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\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u00BB (\u0641\u064A \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627)."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062B\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629"@ar . . "La antropolog\u00EDa estructuralista o estructuralismo es una corriente te\u00F3rica de la antropolog\u00EDa. De acuerdo con ella, los fen\u00F3menos sociales pueden ser abordados como sistemas de signos o s\u00EDmbolos, por lo que el antrop\u00F3logo debe tener cuidado en no tratarlos ni \u00FAnica ni principalmente como sucesos, sino como significaciones. Para hacerlo, el estructuralismo antropol\u00F3gico propone que hay una unidad humana que radica en su capacidad de operar l\u00F3gicamente. La variedad de las culturas y de las formas en que cada sociedad aborda problem\u00E1ticas similares se explicar\u00EDa, desde ese punto de vista, tanto por la diversidad de elementos que se encuentran en su entorno y, muy especialmente, por el valor y significado que les son atribuidos socialmente."@es . . . . . . "Antropologia estrutural, \u00E9 um termo criado por Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss (1908-2009), t\u00EDtulo de dois de seus livros, na \"busca de elementos duradouros e correspond\u00EAncias estruturais entre sociedades de tipos diferentes para descobrir se existem estruturas fundamentais que seriam a base da Antropologia\". Segundo ele, a no\u00E7\u00E3o de estrutura social em termos de complexidade se associa \u00E0s no\u00E7\u00F5es ou estudo do estilo, das categorias universais da cultura e da lingu\u00EDstica estrutural. A antropologia estrutural, portanto, n\u00E3o se situa no \u00E2mbito da antropologia cultural, mas como um estudo a parte do modelo do antrop\u00F3logo alem\u00E3o Franz Boas."@pt . "L\u2019anthropologie structurale est une des branches fondatrices du paradigme structuraliste en anthropologie, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1940 par l\u2019ethnologue Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss dont elle constitue l\u2019\u0153uvre majeure. Important en France, le terme \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque anglo-saxon d'anthropologie sociale (comme science g\u00E9n\u00E9rale de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9), elle vise \u00E0 appliquer \u00E0 cette discipline le concept \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque naissant de structuralisme, c'est-\u00E0-dire \u00E0 expliquer la diversit\u00E9 des faits de soci\u00E9t\u00E9 par la combinatoire d'un nombre limit\u00E9 de possibilit\u00E9s logiques li\u00E9es \u00E0 l'architecture du cerveau humain, en rupture avec les courants dominants de cette \u00E9poque en ethno-anthropologie: \u00E9volutionnisme, diffusionnisme, culturalisme, fonctionnalisme. Elle utilise les principes g\u00E9n\u00E9raux des sciences dites fondamentales"@fr . . . . . "Antropologia estrutural, \u00E9 um termo criado por Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss (1908-2009), t\u00EDtulo de dois de seus livros, na \"busca de elementos duradouros e correspond\u00EAncias estruturais entre sociedades de tipos diferentes para descobrir se existem estruturas fundamentais que seriam a base da Antropologia\". Segundo ele, a no\u00E7\u00E3o de estrutura social em termos de complexidade se associa \u00E0s no\u00E7\u00F5es ou estudo do estilo, das categorias universais da cultura e da lingu\u00EDstica estrutural. A antropologia estrutural, portanto, n\u00E3o se situa no \u00E2mbito da antropologia cultural, mas como um estudo a parte do modelo do antrop\u00F3logo alem\u00E3o Franz Boas. Para Laplantine, foi a partir do estudo do parentesco que se constituiu o estruturalismo de L\u00E9vi-Strauss. O parentesco para ele, \u00E9 uma linguagem onde n\u00E3o basta conhecer os seus termos, \u00E9 necess\u00E1rio conhecer as rela\u00E7\u00F5es entre esses termos, regidas por leis de troca an\u00E1logas \u00E0s leis sint\u00E1ticas da l\u00EDngua. Quando se estuda o parentesco, a linguagem ou economia das trocas estamos diante de diferentes modalidades de uma \u00FAnica e mesma fun\u00E7\u00E3o: a comunica\u00E7\u00E3o (ou a troca), que \u00E9 a pr\u00F3pria cultura."