00EAncia ao despotismo dos monarcas ingleses e implantou definitivamente o Parlamento e a forma de governo pluralista, esta vit\u00F3ria das for\u00E7as democr\u00E1ticas deve muito \u00E0s revoltas religiosas dos puritanos na Esc\u00F3cia."@pt . . . . . . . . "\u53B3\u7C9B\u306A\u540C\u76DF\u3068\u5951\u7D04\uFF08\u3052\u3093\u3057\u3085\u304F\u306A\u3069\u3046\u3081\u3044\u3068\u3051\u3044\u3084\u304F\u3001\u82F1\uFF1ASolemn League and Covenant\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u6E05\u6559\u5F92\u9769\u547D\uFF08\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u5185\u6226\uFF09\u671F\u306E1643\u5E749\u670825\u65E5\u306B\u3001\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u9577\u671F\u8B70\u4F1A\uFF08\u8B70\u4F1A\u6D3E\uFF09\u3068\u30B9\u30B3\u30C3\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u56FD\u6C11\u76DF\u7D04\uFF08\u76DF\u7D04\u6D3E\uFF09\u304C\u7D50\u3093\u3060\u540C\u76DF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5185\u6226\u306B\u52DD\u5229\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u8ECD\u4E8B\u63F4\u52A9\u3092\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u305F\u8B70\u4F1A\u6D3E\u304C\u76DF\u7D04\u6D3E\u3068\u624B\u3092\u7D44\u3093\u3060\u304C\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u4E21\u8005\u306F\u5B97\u6559\u554F\u984C\u3084\u6226\u5F8C\u5BFE\u5FDC\u3092\u5DE1\u308A\u5BFE\u7ACB\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305F\u3002"@ja . "\u53B3\u7C9B\u306A\u540C\u76DF\u3068\u5951\u7D04\uFF08\u3052\u3093\u3057\u3085\u304F\u306A\u3069\u3046\u3081\u3044\u3068\u3051\u3044\u3084\u304F\u3001\u82F1\uFF1ASolemn League and Covenant\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u6E05\u6559\u5F92\u9769\u547D\uFF08\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u5185\u6226\uFF09\u671F\u306E1643\u5E749\u670825\u65E5\u306B\u3001\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u9577\u671F\u8B70\u4F1A\uFF08\u8B70\u4F1A\u6D3E\uFF09\u3068\u30B9\u30B3\u30C3\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u56FD\u6C11\u76DF\u7D04\uFF08\u76DF\u7D04\u6D3E\uFF09\u304C\u7D50\u3093\u3060\u540C\u76DF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5185\u6226\u306B\u52DD\u5229\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u8ECD\u4E8B\u63F4\u52A9\u3092\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u305F\u8B70\u4F1A\u6D3E\u304C\u76DF\u7D04\u6D3E\u3068\u624B\u3092\u7D44\u3093\u3060\u304C\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u4E21\u8005\u306F\u5B97\u6559\u554F\u984C\u3084\u6226\u5F8C\u5BFE\u5FDC\u3092\u5DE1\u308A\u5BFE\u7ACB\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305F\u3002"@ja . . "\u041D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442"@uk . . . . . "\uC5C4\uC219\uB3D9\uB9F9\uACFC \uC5B8\uC57D(Solemn League and Covenant)\uC740 1643\uB144\uC5D0 \uCCAB\uBC88\uC9F8 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uB0B4\uC804 \uAE30\uAC04\uB3D9\uC548 \uB3C4\uC640 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uB9FA\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC870\uC57D\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC73C\uB85C \uC2A4\uCF54\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uAD70\uB300\uAC00 \uC789\uAE00\uB79C\uB4DC \uC758\uD68C\uC640 \uC5F0\uD569\uD558\uC5EC \uCC30\uC2A4 1\uC138\uAC00 \uC2F8\uC6B8 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uC0AC\uC804 \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uB9FA\uAC8C \uB41C \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uBC30\uACBD\uC73C\uB85C \uC6E8\uC2A4\uD2B8\uBBFC\uC2A4\uD130 \uC2E0\uC559\uACE0\uBC31\uACFC \uC608\uBC30\uADDC\uBC94 \uBC0F \uC694\uB9AC\uBB38\uB2F5, \uAD50\uD68C\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uC81C\uC815\uD558\uC5EC \uB2E8\uC77C\uD654\uB41C \uC2E0\uC559\uC801 \uADDC\uBC94\uC744 \uAC16\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . "\u0422\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Solemn League and Covenant) \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0428\u043E\u0442\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . . .