. . . . . "Tr\u00E9ithe leictreacha damhna a bhraitheann ar an teocht. I dteirmeach\u00FApla (dh\u00E1 shreang \u00E9ags\u00FAla miotail, iarann is copar, mar shampla, agus na cinn greamaithe le ch\u00E9ile), gintear difr\u00EDocht poit\u00E9insil idir an d\u00E1 chomhchumar m\u00E1 bh\u00EDonn ceann amh\u00E1in in \u00E1it fhuar is an ceann eile in \u00E1it the. Tugtar iarmhairt Seebeck air seo, as an bhfisiceoir Gearm\u00E1nach Thomas Seebeck a d'fhionn \u00E9 i 1821. In iarmhairt Peltier (as an bhfisiceoir Francach Jean Peltier a d'fhionn \u00ED i 1834), m\u00E1 thiom\u00E1intear teirmeach\u00FApla sa treo eile, is \u00E9 sin, m\u00E1 sheoltar sruth leictreach timpeall an ch\u00FApla, fuara\u00EDtear comhchumar amh\u00E1in, agus \u00FAs\u00E1idtear a leith\u00E9id chun cuisneoir gan aon chomhph\u00E1irt gluaiste a dh\u00E9anamh."@ga . . . . . "Zjawisko termoelektryczne \u2013 efekt bezpo\u015Bredniej transformacji napi\u0119cia elektrycznego wyst\u0119puj\u0105cego mi\u0119dzy dwoma punktami uk\u0142adu cia\u0142 na r\u00F3\u017Cnic\u0119 temperatur mi\u0119dzy tymi punktami, lub odwrotnie: r\u00F3\u017Cnicy temperatur na napi\u0119cie elektryczne. Zjawisko to jest wykorzystywane do \n* ogrzewania, \n* ch\u0142odzenia, \n* pomiaru temperatury. Poniewa\u017C napi\u0119ciem elektrycznym \u0142atwo jest sterowa\u0107 i mo\u017Cna je dok\u0142adnie rejestrowa\u0107, urz\u0105dzenia wykorzystuj\u0105ce zjawisko termoelektryczne pozwalaj\u0105 na bardzo precyzyjn\u0105 kontrol\u0119 temperatury i na automatyzacj\u0119 proces\u00F3w ch\u0142odzenia i ogrzewania. W zale\u017Cno\u015Bci od kierunku transformacji zjawiska termoelektryczne dzieli si\u0119 na: \n* zjawisko Seebecka \u2013 powstanie si\u0142y termoelektrycznej w zamkni\u0119tym obwodzie sk\u0142adaj\u0105cym si\u0119 z dw\u00F3ch r\u00F3\u017Cnych metali, o ile miejsca styku tych metali znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w r\u00F3\u017Cnych temperaturach, \n* zjawisko Peltiera \u2013 gdy pr\u0105d elektryczny przep\u0142ywa przez miejsce z\u0142\u0105czenia dw\u00F3ch r\u00F3\u017Cnych metali, to zale\u017Cnie od kierunku przep\u0142ywu z\u0142\u0105cze to nagrzewa si\u0119 lub ozi\u0119bia, \n* zjawisko Thomsona \u2013 nagrzewanie lub ozi\u0119bianie pod wp\u0142ywem przep\u0142ywu pr\u0105du wyst\u0119puj\u0105ce r\u00F3wnie\u017C w jednorodnym przewodniku, kt\u00F3rego ko\u0144ce znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w r\u00F3\u017Cnych temperaturach."@pl . . "Zjawisko termoelektryczne"@pl . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044C\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u041A \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F: \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0417\u0435\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0430 \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u041F\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0442\u044C\u0435 \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0422\u043E\u043C\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0412 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u0438 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u044B \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B, \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 (\u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438). \u0410\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u044D\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441 \u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439; \u043F\u043E\u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043E\u043D\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u71B1\u96FB\u6548\u61C9"@zh . . . "Els efectes termoel\u00E8ctrics s\u00F3n aquells pel quals es genera una difer\u00E8ncia de temperatura en aplicar una difer\u00E8ncia de potencial o viceversa. S'aplica especialment als efectes Seebeck, Petier i Thomson."@ca . "Seebeckeffekt, termoelektrisk effekt, best\u00E5r i att en elektromotorisk kraft uppst\u00E5r i en sluten krets, best\u00E5ende av tv\u00E5 eller flera hopl\u00F6dda tr\u00E5dar av olika metaller, n\u00E4r l\u00F6dst\u00E4llena har olika temperatur. Uppt\u00E4ckt av tysken Thomas Seebeck"@sv . . "Efek termoelektrik"@in . "Esta p\u00E1gina es acerca del efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico como fen\u00F3meno f\u00EDsico. Para aplicaciones del efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico, ver termoelectricidad. El efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico es la conversi\u00F3n de la diferencia de temperatura a voltaje el\u00E9ctrico y viceversa. Un dispositivo termoel\u00E9ctrico crea un voltaje cuando hay una diferencia de temperatura a cada lado. Por el contrario cuando se le aplica un voltaje, crea una diferencia de temperatura (conocido como efecto Peltier). A escala at\u00F3mica (en especial, portadores de carga), un gradiente de temperatura aplicado provoca portadores cargados en el material, si hay electrones o huecos, para difundir desde el lado caliente al lado fr\u00EDo, similar a un gas cl\u00E1sico que se expande cuando se calienta; por consiguiente, la corriente es inducida termalmente. Este efecto se puede usar para generar electricidad, medir temperatura, enfriar objetos, o calentarlos o cocinarlos. Dado que la direcci\u00F3n de calentamiento o enfriamiento es determinada por el signo del voltaje aplicado, los dispositivos termoel\u00E9ctricos pueden ser controladores de temperatura muy convenientes. Tradicionalmente, el t\u00E9rmino efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico o termoelectricidad abarca tres efectos identificados separadamente, el efecto Seebeck, el efecto Peltier, y el efecto Thomson. En muchos libros de texto, el efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico puede llamarse efecto Peltier-Seebeck. Esta separaci\u00F3n proviene de descubrimientos independientes del f\u00EDsico franc\u00E9s Jean Peltier y del f\u00EDsico estonio-alem\u00E1n Thomas Johann Seebeck. El efecto Joule, el calor generado cuando se aplica un voltaje a trav\u00E9s de un material resistivo, es fen\u00F3meno relacionado, aunque no se denomine generalmente un efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico (y se considera usualmente como un mecanismo de p\u00E9rdida debido a la no idealidad de los dispositivos termoel\u00E9ctricos). Los efectos Peltier-Seebeck y Thomson pueden en principio ser termodin\u00E1micamente reversibles, mientras que el calentamiento Joule no lo es. Fen\u00F3meno termoel\u00E9ctrico : el efecto de una transformaci\u00F3n directa del voltaje el\u00E9ctrico que ocurre entre dos puntos del sistema corporal en la diferencia de temperatura entre estos puntos, o viceversa: la diferencia de temperatura en voltaje el\u00E9ctrico. Este fen\u00F3meno se utiliza para \n* calefacci\u00F3n, \n* enfriamiento, \n* medici\u00F3n de temperatura Dado que el voltaje el\u00E9ctrico es f\u00E1cil de controlar y se puede registrar con precisi\u00F3n, los dispositivos que utilizan el efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico permiten un control de temperatura muy preciso y la automatizaci\u00F3n de los procesos de refrigeraci\u00F3n y calefacci\u00F3n. Dependiendo de la direcci\u00F3n de transformaci\u00F3n, los fen\u00F3menos termoel\u00E9ctricos se dividen en: \n* Efecto Seebeck : la formaci\u00F3n de una fuerza termoel\u00E9ctrica en un circuito cerrado que consta de dos metales diferentes, siempre que los puntos de contacto de estos metales est\u00E9n a diferentes temperaturas, \n* Efecto Peltier : cuando la corriente el\u00E9ctrica fluye a trav\u00E9s de la uni\u00F3n de dos metales diferentes, la uni\u00F3n se calienta o se enfr\u00EDa, dependiendo de la direcci\u00F3n del flujo. \n* Fen\u00F3meno de Thomson : calentamiento o enfriamiento debido al flujo de corriente que tambi\u00E9n ocurre en un conductor homog\u00E9neo, cuyos extremos est\u00E1n a diferentes temperaturas."@es . "Thermo-elektrisch effect"@nl . . . . . "The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side. This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure temperature or change the temperature of objects. Because the direction of heating and cooling is affected by the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be used as temperature controllers. The term \"thermoelectric effect\" encompasses three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The Seebeck and Peltier effects are different manifestations of the same physical process; textbooks may refer to this process as the Peltier\u2013Seebeck effect (the separation derives from the independent discoveries by French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier and Baltic German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck). The Thomson effect is an extension of the Peltier\u2013Seebeck model and is credited to Lord Kelvin. Joule heating, the heat that is generated whenever a current is passed through a conductive material, is not generally termed a thermoelectric effect. The Peltier\u2013Seebeck and Thomson effects are thermodynamically reversible, whereas Joule heating is not."@en . "\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThermoelectric effect\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u7531\u6E29\u5DEE\u4EA7\u751F\u7535\u538B\u7684\u76F4\u63A5\u8F6C\u6362\uFF0C\u4E14\u53CD\u4E4B\u4EA6\u7136\u3002\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u653E\u7F6E\u4E00\u4E2A\u70ED\u7535\u88C5\u7F6E\uFF0C\u5F53\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u4E24\u7AEF\u6709\u6E29\u5DEE\u65F6\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\uFF0C\u800C\u5F53\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\u65BD\u52A0\u4E8E\u5176\u4E0A\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4E5F\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E00\u4E2A\u6E29\u5DEE\u3002\u8FD9\u4E2A\u6548\u5E94\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u6765\u4EA7\u751F\u7535\u80FD\u3001\u6D4B\u91CF\u6E29\u5EA6\uFF0C\u51B7\u5374\u6216\u52A0\u70ED\u7269\u4F53\u3002\u56E0\u4E3A\u8FD9\u4E2A\u52A0\u70ED\u6216\u5236\u51B7\u7684\u65B9\u5411\u53D6\u6C7A\u4E8E\u65BD\u52A0\u7684\u7535\u538B\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u88C5\u7F6E\u8BA9\u6E29\u5EA6\u63A7\u5236\u53D8\u5F97\u975E\u5E38\u7684\u5BB9\u6613\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u8FD9\u4E2A\u672F\u8BED\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u4E09\u4E2A\u5206\u522B\u7ECF\u5B9A\u4E49\u8FC7\u7684\u6548\u5E94\uFF0C\u8D5B\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Seebeck effect\uFF0C\u7531Thomas Johann Seebeck\u53D1\u73B0 \u3002\uFF09\u3001\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Peltier effect\uFF0C\u7531Jean-Charles Peltier\u53D1\u73B0\u3002\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E0E\u6C64\u59C6\u68EE\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Thomson effect\uFF0C\u7531\u5A01\u5EC9\u00B7\u6C64\u59C6\u5B59\u53D1\u73B0\uFF09\u3002\u5728\u5F88\u591A\u6559\u79D1\u4E66\u4E0A\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16-\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Peltier\u2013Seebeck