@pt . . "Antropolog\u00EDa estructuralista"@es . . . "La antropolog\u00EDa estructuralista o estructuralismo es una corriente te\u00F3rica de la antropolog\u00EDa. De acuerdo con ella, los fen\u00F3menos sociales pueden ser abordados como sistemas de signos o s\u00EDmbolos, por lo que el antrop\u00F3logo debe tener cuidado en no tratarlos ni \u00FAnica ni principalmente como sucesos, sino como significaciones. Para hacerlo, el estructuralismo antropol\u00F3gico propone que hay una unidad humana que radica en su capacidad de operar l\u00F3gicamente. La variedad de las culturas y de las formas en que cada sociedad aborda problem\u00E1ticas similares se explicar\u00EDa, desde ese punto de vista, tanto por la diversidad de elementos que se encuentran en su entorno y, muy especialmente, por el valor y significado que les son atribuidos socialmente."@es . . . . . . . . . . "1042022924"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Struktur\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologie je spole\u010Densk\u00E1 v\u011Bda, jej\u00ED\u017E z\u00E1klady polo\u017Eil ve 20. stolet\u00ED francouzsk\u00FD sociolog, filozof a antropolog \u017Eidovsk\u00E9ho p\u016Fvodu Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss. Antropologie jako takov\u00E1 je v\u011Bda o \u010Dlov\u011Bku, a m\u00E1 mnoho podobor\u016F: fyzickou antropologii, soci\u00E1ln\u00ED a kulturn\u00ED antropologii, archeologii a lingvistickou antropologii. Struktur\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologie spad\u00E1 pod soci\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologii. Zkoum\u00E1 rozli\u010Dn\u00E9 lidsk\u00E9 kultury (etnika) a jejich v\u00FDvoj v historii z pohledu jejich jednotliv\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1st\u00ED, nap\u0159\u00EDklad um\u011Bn\u00ED, jazyka, soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch organizac\u00ED nebo n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00ED. Uplat\u0148uje tedy v praxi p\u0159i zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED strukturalismus."@cs . . . . "\u7D50\u69CB\u4EBA\u985E\u5B78\uFF08structural anthropology\uFF09\u662F\u6587\u5316\u4EBA\u985E\u5B78\u7684\u5176\u4E2D\u4E00\u500B\u5B78\u6D3E\uFF0C\u6982\u5FF5\u4F86\u81EA\u514B\u52DE\u5FB7\u00B7\u674E\u7DAD-\u53F2\u9640\u7684\u69CB\u601D\u3002\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\u4EBA\u985E\u6703\u628A\u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u7684\u6771\u897F\u4EE5\u4E8C\u5143\u65B9\u5F0F\u8868\u8FF0\uFF0C\u8B6C\u5982\u9AD8\u4F4E\u3001\u5167\u5916\u3001\u4EBA\u548C\u52D5\u7269\u3001\u751F\u6B7B\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u6982\u5FF5\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9818\u57DF\u90FD\u80FD\u5920\u88AB\u4E86\u89E3\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Structural anthropology is a school of sociocultural anthropology based on Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss' 1949 idea that immutable deep structures exist in all cultures, and consequently, that all cultural practices have homologous counterparts in other cultures, essentially that all cultures are equitable. L\u00E9vi-Strauss' approach arose in large part from dialectics expounded on by Marx and Hegel, though dialectics (as a concept) dates back to Ancient Greek philosophy. Hegel explains that every situation presents two opposing things and their resolution; Fichte had termed these \"thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.