. "27578"^^ . . . . . . . . "In statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term \"survey\" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection. The purpose of sampling is to reduce the cost and/or the amount of work that it would take to survey the entire target population. A survey that measures the entire target population is called a census. A sample refers to a group or section of a population from which information is to be obtained Survey samples can be broadly divided into two types: probability samples and super samples. Probability-based samples implement a sampling plan with specified probabilities (perhaps adapted probabilities specified by an adaptive procedure). Probability-based sampling allows design-based inference about the target population. The inferences are based on a known objective probability distribution that was specified in the study protocol. Inferences from probability-based surveys may still suffer from many types of bias. Surveys that are not based on probability sampling have greater difficulty measuring their bias or sampling error. Surveys based on non-probability samples often fail to represent the people in the target population. In academic and government survey research, probability sampling is a standard procedure. In the United States, the Office of Management and Budget's \"List of Standards for Statistical Surveys\" states that federally funded surveys must be performed: selecting samples using generally accepted statistical methods (e.g., probabilistic methods that can provide estimates of sampling error). Any use of nonprobability sampling methods (e.g., cut-off or model-based samples) must be justified statistically and be able to measure estimation error. Random sampling and design-based inference are supplemented by other statistical methods, such as model-assisted sampling and model-based sampling. For example, many surveys have substantial amounts of nonresponse. Even though the units are initially chosen with known probabilities, the nonresponse mechanisms are unknown. For surveys with substantial nonresponse, statisticians have proposed statistical models with which the data sets are analyzed. Issues related to survey sampling are discussed in several sources, including Salant and Dillman (1994)."@en . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062D\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . "Metoda reprezentacyjna (lub reprezentatywna) \u2013 cz\u0119\u015Bciowe badanie statystyczne oparte na pr\u00F3bie pobranej ze zbiorowo\u015Bci generalnej w spos\u00F3b losowy. Metoda ta jest najbardziej prawid\u0142ow\u0105 form\u0105 badania cz\u0119\u015Bciowego. W metodzie reprezentacyjnej dokonuje si\u0119 wyboru pr\u00F3by na dwa sposoby. Mo\u017Ce to by\u0107 wyb\u00F3r albo przez losowanie, albo przez celow\u0105 selekcj\u0119. Przy losowaniu dokonuje si\u0119 wyboru przypadkowego, prowadz\u0105cy badanie ma jedynie wp\u0142yw na zastosowan\u0105 metod\u0119 losowania. Do najcz\u0119\u015Bciej stosowanych metod losowania zalicza si\u0119: \n* losowanie bezpo\u015Brednie, w kt\u00F3rym wyr\u00F3\u017Cnia si\u0119 losowanie zale\u017Cne i niezale\u017Cne \n* losowanie z wykorzystaniem tablic liczb losowych \n* losowanie warstwowe Wyb\u00F3r w drodze celowej selekcji polega na typowaniu jednostek do pr\u00F3by na podstawie wst\u0119pnego rozeznania w zagadnieniu. Prowadz\u0105cy badanie wybiera jednostki, kt\u00F3re w jego subiektywnej ocenie, s\u0105 typowe lub przeci\u0119tne. Zastosowanie rachunku prawdopodobie\u0144stwa przy przenoszeniu wynik\u00F3w z losowej pr\u00F3by na ca\u0142\u0105 zbiorowo\u015B\u0107 umo\u017Cliwia okre\u015Blenie wielko\u015Bci pope\u0142nianego b\u0142\u0119du. Mo\u017Cliwo\u015Bci tej nie daje ani metoda ankietowa, ani monograficzna. Zamiast gromadzi\u0107 szczeg\u00F3\u0142owe informacje o wszystkich jednostkach populacji generalnej, losujemy z niej pewn\u0105 liczb\u0119 jednostek zwan\u0105 pr\u00F3b\u0105 i na podstawie otrzymanych wynik\u00F3w wnioskujemy o ca\u0142o\u015Bci. Aby jednak pr\u00F3ba by\u0142a dobr\u0105 reprezentacj\u0105 ca\u0142o\u015Bci, nale\u017Cy zapewni\u0107 jednakowe szanse dostania si\u0119 (trafienia) do pr\u00F3by wszystkim jednostkom zbiorowo\u015Bci generalnej. Je\u015Bli prawdopodobie\u0144stwo wylosowania ka\u017Cdej jednostki jest jednakowe, w\u00F3wczas wylosowana pr\u00F3ba jest dobr\u0105 reprezentacj\u0105 ca\u0142ej zbiorowo\u015Bci, tzn. charakteryzuje si\u0119 tymi samymi w\u0142a\u015Bciwo\u015Bciami i prawid\u0142owo\u015Bciami og\u00F3lnymi co zbiorowo\u015B\u0107 generalna.Dok\u0142adno\u015B\u0107 badania metod\u0105 reprezentacyjn\u0105 jest uzale\u017Cniona g\u0142\u00F3wnie od takich czynnik\u00F3w jak: \n* struktura zbiorowo\u015Bci \n* zastosowany schemat losowania \n* dostateczna liczebno\u015B\u0107 pr\u00F3by Metod\u0119 reprezentacyjn\u0105 stosuje si\u0119 przede wszystkim w statystyce spo\u0142eczno-ekonomicznej. Wykorzystuje si\u0119 j\u0105 r\u00F3wnie\u017C w technice i badaniach eksperymentalnych. Jest te\u017C stosowana wtedy, gdy badanie wyczerpuj\u0105ce jest niecelowe z uwagi na wysokie koszty lub nie ma mo\u017Cliwo\u015Bci zastosowania innej metody."@pl . . . "Metoda reprezentacyjna (lub reprezentatywna) \u2013 cz\u0119\u015Bciowe badanie statystyczne oparte na pr\u00F3bie pobranej ze zbiorowo\u015Bci generalnej w spos\u00F3b losowy. Metoda ta jest najbardziej prawid\u0142ow\u0105 form\u0105 badania cz\u0119\u015Bciowego. W metodzie reprezentacyjnej dokonuje si\u0119 wyboru pr\u00F3by na dwa sposoby. Mo\u017Ce to by\u0107 wyb\u00F3r albo przez losowanie, albo przez celow\u0105 selekcj\u0119. Przy losowaniu dokonuje si\u0119 wyboru przypadkowego, prowadz\u0105cy badanie ma jedynie wp\u0142yw na zastosowan\u0105 metod\u0119 losowania. Do najcz\u0119\u015Bciej stosowanych metod losowania zalicza si\u0119:"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0631\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062C \u0625\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A. \u062A\u062A\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062E\u0630 \u0639\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0631\u060C \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0648\u062F\u064A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1994)."@ar . . . . "In statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term \"survey\" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection. The purpose of sampling is to reduce the cost and/or the amount of work that it would take to survey the entire target population. A survey that measures the entire target population is called a census. A sample refers to a group or section of a population from which information is to be obtained"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Survey sampling"@en . . "Metoda reprezentacyjna"@pl . . . . . . . . . "1052160442"^^ . . . "14159"^^ . . . 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