. . . "Theobald Smith (Albany, 31 luglio 1859 \u2013 New York, 10 dicembre 1934) \u00E8 stato un medico e batteriologo statunitense, noto per le sue ricerche sulle malattie infettive e parassitarie."@it . . "Theobald Smith"@de . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith"@pt . . . . . . "\u9521\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATheobald Smith\uFF0C1859\u5E747\u670831\u65E5\uFF0D1934\u5E7412\u670810\u65E5\uFF0C\u4E5F\u8BD1\u4F5C\u897F\u5965\u535A\u5C14\u5FB7\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u4F4D\u7F8E\u56FD\u6D41\u884C\u75C5\u5B66\u5BB6\u548C\u75C5\u539F\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u662F\u8FD9\u4E00\u9886\u57DF\u7684\u5148\u9A71\uFF0C\u77E5\u540D\u4E8E\u53D1\u73B0\u4E86\u904E\u654F\u6027\u4F11\u514B\u4E2D\u7684\u201C\u9521\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\u6C0F\u73B0\u8C61\u201D\uFF08Theobald Smith's phenomenon\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . "Theobald Smith"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith"@en . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (* 31. Juli 1859 in Albany, New York; \u2020 10. Dezember 1934 in New York City, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Pathologe. Smith studierte an der Cornell University und arbeitete sp\u00E4ter im Landwirtschaftsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Danach lehrte er an der Columbian University, Washington, D.C. (jetzt George Washington University). Von 1896 bis 1915 war er Professor f\u00FCr vergleichende Pathologie an der Harvard University. Anschlie\u00DFend war er von 1915 bis 1929 Direktor des Department of Animal Pathology am Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (jetzt Rockefeller University). Smith entdeckte die \u00DCbertragungswege parasit\u00E4rer . Dies erm\u00F6glichte die Bek\u00E4mpfung von Malaria, Gelbfieber und anderer Krankheiten, die durch Insekten \u00FCbertragen werden. Er fand 1889 heraus, dass das Texasfieber, eine Rinderkrankheit, durch den Parasiten Babesia bigemina verursacht wird. Sp\u00E4ter entdeckte er, dass dieses Protozoon durch Zecken \u00FCbertragen wird. Er konnte auch nachweisen, dass Tuberkulose beim Menschen und bei Vieh durch verschiedene Bakterien verursacht wird und Tieren Immunit\u00E4t verliehen werden kann, indem man ihnen einen Extrakt aus krankheitsverursachenden Organismen injiziert. Er unternahm 1909 Experimente die zeigten, dass die Gabe von hohen Dosen von Diphtherietoxin-Antik\u00F6rpern die Bildung von k\u00F6rpereigenen Antik\u00F6rpern unterbindet. Die Methode war in den 1960er Jahren Anreger f\u00FCr die Entwicklung der Impfung bei Rhesus-Inkompatibilit\u00E4t (William Pollack, Ronald Finn, John C. Gorman, Vincent J. Freda, Cyril A. Clarke). 1896 wurde er in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gew\u00E4hlt, 1908 in die National Academy of Sciences, 1932 wurde er Mitglied der Leopoldina sowie korrespondierendes Mitglied der Acad\u00E9mie des sciences. 1933 wurde er mit der Copley-Medaille ausgezeichnet. In seinem Todesjahr 1934 wurde er Ehrenmitglied (Honorary Fellow) der Royal Society of Edinburgh."@de . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (Albany, 31 luglio 1859 \u2013 New York, 10 dicembre 1934) \u00E8 stato un medico e batteriologo statunitense, noto per le sue ricerche sulle malattie infettive e parassitarie."@it . . "\u30BB\u30AA\u30DC\u30FC\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u30B9\u30DF\u30B9\uFF08Theobald Smith, 1859\u5E747\u670831\u65E5 - 1934\u5E7412\u670810\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u30FB\u75AB\u5B66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 1893\u5E74\u306B\u30B7\u30E9\u30DF\u304C\u4F1D\u67D3\u6027\u306E\u75C5\u6C17\u3092\u5A92\u4ECB\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8A3C\u660E\u3057\u305F\u3002\u7BC0\u8DB3\u52D5\u7269\u5A92\u4ECB\u4F1D\u67D3\u75C5\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u3002 \u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5DDE\u30FB\u30AA\u30FC\u30EB\u30D0\u30CB\u3067\u3001\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u7CFB\u79FB\u6C11\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306B\u751F\u307E\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30B3\u30FC\u30CD\u30EB\u5927\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3067\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u5B66\u3093\u3060\u3002\u57FA\u790E\u533B\u5B66\u306E\u5206\u91CE\u306B\u8EE2\u3058\u5BB6\u755C\u306E\u4F1D\u67D3\u75C5\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u306A\u3069\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u30021886\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30B8\u30E7\u30FC\u30B8\u30FB\u30EF\u30B7\u30F3\u30C8\u30F3\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u7D30\u83CC\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u30011895\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30CF\u30FC\u30D0\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u30011915\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30ED\u30C3\u30AF\u30D5\u30A7\u30E9\u30FC\u533B\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u30BB\u30F3\u30BF\u30FC\u306E\u6240\u9577\u3092\u6B74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u30021933\u5E74\u306E\u30B3\u30D7\u30EA\u30E1\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u4ED6\u591A\u304F\u306E\u8CDE\u3092\u53D7\u8CDE\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u738B\u7ACB\u5354\u4F1A\u5916\u56FD\u4EBA\u4F1A\u54E1\u3002"@ja . . "1106783562"^^ . . . "\u0421\u043C\u0438\u0442, \u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434"@ru . . "1934-12-10"^^ . . . . . "Theobald Smith (31 de julio de 1859 \u2013 10 de diciembre de 1934) fue un epidemi\u00F3logo y pat\u00F3logo pionero estadounidense. Es reconocido como uno de los primeros cient\u00EDficos e investigadores m\u00E9dicos norteamericanos de renombre internacional.\u200B\u200B"@es . . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u043C\u0456\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Theobald Smith; 31 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u043D\u044F 1859, \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0456, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u2014 10 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1934, \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0440, \u0435\u043F\u0456\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0456 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0440. \u0419\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044C\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0412\u0456\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u043C, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0435 \u0457\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043C\u0456\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C \u0434\u043E \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043C."@uk . . . . . "Theobald Smith"@es . . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (31 juillet 1859 \u00E0 Albany (New York) - 10 d\u00E9cembre 1934 \u00E0 New York) est un pionnier am\u00E9ricain en \u00E9pid\u00E9miologie, bact\u00E9riologie et en anatomopathologie. Il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le premier scientifique am\u00E9ricain majeur dans le domaine de la recherche m\u00E9dicale. En 1933, un an avant sa mort, Smith a re\u00E7u la M\u00E9daille Copley de la Royal Society \u00AB pour ses travaux de recherche et d'observation originaux des maladies animales et humaines \u00BB."@fr . . . . . . . "331429"^^ . "Theobald Smith (Albany, 31 de julho de 1859 \u2014 Nova Iorque, 10 de dezembro de 1934) foi um patologista estadunidense. Smith estudou na Universidade Cornell e trabalhou depois no Minist\u00E9rio da Agricultura dos Estados Unidos. Depois lecionou na Universidade George Washington. De 1896 a 1915 foi professor de patologia comparada na Universidade Harvard. De 1915 a 1929 foi diretor do Departamento de Patologia Animal da Universidade Rockefeller."@pt . "Theobald Smith FRS(For) HFRSE (July 31, 1859 \u2013 December 10, 1934) was a pioneering epidemiologist, bacteriologist, pathologist and professor. Smith is widely considered to be America's first internationally-significant medical research scientist. Smith taught at Columbian University (now George Washington University) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States. He later worked at Harvard University and the Rockefeller Institute. He was a trustee of the Carnegie Institution from 1914 until his death in 1934."@en . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u043C\u0456\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Theobald Smith; 31 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u043D\u044F 1859, \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0456, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u2014 10 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1934, \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0440, \u0435\u043F\u0456\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0456 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0440. \u0419\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044C\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0412\u0456\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u043C, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0435 \u0457\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043C\u0456\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C \u0434\u043E \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043C."