\" L\u00E9vi-Strauss argued that cultures also have this structure. He showed, for example, how opposing ideas would fight and were resolved to establish the rules of marriage, mythology and ritual. This approach, he felt, made for fresh new ideas. He stated: people think about the world in terms of binary opposites\u2014such as high and low, inside and outside, person and animal, life and death\u2014and that every culture can be understood in terms of these opposites. \"From the very start,\" he wrote, \"the process of visual perception makes use of binary oppositions. Only those who practice structural analysis are aware of what they are actually trying to do: that is, to reunite perspectives that the \"narrow\" scientific outlook of recent centuries believed to be mutually exclusive: sensibility and intellect, quality and quantity, the concrete and the geometrical, or as we say today, the \"etic\" and the \"emic.\" In South America he showed that there are \"dual organizations\" throughout Amazon rainforest cultures, and that these \"dual organizations\" represent opposites and their synthesis. As an illustration, G\u00EA tribes of the Amazon were found to divide their villages into two rival halves; however, members from each half married each other, resolving the opposition. Culture, he claimed, has to take into account both life and death and needs to have a way of mediating between the two. Mythology (see his several-volume Mythologies) unites opposites in diverse ways. Three of the most prominent structural anthropologists are L\u00E9vi-Strauss himself and the British neo-structuralists Rodney Needham and Edmund Leach. The latter was the author of such essays as \"Time and False Noses\" (in Rethinking Anthropology)."@en . . . . . . . . . "Anthropologie structurale"@fr . . . "Structural anthropology is a school of sociocultural anthropology based on Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss' 1949 idea that immutable deep structures exist in all cultures, and consequently, that all cultural practices have homologous counterparts in other cultures, essentially that all cultures are equitable. Culture, he claimed, has to take into account both life and death and needs to have a way of mediating between the two. Mythology (see his several-volume Mythologies) unites opposites in diverse ways."@en . . . . . "Struktur\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologie"@cs . . . "Antropologia estrutural"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019anthropologie structurale est une des branches fondatrices du paradigme structuraliste en anthropologie, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1940 par l\u2019ethnologue Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss dont elle constitue l\u2019\u0153uvre majeure. Important en France, le terme \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque anglo-saxon d'anthropologie sociale (comme science g\u00E9n\u00E9rale de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9), elle vise \u00E0 appliquer \u00E0 cette discipline le concept \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque naissant de structuralisme, c'est-\u00E0-dire \u00E0 expliquer la diversit\u00E9 des faits de soci\u00E9t\u00E9 par la combinatoire d'un nombre limit\u00E9 de possibilit\u00E9s logiques li\u00E9es \u00E0 l'architecture du cerveau humain, en rupture avec les courants dominants de cette \u00E9poque en ethno-anthropologie: \u00E9volutionnisme, diffusionnisme, culturalisme, fonctionnalisme. Elle utilise les principes g\u00E9n\u00E9raux des sciences dites fondamentales, appr\u00E9hendant une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 en tant que syst\u00E8me complexe dou\u00E9 de propri\u00E9t\u00E9s autonomes invariables (\u00AB structurales \u00BB) d\u00E9coulant des relations entre les \u00E9l\u00E9ments (les individus) qui le composent, non d\u00E9ductibles de l\u2019\u00E9tude de ces seuls individus et non perceptibles consciemment a priori par eux. Les termes d\u2019analyse (ou m\u00E9thode) structurale en anthropologie ont souvent \u00E9t\u00E9 employ\u00E9s indiff\u00E9remment comme synonymes d\u2019anthropologie structurale par L\u00E9vi-Strauss lui-m\u00EAme, qui les a fix\u00E9s comme titres de plusieurs de ses articles et ouvrages. Aujourd'hui, ces diff\u00E9rents termes restent attach\u00E9s \u00E0 son nom et