effect\uFF09\u3002\u5B83\u540C\u65F6\u7531\u6CD5\u56FD\u7269\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6\u8B93\u00B7\u67E5\u723E\u65AF\u00B7\u4F69\u723E\u8482\uFF08Jean Charles Athanase Peltier\uFF09\u4E0E\u7231\u6C99\u5C3C\u4E9A\u88D4\u5FB7\u56FD\u7269\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6 \u6258\u9A6C\u65AF\u00B7\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\uFF08Thomas Johann Seebeck\uFF09\u5206\u5225\u72EC\u7ACB\u53D1\u73B0\u3002\u8FD8\u6709\u4E00\u4E2A\u672F\u8BED\u53EB\u7126\u8033\u70ED\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u8AAA\u7576\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\u901A\u8FC7\u4E00\u4E2A\u963B\u6297\u7269\u8D28\u4E0A\uFF0C\u5373\u6703\u7522\u751F\u71B1\uFF0C\u5B83\u662F\u591A\u5C11\u6709\u5173\u7CFB\u7684\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u5B83\u4E0D\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u666E\u901A\u7684\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u672F\u8BED\uFF08\u7531\u65BC\u70ED\u7535\u88DD\u7F6E\u7684\u975E\u7406\u60F3\u6027\uFF0C\u5B83\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u89C6\u4E3A\u4E00\u4E2A\u4EA7\u751F\u635F\u8017\u7684\u88C5\u7F6E\uFF09\u3002\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16-\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\u4E0E\u6C64\u59C6\u5B59\u6548\u5E94\u662F\u70ED\u529B\u5B66\u53EF\u9006\u7684\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u7126\u8033\u70ED\u662F\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u7684\u3002"@zh . . . "\uB450 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC744 \uC811\uC18D\uD574\uC11C \uD3D0\uD68C\uB85C\uB97C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uACE0 \uADF8 \uB450 \uC811\uD569\uBD80\uB97C \uC11C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB978 \uC628\uB3C4\uB85C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uBA74 \uD68C\uB85C\uC5D0 \uC804\uB958\uAC00 \uD750\uB978\uB2E4. \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC758 \uC870\uD569\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC804\uB958\uC758 \uBC29\uD5A5\uC774 \uBCC0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 1821\uB144\uC5D0 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC758 Seebeck\uC774 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBC1C\uACAC\uD55C \uAC83\uC774\uBBC0\uB85C \uC81C\uBCA1\uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC81C\uBCA1\uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uD68C\uB85C\uC5D0 \uC5F4\uAE30\uC804\uB825\uC774 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uACFC \uAD00\uB828\uC774 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC778\uB370, \uB450 \uC811\uD569\uBD80\uC758 \uC628\uB3C4\uCC28 \u25B3T\uAC00 \uC791\uC744 \uB54C \uAE30\uC804\uB825\uC740 \u25B3T\uC5D0 \uBE44\uB840\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB610 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uB450 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC744 \uC811\uC18D\uD574\uC11C \uC804\uB958\uB97C \uD758\uB9AC\uBA74 \uC811\uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uC8FC\uC6B8\uC5F4 \uC774\uC678\uC758 \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD \uBC0F \uD761\uC218\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 1834\uB144\uC5D0 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 Peltier\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBC1C\uACAC\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uD3A0\uD2F0\uC5D0 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD3A0\uD2F0\uC5D0 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uAE08\uC18D \uB0B4\uC5D0 \uC804\uB958\uAC00 \uD750\uB97C \uB54C \uC5F4\uB958\uAC00 \uD568\uAED8 \uD750\uB974\uACE0, \uC591 \uAE08\uC18D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F4\uB958\uAC00 \uC0C1\uB4F1\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uC811\uC18D\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD \uB610\uB294 \uD761\uC218\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB294 \uAC83\uCC98\uB7FC \uBCF4\uC778\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD574\uC11D\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uACFC \uD761\uC218\uB294 \uAC00\uC5ED\uC801\uC774\uC5B4\uC11C \uD55C \uCABD\uC774 \uBC1C\uC5F4\uD558\uBA74, \uB2E4\uB978 \uCABD\uC740 \uD761\uC5F4\uD558\uBA70 \uC804\uB958\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uD558\uBA74 \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC740 \uD761\uC218\uB85C, \uD761\uC218\uB294 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC73C\uB85C \uBCC0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "Fenomeno termoelektriko edo termoelektrizitate deitzen zaie Lord Kelvinek aurkitutako hiru fenomenori zeintzuk Thomsonen harremanengatik euren artean erlazionaturik dauden: , eta . Tenperatura ezberdinetan bi metal desberdin kontaktuan jartzen direnean lotura bimetalikoa eratuz, batasunaren bi aldeen artean indar elektroeragile bat sortzen da. Fenomeno horri Seebeck efektua deritzo, eta termopareen funtzionamenduaren oinarria da; termometro mota hori etxeko gailuetan, hala nola sukaldeetan, berogailuetan eta ur-berogailuetan, gas-fluxua kontrolatzeko erabiltzen da."@eu . . . . . . "Termoelektrizitate"@eu . "The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side."@en . . "Het thermo-elektrisch effect of peltier-seebeckeffect is een temperatuureffect dat optreedt op de overgang tussen twee verschillende metalen. Het thermo-elektrische effect kan twee kanten op werken."@nl . . . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044C\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u041A \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F: \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0417\u0435\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0430 \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u041F\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0442\u044C\u0435 \n* \u042D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0422\u043E\u043C\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0412 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u0438 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u044B \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B, \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 (\u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438)."@ru . . "448321"^^ . . . . "Tr\u00E9ithe leictreacha damhna a bhraitheann ar an teocht. I dteirmeach\u00FApla (dh\u00E1 shreang \u00E9ags\u00FAla miotail, iarann is copar, mar shampla, agus na cinn greamaithe le ch\u00E9ile), gintear difr\u00EDocht poit\u00E9insil idir an d\u00E1 chomhchumar m\u00E1 bh\u00EDonn ceann amh\u00E1in in \u00E1it fhuar is an ceann eile in \u00E1it the. Tugtar iarmhairt Seebeck air seo, as an bhfisiceoir Gearm\u00E1nach Thomas Seebeck a d'fhionn \u00E9 i 1821. In iarmhairt Peltier (as an bhfisiceoir Francach Jean Peltier a d'fhionn \u00ED i 1834), m\u00E1 thiom\u00E1intear teirmeach\u00FApla sa treo eile, is \u00E9 sin, m\u00E1 sheoltar sruth leictreach timpeall an ch\u00FApla, fuara\u00EDtear comhchumar amh\u00E1in, agus \u00FAs\u00E1idtear a leith\u00E9id chun cuisneoir gan aon chomhph\u00E1irt gluaiste a dh\u00E9anamh."@ga . "28106"^^ . "\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThermoelectric effect\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u7531\u6E29\u5DEE\u4EA7\u751F\u7535\u538B\u7684\u76F4\u63A5\u8F6C\u6362\uFF0C\u4E14\u53CD\u4E4B\u4EA6\u7136\u3002\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u653E\u7F6E\u4E00\u4E2A\u70ED\u7535\u88C5\u7F6E\uFF0C\u5F53\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u4E24\u7AEF\u6709\u6E29\u5DEE\u65F6\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\uFF0C\u800C\u5F53\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\u65BD\u52A0\u4E8E\u5176\u4E0A\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4E5F\u4F1A\u4EA7\u751F\u4E00\u4E2A\u6E29\u5DEE\u3002\u8FD9\u4E2A\u6548\u5E94\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u6765\u4EA7\u751F\u7535\u80FD\u3001\u6D4B\u91CF\u6E29\u5EA6\uFF0C\u51B7\u5374\u6216\u52A0\u70ED\u7269\u4F53\u3002\u56E0\u4E3A\u8FD9\u4E2A\u52A0\u70ED\u6216\u5236\u51B7\u7684\u65B9\u5411\u53D6\u6C7A\u4E8E\u65BD\u52A0\u7684\u7535\u538B\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u88C5\u7F6E\u8BA9\u6E29\u5EA6\u63A7\u5236\u53D8\u5F97\u975E\u5E38\u7684\u5BB9\u6613\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u8FD9\u4E2A\u672F\u8BED\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u4E09\u4E2A\u5206\u522B\u7ECF\u5B9A\u4E49\u8FC7\u7684\u6548\u5E94\uFF0C\u8D5B\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Seebeck effect\uFF0C\u7531Thomas Johann Seebeck\u53D1\u73B0 \u3002\uFF09\u3001\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Peltier effect\uFF0C\u7531Jean-Charles Peltier\u53D1\u73B0\u3002\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E0E\u6C64\u59C6\u68EE\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Thomson effect\uFF0C\u7531\u5A01\u5EC9\u00B7\u6C64\u59C6\u5B59\u53D1\u73B0\uFF09\u3002\u5728\u5F88\u591A\u6559\u79D1\u4E66\u4E0A\uFF0C\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16-\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\uFF08Peltier\u2013Seebeck effect\uFF09\u3002\u5B83\u540C\u65F6\u7531\u6CD5\u56FD\u7269\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6\u8B93\u00B7\u67E5\u723E\u65AF\u00B7\u4F69\u723E\u8482\uFF08Jean Charles Athanase Peltier\uFF09\u4E0E\u7231\u6C99\u5C3C\u4E9A\u88D4\u5FB7\u56FD\u7269\u7406\u5B66\u5BB6 \u6258\u9A6C\u65AF\u00B7\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\uFF08Thomas Johann Seebeck\uFF09\u5206\u5225\u72EC\u7ACB\u53D1\u73B0\u3002\u8FD8\u6709\u4E00\u4E2A\u672F\u8BED\u53EB\u7126\u8033\u70ED\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u8AAA\u7576\u4E00\u4E2A\u7535\u538B\u901A\u8FC7\u4E00\u4E2A\u963B\u6297\u7269\u8D28\u4E0A\uFF0C\u5373\u6703\u7522\u751F\u71B1\uFF0C\u5B83\u662F\u591A\u5C11\u6709\u5173\u7CFB\u7684\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u5B83\u4E0D\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u666E\u901A\u7684\u70ED\u7535\u6548\u5E94\u672F\u8BED\uFF08\u7531\u65BC\u70ED\u7535\u88DD\u7F6E\u7684\u975E\u7406\u60F3\u6027\uFF0C\u5B83\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u89C6\u4E3A\u4E00\u4E2A\u4EA7\u751F\u635F\u8017\u7684\u88C5\u7F6E\uFF09\u3002\u5E15\u5C14\u5E16-\u585E\u8D1D\u514B\u6548\u5E94\u4E0E\u6C64\u59C6\u5B59\u6548\u5E94\u662F\u70ED\u529B\u5B66\u53EF\u9006\u7684\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u7126\u8033\u70ED\u662F\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u7684\u3002"@zh . "Seebeckeffekt"@sv . . "Seebeckeffekt, termoelektrisk effekt, best\u00E5r i att en elektromotorisk kraft uppst\u00E5r i en sluten krets, best\u00E5ende av tv\u00E5 eller flera hopl\u00F6dda tr\u00E5dar av olika metaller, n\u00E4r l\u00F6dst\u00E4llena har olika temperatur. Uppt\u00E4ckt av tysken Thomas Seebeck"@sv . . . "Efeito termoel\u00E9trico"@pt . . "Iarmhairt\u00ED teirmileictreacha"@ga . . . . . . "\u71B1\u96FB\u52B9\u679C\uFF08\u306D\u3064\u3067\u3093\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3001\u82F1: thermoelectric