@uk . "\u30BB\u30AA\u30DC\u30FC\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u30B9\u30DF\u30B9"@ja . . . . . . . "\u062B\u064A\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062F \u0633\u0645\u064A\u062B"@ar . . . . . . . . . "\u30BB\u30AA\u30DC\u30FC\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u30B9\u30DF\u30B9\uFF08Theobald Smith, 1859\u5E747\u670831\u65E5 - 1934\u5E7412\u670810\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u8005\u30FB\u75AB\u5B66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 1893\u5E74\u306B\u30B7\u30E9\u30DF\u304C\u4F1D\u67D3\u6027\u306E\u75C5\u6C17\u3092\u5A92\u4ECB\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8A3C\u660E\u3057\u305F\u3002\u7BC0\u8DB3\u52D5\u7269\u5A92\u4ECB\u4F1D\u67D3\u75C5\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u3002 \u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5DDE\u30FB\u30AA\u30FC\u30EB\u30D0\u30CB\u3067\u3001\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u7CFB\u79FB\u6C11\u306E\u5B50\u4F9B\u306B\u751F\u307E\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30B3\u30FC\u30CD\u30EB\u5927\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3067\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u5B66\u3093\u3060\u3002\u57FA\u790E\u533B\u5B66\u306E\u5206\u91CE\u306B\u8EE2\u3058\u5BB6\u755C\u306E\u4F1D\u67D3\u75C5\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u306A\u3069\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u30021886\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30B8\u30E7\u30FC\u30B8\u30FB\u30EF\u30B7\u30F3\u30C8\u30F3\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u7D30\u83CC\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u30011895\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30CF\u30FC\u30D0\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3067\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u6559\u6388\u30011915\u5E74\u304B\u3089\u30ED\u30C3\u30AF\u30D5\u30A7\u30E9\u30FC\u533B\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u30BB\u30F3\u30BF\u30FC\u306E\u6240\u9577\u3092\u6B74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u30021933\u5E74\u306E\u30B3\u30D7\u30EA\u30E1\u30C0\u30EB\u306E\u4ED6\u591A\u304F\u306E\u8CDE\u3092\u53D7\u8CDE\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u738B\u7ACB\u5354\u4F1A\u5916\u56FD\u4EBA\u4F1A\u54E1\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u043C\u0456\u0442"@uk . . . . . . "13452"^^ . "\u9521\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATheobald Smith\uFF0C1859\u5E747\u670831\u65E5\uFF0D1934\u5E7412\u670810\u65E5\uFF0C\u4E5F\u8BD1\u4F5C\u897F\u5965\u535A\u5C14\u5FB7\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u4F4D\u7F8E\u56FD\u6D41\u884C\u75C5\u5B66\u5BB6\u548C\u75C5\u539F\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u662F\u8FD9\u4E00\u9886\u57DF\u7684\u5148\u9A71\uFF0C\u77E5\u540D\u4E8E\u53D1\u73B0\u4E86\u904E\u654F\u6027\u4F11\u514B\u4E2D\u7684\u201C\u9521\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF\u6C0F\u73B0\u8C61\u201D\uFF08Theobald Smith's phenomenon\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith"@en . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u043C\u0438\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Theobald Smith; 31 \u0438\u044E\u043B\u044F 1859 \u2014 10 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1934) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0440. \u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u044B\u043C-\u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1908), \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (1932)."@ru . . "1934-12-10"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062B\u064A\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062F \u0633\u0645\u064A\u062B (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Theobald Smith)\u200F (31 \u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0648 1859 - 10 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1934) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064A\u062D\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629."@ar . "Theobald Smith (31 de julio de 1859 \u2013 10 de diciembre de 1934) fue un epidemi\u00F3logo y pat\u00F3logo pionero estadounidense. Es reconocido como uno de los primeros cient\u00EDficos e investigadores m\u00E9dicos norteamericanos de renombre internacional.\u200B\u200B"@es . . "Theobald Smith"@en . . "1859-07-31"^^ . . . . "American"@en . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (Albany, 31 de julho de 1859 \u2014 Nova Iorque, 10 de dezembro de 1934) foi um patologista estadunidense. Smith estudou na Universidade Cornell e trabalhou depois no Minist\u00E9rio da Agricultura dos Estados Unidos. Depois lecionou na Universidade George Washington. De 1896 a 1915 foi professor de patologia comparada na Universidade Harvard. De 1915 a 1929 foi diretor do Departamento de Patologia Animal da Universidade Rockefeller."@pt . "Copley Medal"@en . . . . "Theobald Smith FRS(For) HFRSE (July 31, 1859 \u2013 December 10, 1934) was a pioneering epidemiologist, bacteriologist, pathologist and professor. Smith is widely considered to be America's first internationally-significant medical research scientist. Smith's research work included the study of babesiosis (originally known as Texas cattle fever) and the more-general epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by tick borne diseases. He also described the bacterium Salmonella enterica (formerly called Salmonella choleraesuis), a species of Salmonella, named for the Bureau of Animal Industry chief Daniel E. Salmon. Additional work in studying the phenomena of anaphylaxis led to it being referred to as the Theobald Smith phenomenon. Smith's contribution that is well known even by many laypeople is called the \"law of declining virulence\". This is based on his disproved notion that there is a \u201Cdelicate equilibrium\u201D between host and pathogen and that they develop a \"mutually benign relationship\" over time. This was at most an educated guess (in other words a hypothesis) and never became a scientific theory, but it became accepted as conventional wisdom and was even called the \"law of declining virulence\". It has been disproved and replaced by the trade-off model, which explains that each host-pathogen relationship must be considered separately and that there is no general pattern that predicts how each of these relationships will develop, and definitely no inevitability of decreased virulence. Smith taught at Columbian University (now George Washington University) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States. He later worked at Harvard University and the Rockefeller Institute. He was a trustee of the Carnegie Institution from 1914 until his death in 1934."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Manson Medal"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (31 juillet 1859 \u00E0 Albany (New York) - 10 d\u00E9cembre 1934 \u00E0 New York) est un pionnier am\u00E9ricain en \u00E9pid\u00E9miologie, bact\u00E9riologie et en anatomopathologie. Il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le premier scientifique am\u00E9ricain majeur dans le domaine de la recherche m\u00E9dicale. En 1933, un an avant sa mort, Smith a re\u00E7u la M\u00E9daille Copley de la Royal Society \u00AB pour ses travaux de recherche et d'observation originaux des maladies animales et humaines \u00BB."@fr . . . . . . . . "Theobald Smith (* 31. Juli 1859 in Albany, New York; \u2020 10. Dezember 1934 in New York City, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Pathologe. Smith studierte an der Cornell University und arbeitete sp\u00E4ter im Landwirtschaftsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Danach lehrte er an der Columbian University, Washington, D.C. (jetzt George Washington University). Von 1896 bis 1915 war er Professor f\u00FCr vergleichende Pathologie an der Harvard University. Anschlie\u00DFend war er von 1915 bis 1929 Direktor des Department of Animal Pathology am Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (jetzt Rockefeller University)."@de . . . . . . "Theobald Smith"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u897F\u5965\u535A\u5C14\u5FB7\u00B7\u53F2\u5BC6\u65AF"@zh . . . "\u062B\u064A\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062F \u0633\u0645\u064A\u062B (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Theobald Smith)\u200F (31 \u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0648 1859 - 10 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1934) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u064A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064A\u062D\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629."@ar . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u043C\u0438\u0442 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Theobald Smith; 31 \u0438\u044E\u043B\u044F 1859 \u2014 10 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1934) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043F\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0440. \u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u044B\u043C-\u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1908), \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (1932)."@ru . . "1859-07-31"^^ . . . .