continuent de d\u00E9signer son \u0153uvre g\u00E9n\u00E9rale et sa m\u00E9thodologie, outre ses publications \u00E9ponymes (Anthropologie Structurale et Anthropologie structurale deux, notamment). Pour d\u00E9signer globalement l'utilisation du paradigme structural en anthropologie, chez d'autres auteurs par exemple, le terme habituellement employ\u00E9 est celui de structuralisme en anthropologie. L\u2019anthropologie structurale, issue \u00E0 l'origine de filiations intellectuelles diverses d'orientation holiste (sociologie durkheimienne, ethnologie maussienne, linguistique saussurienne, phonologie, sciences naturelles, math\u00E9matiques), va progressivement d\u00E9velopper un paradigme scientifique \u00E9mergentiste tr\u00E8s proche du courant syst\u00E9mique et du cognitivisme qui se constituent \u00E0 la m\u00EAme \u00E9poque, par sa prise en compte de la dialectique structure (synchronie) / histoire (diachronie), des relations au sein du syst\u00E8me et entre syst\u00E8mes, et son ambition de d\u00E9crire les \u00AB enceintes mentales \u00BB humaines au sein d'une vaste science de l'homme. Bien que L\u00E9vi-Strauss ait utilis\u00E9 \u00E0 ses d\u00E9buts le terme de structuralisme et fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 la linguistique structurale, il s'est fermement et pr\u00E9cocement, d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1950, dissoci\u00E9 de la r\u00E9cup\u00E9ration de ses m\u00E9thodes d'analyses par un vaste mouvement intellectuel transdisciplinaire d'inspiration formaliste et s\u00E9miologique, qui va capter le nom g\u00E9n\u00E9rique de structuralisme et conna\u00EEtre dans les ann\u00E9es 1960 un immense succ\u00E8s m\u00E9diatique, intellectuel et politique. L\u00E9vi-Strauss abandonnera d'ailleurs dans les ann\u00E9es 1970 toute r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 la notion de structure, pour marquer la diff\u00E9rence majeure de paradigme qui le s\u00E9pare de l'\u00E9volution politis\u00E9e et ultra-formaliste du structuralisme dit g\u00E9n\u00E9ralis\u00E9."@fr . 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"\u7D50\u69CB\u4EBA\u985E\u5B78\uFF08structural anthropology\uFF09\u662F\u6587\u5316\u4EBA\u985E\u5B78\u7684\u5176\u4E2D\u4E00\u500B\u5B78\u6D3E\uFF0C\u6982\u5FF5\u4F86\u81EA\u514B\u52DE\u5FB7\u00B7\u674E\u7DAD-\u53F2\u9640\u7684\u69CB\u601D\u3002\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\u4EBA\u985E\u6703\u628A\u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u7684\u6771\u897F\u4EE5\u4E8C\u5143\u65B9\u5F0F\u8868\u8FF0\uFF0C\u8B6C\u5982\u9AD8\u4F4E\u3001\u5167\u5916\u3001\u4EBA\u548C\u52D5\u7269\u3001\u751F\u6B7B\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u6982\u5FF5\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9818\u57DF\u90FD\u80FD\u5920\u88AB\u4E86\u89E3\u3002"@zh . "\u7D50\u69CB\u4EBA\u985E\u5B78"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Struktur\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologie je spole\u010Densk\u00E1 v\u011Bda, jej\u00ED\u017E z\u00E1klady polo\u017Eil ve 20. stolet\u00ED francouzsk\u00FD sociolog, filozof a antropolog \u017Eidovsk\u00E9ho p\u016Fvodu Claude L\u00E9vi-Strauss. Antropologie jako takov\u00E1 je v\u011Bda o \u010Dlov\u011Bku, a m\u00E1 mnoho podobor\u016F: fyzickou antropologii, soci\u00E1ln\u00ED a kulturn\u00ED antropologii, archeologii a lingvistickou antropologii. Struktur\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologie spad\u00E1 pod soci\u00E1ln\u00ED antropologii. Zkoum\u00E1 rozli\u010Dn\u00E9 lidsk\u00E9 kultury (etnika) a jejich v\u00FDvoj v historii z pohledu jejich jednotliv\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1st\u00ED, nap\u0159\u00EDklad um\u011Bn\u00ED, jazyka, soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch organizac\u00ED nebo n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00ED. Uplat\u0148uje tedy v praxi p\u0159i zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED strukturalismus."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "23915"^^ . .