effect\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u4F1D\u5C0E\u4F53\u3084\u534A\u5C0E\u4F53\u306A\u3069\u306E\u91D1\u5C5E\u4E2D\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u306E\u71B1\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u3068\u96FB\u6D41\u306E\u96FB\u6C17\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u304C\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u53CA\u307C\u3057\u5408\u3046\u52B9\u679C\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0628\u0631\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A. \u0648 \u0647\u064A \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064A\u0644\u062A\u064A\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u062A\u064A\u064A\u0647 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644 r \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0646\u0627) \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0641\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627 \u062C\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062E\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062F\u0629.\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629."@ar . . "Els efectes termoel\u00E8ctrics s\u00F3n aquells pel quals es genera una difer\u00E8ncia de temperatura en aplicar una difer\u00E8ncia de potencial o viceversa. S'aplica especialment als efectes Seebeck, Petier i Thomson."@ca . . . "Peltier-Seebeck\u016Fv jev (nebo tak\u00E9 termoelektrick\u00FD jev) je p\u0159\u00EDmou p\u0159em\u011Bnou rozd\u00EDlu teplot na elektrick\u00E9 nap\u011Bt\u00ED a naopak. Peltier\u016Fv jev a Seebeck\u016Fv jev jsou vlastn\u011B opaky sebe navz\u00E1jem. Mezi souvisej\u00EDc\u00ED jevy pat\u0159\u00ED Thomson\u016Fv jev a oh\u0159ev Jouleov\u00FDm teplem.[zdroj?!] Peltier-Seebeck\u016Fv jev i Thomson\u016Fv jev jsou vratn\u00E9, zat\u00EDmco oh\u0159ev jouleov\u00FDm teplem nem\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt vratn\u00FDm procesem podle z\u00E1kon\u016F termodynamiky. Tento jev se pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 ke generov\u00E1n\u00ED elekt\u0159iny, k m\u011B\u0159en\u00ED elekt\u0159iny, nebo k chlazen\u00ED objekt\u016F. Pon\u011Bvad\u017E \u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED oh\u0159evu a chlazen\u00ED je ur\u010Deno velikost\u00ED pou\u017Eit\u00E9ho nap\u011Bt\u00ED, za\u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED pracuj\u00EDc\u00ED na termoelektrick\u00E9m jevu jsou vhodn\u00E9 tam, kde je po\u017Eadov\u00E1na kontrola teploty."@cs . . . . "Zjawisko termoelektryczne \u2013 efekt bezpo\u015Bredniej transformacji napi\u0119cia elektrycznego wyst\u0119puj\u0105cego mi\u0119dzy dwoma punktami uk\u0142adu cia\u0142 na r\u00F3\u017Cnic\u0119 temperatur mi\u0119dzy tymi punktami, lub odwrotnie: r\u00F3\u017Cnicy temperatur na napi\u0119cie elektryczne. Zjawisko to jest wykorzystywane do \n* ogrzewania, \n* ch\u0142odzenia, \n* pomiaru temperatury. Poniewa\u017C napi\u0119ciem elektrycznym \u0142atwo jest sterowa\u0107 i mo\u017Cna je dok\u0142adnie rejestrowa\u0107, urz\u0105dzenia wykorzystuj\u0105ce zjawisko termoelektryczne pozwalaj\u0105 na bardzo precyzyjn\u0105 kontrol\u0119 temperatury i na automatyzacj\u0119 proces\u00F3w ch\u0142odzenia i ogrzewania."@pl . . "Termoelektrick\u00FD jev"@cs . . "Thermoelectric effect"@en . . . "Het thermo-elektrisch effect of peltier-seebeckeffect is een temperatuureffect dat optreedt op de overgang tussen twee verschillende metalen. Het thermo-elektrische effect kan twee kanten op werken."@nl . . . "Esta p\u00E1gina es acerca del efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico como fen\u00F3meno f\u00EDsico. Para aplicaciones del efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico, ver termoelectricidad. El efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico es la conversi\u00F3n de la diferencia de temperatura a voltaje el\u00E9ctrico y viceversa. Un dispositivo termoel\u00E9ctrico crea un voltaje cuando hay una diferencia de temperatura a cada lado. Por el contrario cuando se le aplica un voltaje, crea una diferencia de temperatura (conocido como efecto Peltier). A escala at\u00F3mica (en especial, portadores de carga), un gradiente de temperatura aplicado provoca portadores cargados en el material, si hay electrones o huecos, para difundir desde el lado caliente al lado fr\u00EDo, similar a un gas cl\u00E1sico que se expande cuando se calienta; por consiguiente, la corriente es inducida termalmente."@es . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449, \u043E\u0431\u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043E\u0437\u0432\u2032\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438. \u0413\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u044C \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0446\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043E\u044E. \u0414\u043E \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C: \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0417\u0435\u0454\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0443. \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u041F\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0442\u044C\u0454 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0447\u0438 \u043E\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443. \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0422\u043E\u043C\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u0456\u0446\u0456. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0438\u043C\u0456\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0430\u0445, \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u0446\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0445\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0439 (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434, \u0443 \u043A\u043E\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0456). \u041F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E."@uk . "Efecto termoel\u00E9ctrico"@es . "1124100487"^^ . . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449, \u043E\u0431\u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043E\u0437\u0432\u2032\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438. \u0413\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u044C \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0446\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043E\u044E. \u0414\u043E \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C: \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0417\u0435\u0454\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0443. \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u041F\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0442\u044C\u0454 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0447\u0438 \u043E\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443. \n* \u0415\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0422\u043E\u043C\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A."@uk . . "\u0398\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2"@el . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . . . . . "\uC5F4\uC804 \uD6A8\uACFC"@ko . . . . . "O efeito termoel\u00E9trico \u00E9 a convers\u00E3o direta da diferen\u00E7a de temperatura em tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica e vice-versa. Um dispositivo termoel\u00E9trico cria uma tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica quando h\u00E1 uma diferen\u00E7a de temperatura entre seus lados. Quando acontece o contr\u00E1rio, ou seja, lhe \u00E9 aplicada uma tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica, cria-se uma diferen\u00E7a de temperatura (fen\u00F4meno conhecido como efeito Peltier). Analisando este efeito na escala at\u00F4mica (em especial, part\u00EDculas portadoras de carga el\u00E9trica), quando \u00E9 aplicado um gradiente de temperatura em el\u00E9trons ou espa\u00E7os vazios em um metal para diferenciar o lado quente do frio, ocorre a passagem de uma corrente el\u00E9trica que foi induzida termicamente. O efeito de movimenta\u00E7\u00E3o das cargas el\u00E9tricas \u00E9 semelhante ao de quando se aquece um g\u00E1s, que se expande para qualquer lugar, geralm"@pt . . . . . "Effet thermo\u00E9lectrique"@fr . . . "\u71B1\u96FB\u52B9\u679C"@ja . . "Fenomeno termoelektriko edo termoelektrizitate deitzen zaie Lord Kelvinek aurkitutako hiru fenomenori zeintzuk Thomsonen harremanengatik euren artean erlazionaturik dauden: , eta . Tenperatura ezberdinetan bi metal desberdin kontaktuan jartzen direnean lotura bimetalikoa eratuz, batasunaren bi aldeen artean indar elektroeragile bat sortzen da. Fenomeno horri Seebeck efektua deritzo, eta termopareen funtzionamenduaren oinarria da; termometro mota hori etxeko gailuetan, hala nola sukaldeetan, berogailuetan eta ur-berogailuetan, gas-fluxua kontrolatzeko erabiltzen da. Lotura bimetaliko batetik korrontea zirkularazten denean, loturaren tenperatura konstante mantentzeko, beroa eman edo atera behar da, zirkulazioaren noranzkoaren arabera. Fenomeno horri Peltier efektua deitzen zaio, eta aplikazio praktikoa du hozteko gailu txikietan. Gasen konpresio eta deskonpresioan oinarritutako hozkailuek ez bezala, higatzen diren zati mugikorrik ez izatearen abantaila du. William Thomson, lord Kelvinek aurkitutako fenomenoa, Thomson deiturikoa ez da hain ezaguna. Korronte bat zeharkako sekzio konstanteko eroale homogeneo batetik igarotzen denean, non tenperatura-gradiente bat ezarri den, tenperaturaren banaketa aldaezina izateko eroalearen beroa eman edo atera behar da ."@eu . . . . . . . . . "Efek termoelektrik adalah suatu fenomena fisika dalam bentuk perubahan energi listrik menjadi energi kalor atau sebaliknya. Pemanfataan dari termoelektrik adalah sebagai prinsip utama dalam pembuatan pembangkit listrik atau modul pada alat pendinginan maupun pemanas. Berdasarkan fenomena yang dihasilkan, kegunaan efek termoelektrik dibagi menjadi generator termoelektrik dan pendingin termoelektrik. Bentuk modul termoelektrik berbentuk segi empat dengan ketebalan tertentu. Efek termoelektrik mengubah tegangan listrik arus searah untuk menghasilkan perbedaan temperatur. Sebaliknya, perbedaan temperatur akibat efek termoelektrik dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan tegangan listrik arus searah. Keluaran modul termoelektrik terbagi menjadi dua sisi yang temperatur yang tinggi (panas) dan temperatur yang rendah (dingin)."@in . "\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629"@ar . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430"@uk . . "\u0398\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC. \u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AE \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF. \u03A4\u03BF \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C1\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1. \u03A6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BC\u03AD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03AD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u0388\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9 \u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03B7 \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03CD\u03BD\u03B4\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B6\u03B5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7 \u03C8\u03C5\u03C7\u03C1\u03AE, \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B3\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03AD\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C1\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1. \u0397 \u03AD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C1\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03B2\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03BF\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03B4\u03AD\u03BA\u03C4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C4\u03C1\u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF."@el . . . . . "Peltier-Seebeck\u016Fv jev (nebo tak\u00E9 termoelektrick\u00FD jev) je p\u0159\u00EDmou p\u0159em\u011Bnou rozd\u00EDlu teplot na elektrick\u00E9 nap\u011Bt\u00ED a naopak. Peltier\u016Fv jev a Seebeck\u016Fv jev jsou vlastn\u011B opaky sebe navz\u00E1jem. Mezi souvisej\u00EDc\u00ED jevy pat\u0159\u00ED Thomson\u016Fv jev a oh\u0159ev Jouleov\u00FDm teplem.[zdroj?!] Peltier-Seebeck\u016Fv jev i Thomson\u016Fv jev jsou vratn\u00E9, zat\u00EDmco oh\u0159ev jouleov\u00FDm teplem nem\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt vratn\u00FDm procesem podle z\u00E1kon\u016F termodynamiky."@cs . . . "Thermoelektrischer Effekt"@de . . . "Efek termoelektrik adalah suatu fenomena fisika dalam bentuk perubahan energi listrik menjadi energi kalor atau sebaliknya. Pemanfataan dari termoelektrik adalah sebagai prinsip utama dalam pembuatan pembangkit listrik atau modul pada alat pendinginan maupun pemanas. Berdasarkan fenomena yang dihasilkan, kegunaan efek termoelektrik dibagi menjadi generator termoelektrik dan pendingin termoelektrik. Bentuk modul termoelektrik berbentuk segi empat dengan ketebalan tertentu. Efek termoelektrik mengubah tegangan listrik arus searah untuk menghasilkan perbedaan temperatur. Sebaliknya, perbedaan temperatur akibat efek termoelektrik dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan tegangan listrik arus searah. Keluaran modul termoelektrik terbagi menjadi dua sisi yang temperatur yang tinggi (panas) dan temper"@in . . . "\u71B1\u96FB\u52B9\u679C\uFF08\u306D\u3064\u3067\u3093\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3001\u82F1: thermoelectric effect\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u4F1D\u5C0E\u4F53\u3084\u534A\u5C0E\u4F53\u306A\u3069\u306E\u91D1\u5C5E\u4E2D\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u306E\u71B1\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u3068\u96FB\u6D41\u306E\u96FB\u6C17\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u304C\u76F8\u4E92\u306B\u53CA\u307C\u3057\u5408\u3046\u52B9\u679C\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3002"@ja . "O efeito termoel\u00E9trico \u00E9 a convers\u00E3o direta da diferen\u00E7a de temperatura em tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica e vice-versa. Um dispositivo termoel\u00E9trico cria uma tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica quando h\u00E1 uma diferen\u00E7a de temperatura entre seus lados. Quando acontece o contr\u00E1rio, ou seja, lhe \u00E9 aplicada uma tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica, cria-se uma diferen\u00E7a de temperatura (fen\u00F4meno conhecido como efeito Peltier). Analisando este efeito na escala at\u00F4mica (em especial, part\u00EDculas portadoras de carga el\u00E9trica), quando \u00E9 aplicado um gradiente de temperatura em el\u00E9trons ou espa\u00E7os vazios em um metal para diferenciar o lado quente do frio, ocorre a passagem de uma corrente el\u00E9trica que foi induzida termicamente. O efeito de movimenta\u00E7\u00E3o das cargas el\u00E9tricas \u00E9 semelhante ao de quando se aquece um g\u00E1s, que se expande para qualquer lugar, geralmente para lugares mais frios. Este efeito de aplicar uma varia\u00E7\u00E3o de temperatura pode ser usado para gerar eletricidade, medir temperatura, esfriar objetos, aquec\u00EA-los ou trat\u00E1-los termicamente. O aquecimento ou esfriamento \u00E9 determinado pelo sentido da corrente el\u00E9trica aplicada. Dispositivos termoel\u00E9tricos produzem controladores de temperatura muito convenientes. Tradicionalmente, o termo efeito termoel\u00E9trico ou termoeletricidade abarca tr\u00EAs efeitos identificados separadamente, o efeito Seebeck, o efeito Peltier e o efeito Thomson. Em muitos livros, o efeito termoel\u00E9trico pode ser chamado de efeito Peltier-Seebeck. Esta separa\u00E7\u00E3o prov\u00E9m de descobrimentos independentes do f\u00EDsico franc\u00EAs Jean Charles Athanase Peltier e do f\u00EDsico est\u00F4nio-alem\u00E3o Thomas Johann Seebeck. No efeito Joule, o calor gerado quando se aplica uma tens\u00E3o el\u00E9trica atrav\u00E9s de um material resistente, \u00E9 em fen\u00F4meno relacionado, mas geralmente n\u00E3o se denomina um efeito termoel\u00E9trico, e se considera usualmente como um mecanismo de perda devido \u00E0 n\u00E3o idealidade dos dispositivos termoel\u00E9tricos). Os efeitos Peltier-Seebeck e Thomson podem, em princ\u00EDpio, ser termodinamicamente revers\u00EDveis, enquanto o efeito Joule n\u00E3o \u00E9 revers\u00EDvel."@pt . "Efecte termoel\u00E8ctric"@ca . . . "\uB450 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC744 \uC811\uC18D\uD574\uC11C \uD3D0\uD68C\uB85C\uB97C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uACE0 \uADF8 \uB450 \uC811\uD569\uBD80\uB97C \uC11C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB978 \uC628\uB3C4\uB85C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uBA74 \uD68C\uB85C\uC5D0 \uC804\uB958\uAC00 \uD750\uB978\uB2E4. \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC758 \uC870\uD569\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC804\uB958\uC758 \uBC29\uD5A5\uC774 \uBCC0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 1821\uB144\uC5D0 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC758 Seebeck\uC774 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBC1C\uACAC\uD55C \uAC83\uC774\uBBC0\uB85C \uC81C\uBCA1\uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC81C\uBCA1\uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uD68C\uB85C\uC5D0 \uC5F4\uAE30\uC804\uB825\uC774 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uACFC \uAD00\uB828\uC774 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC778\uB370, \uB450 \uC811\uD569\uBD80\uC758 \uC628\uB3C4\uCC28 \u25B3T\uAC00 \uC791\uC744 \uB54C \uAE30\uC804\uB825\uC740 \u25B3T\uC5D0 \uBE44\uB840\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB610 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uB450 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC744 \uC811\uC18D\uD574\uC11C \uC804\uB958\uB97C \uD758\uB9AC\uBA74 \uC811\uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uC8FC\uC6B8\uC5F4 \uC774\uC678\uC758 \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD \uBC0F \uD761\uC218\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB09C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC740 1834\uB144\uC5D0 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 Peltier\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBC1C\uACAC\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uD3A0\uD2F0\uC5D0 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD3A0\uD2F0\uC5D0 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB294 \uAE08\uC18D \uB0B4\uC5D0 \uC804\uB958\uAC00 \uD750\uB97C \uB54C \uC5F4\uB958\uAC00 \uD568\uAED8 \uD750\uB974\uACE0, \uC591 \uAE08\uC18D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F4\uB958\uAC00 \uC0C1\uB4F1\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uC811\uC18D\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD \uB610\uB294 \uD761\uC218\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB294 \uAC83\uCC98\uB7FC \uBCF4\uC778\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD574\uC11D\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uACFC \uD761\uC218\uB294 \uAC00\uC5ED\uC801\uC774\uC5B4\uC11C \uD55C \uCABD\uC774 \uBC1C\uC5F4\uD558\uBA74, \uB2E4\uB978 \uCABD\uC740 \uD761\uC5F4\uD558\uBA70 \uC804\uB958\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uD558\uBA74 \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC740 \uD761\uC218\uB85C, \uD761\uC218\uB294 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC73C\uB85C \uBCC0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uD55C \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uAE08\uC18D\uC120\uC774\uB77C\uB3C4 \uC120\uC5D0 \uC628\uB3C4\uCC28\uAC00 \uC788\uC73C\uBA74 \uC804\uB958\uB97C \uD758\uB838\uC744 \uB54C \uC120 \uB0B4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC8FC\uC6B8\uC5F4 \uC774\uC678\uC5D0 \uC5F4\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD \uB610\uB294 \uD761\uC218\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 1851\uB144 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 Thomson\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBC1C\uACAC\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uC774 \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uD1B0\uC2A8\uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC758 \uC81C1, \uC81C2, \uC81C3\uBC95\uCE59\uC744 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uBA74 \uC704\uC758 \uC138 \uAC00\uC9C0 \uD604\uC0C1 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0\uB294 \uBC00\uC811\uD55C \uAD00\uACC4\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 \uD1B0\uC2A8\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C \uBA85\uBC31\uD558\uAC8C \uBC1D\uD600\uC84C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "\u0398\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC. \u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AE \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF. \u03A4\u03BF \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C1\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1. \u03A6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BC\u03AD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03AD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u0388\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9 \u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03B7 \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03CD\u03BD\u03B4\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B6\u03B5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7 \u03C8\u03C5\u03C7\u03C1\u03AE, \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B3\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03AD\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C1\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1."@el . . "\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0628\u0631\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A. \u0648 \u0647\u064A \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064A\u0644\u062A\u064A\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u062A\u064A\u064A\u0647 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644 r \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0646\u0627) \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0641\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627 \u062C\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062E\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062F\u0629.\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . .