"In linguistica, la teoria dell'albero genealogico \u00E8 una teoria secondo cui lingue imparentate possono essere classificate in una famiglia linguistica rappresentabile come un albero genealogico, la cui radice \u00E8 la lingua comune (o protolingua) antenata delle altre lingue, e dalla quale si sviluppano varie ramificazioni e sottoramificazioni, chiamate rispettivamente gruppi e sottogruppi. La teoria \u00E8 stata formulata per la prima volta nel 1861 dal linguista tedesco August Schleicher. Le carenze sostanziali della teoria sono state messe in luce da successivi studi e ad essa si \u00E8 pi\u00F9 tardi contrapposta la teoria delle onde formulata da Johannes Schmidt, allievo dello stesso August Schleicher."@it . . . . . . . . . "In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or \"mother\" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family."@en . "\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062C\u0631\u0629 (\u0644\u063A\u0648\u064A\u0627\u062A)"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "1123566779"^^ . . . . . . "Teoria dell'albero genealogico"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Stammbaumtheorie in der Linguistik wurde von August Schleicher Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts entwickelt. Er ging davon aus, dass sich Sprachen analog der Evolution biologischer Arten aus Ursprachen (Protosprache) entwickeln. Danach verhalten sich die Beziehungen und Verwandtschaftsverh\u00E4ltnisse zwischen Sprachen genau so wie die Relationen der Arten in der Biologie, die sich in Form von phylogenetischen Stammb\u00E4umen darstellen lassen."@de . . . . . . . . "43987"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0648\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u064A\u0629\u060C \u064A\u0639\u062F \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062C\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627\u064B \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062F\u064A) \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u062C\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u062C\u0631\u0629 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062F\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060C \u064A\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062C\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0642\u062F \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u060C \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0643 \u064A\u0646\u062A\u0645\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629."@ar . . . . . "Stammbaumtheorie"@de . . . "\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u8AAC"@ja . . . . "In linguistica, la teoria dell'albero genealogico \u00E8 una teoria secondo cui lingue imparentate possono essere classificate in una famiglia linguistica rappresentabile come un albero genealogico, la cui radice \u00E8 la lingua comune (o protolingua) antenata delle altre lingue, e dalla quale si sviluppano varie ramificazioni e sottoramificazioni, chiamate rispettivamente gruppi e sottogruppi. La teoria \u00E8 stata formulata per la prima volta nel 1861 dal linguista tedesco August Schleicher."@it . "Die Stammbaumtheorie in der Linguistik wurde von August Schleicher Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts entwickelt. Er ging davon aus, dass sich Sprachen analog der Evolution biologischer Arten aus Ursprachen (Protosprache) entwickeln. Danach verhalten sich die Beziehungen und Verwandtschaftsverh\u00E4ltnisse zwischen Sprachen genau so wie die Relationen der Arten in der Biologie, die sich in Form von phylogenetischen Stammb\u00E4umen darstellen lassen."@de . . "\u5386\u53F2\u8BED\u8A00\u5B66\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6811\u6A21\u578B\u6216\u6811\u72B6\u6A21\u578B\u3001\u53D1\u751F\u6A21\u578B\u3001\u5206\u7C7B\u6A21\u578B\u662F\u4E0E\u8C31\u7CFB\u56FE\u76F8\u4F3C\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u6F14\u5316\u6A21\u578B\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u4E0E\u7269\u79CD\u6F14\u5316\u7684\u7CFB\u7EDF\u53D1\u751F\u6811\u76F8\u4F3C\u3002\u6709\u540C\u4E00\u5171\u540C\u7956\u5148\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u5C5E\u4E8E\u540C\u4E00\u4E2A\u8BED\u7CFB\u3002 \u6811\u6A21\u578B\u7531\u5FB7\u56FD\u8BED\u8A00\u5B66\u5BB6\u5FB7\u56FD\u8BED\u8A00\u5B66\u5BB6\u5965\u53E4\u65AF\u7279\u00B7\u65BD\u83B1\u8C22\u5C14\u57281853\u5E74\u63A8\u5E7F\uFF0C\u81EA\u9996\u6B21\u5C1D\u8BD5\u4EE5\u6765\u4E00\u76F4\u662F\u63CF\u8FF0\u8BED\u8A00\u95F4\u8BED\u7CFB\u5173\u7CFB\u7684\u5E38\u7528\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002\u5B83\u4E5F\u662F\u6BD4\u8F83\u8BED\u8A00\u5B66\u7684\u6838\u5FC3\uFF0C\u6D89\u53CA\u7528\u5DF2\u77E5\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u8BC1\u636E\u548C\u89C2\u5BDF\u5230\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u7279\u5F81\u6F14\u53D8\u89C4\u5F8B\u6765\u91CD\u6784\u6BCF\u4E2A\u8BED\u7CFB\u7684\u7956\u8BED\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u539F\u59CB\u5370\u6B27\u8BED\u4E0E\u5370\u6B27\u8BED\u7CFB\u3002\u4F46\u8FD9\u5728\u5F88\u5927\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u3001\u5B9A\u6027\u7684\u8FFD\u6C42\uFF0C\u8BED\u8A00\u5B66\u5BB6\u4E00\u76F4\u5F3A\u8C03\u6811\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u56FA\u6709\u5C40\u9650\u6027\uFF0C\u56E0\u4E3A\u6C34\u5E73\u8F6C\u79FB\u4E5F\u5728\u8BED\u8A00\u6F14\u5316\u7684\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u53D1\u6325\u4E86\u91CD\u8981\u4F5C\u7528\uFF0C\u4ECE\u501F\u8BCD\u5230\u6709\u591A\u4E2A\u7956\u5148\u7684\u514B\u91CC\u5965\u5C14\u8BED\uFF0C\u90FD\u662F\u5176\u53EF\u80FD\u7684\u540E\u679C\u3002\u6CE2\u6D6A\u6A21\u578B\u4E8E1872\u5E74\u7531\u65BD\u83B1\u6B47\u8C22\u5C14\u7684\u5B66\u751F\u63D0\u51FA\uFF0C\u4F5C\u4E3A\u542B\u6C34\u5E73\u8F6C\u79FB\u7684\u6811\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u66FF\u4EE3\u3002 \u5728\u91CF\u5316\u8FDE\u7EED\u73B0\u8C61\u65B9\u9762\uFF0C\u6811\u6A21\u578B\u4E5F\u5177\u6709\u4E0E\u751F\u7269\u5206\u7C7B\u5B66\u76F8\u540C\u7684\u5C40\u9650\u6027\uFF0C\u5982\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u4E2D\u7684\u73AF\u7269\u79CD\u548C\u8BED\u8A00\u4E2D\u7684\u65B9\u8A00\u8FDE\u7EED\u4F53\u7B49\u3002\u6307\u4ECE\u65B9\u8A00\u8FDE\u7EED\u4F53\u800C\u4E0D\u662F\u4ECE\u5355\u4E00\u7684\u7956\u8BED\u6F14\u53D8\u800C\u6765\u7684\u4E00\u7EC4\u8BED\u8A00\u3002"@zh . . . "Tree model"@en . . . . . "Stamboomtheorie"@nl . . . . . . "De stamboomtheorie is een theorie over het ontstaan van taalfamilies zoals de Indo-Europese talen. Deze theorie legt een bijzondere nadruk op het zich splitsen van een bepaalde taal in meerdere dochtertalen, waardoor het ontstaan van nieuwe taalfamilies, zoals de Germaanse, Romaanse en Slavische talen goed kan worden verklaard. Het is in de historische taalkunde een met name door de Neogrammatici ontwikkeld standaardmodel voor taalverandering - met als basis het concept van een echte stamboom -, waarin dochtertalen dankzij een geleidelijke en regelmatige verandering ontstaan uit al dan niet geattesteerde vooroudertalen (zie ook proto-taal)."@nl . . . . . . "In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or \"mother\" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family. Popularized by the German linguist August Schleicher in 1853, the tree model has always been a common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so. It is central to the field of comparative linguistics, which involves using evidence from known languages and observed rules of language feature evolution to identify and describe the hypothetical proto-languages ancestral to each language family, such as Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European languages. However, this is largely a theoretical, qualitative pursuit, and linguists have always emphasized the inherent limitations of the tree model due to the large role played by horizontal transmission in language evolution, ranging from loanwords to creole languages that have multiple mother languages. The wave model was developed in 1872 by Schleicher's student Johannes Schmidt as an alternative to the tree model that incorporates horizontal transmission. The tree model also has the same limitations as biological taxonomy with respect to the species problem of quantizing a continuous phenomenon that includes exceptions like ring species in biology and dialect continua in language. The concept of a linkage was developed in response and refers to a group of languages that evolved from a dialect continuum rather than from linguistically isolated child languages of a single language."@en . . . . . . . "\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u8AAC\uFF08\u3051\u3044\u3068\u3046\u3058\u3085\u305B\u3064\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u5358\u4E00\u306E\u7956\u8A9E\u304B\u3089\u679D\u5206\u304B\u308C\u3057\u3066\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u8A00\u8A9E\u304C\u6D3E\u751F\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8AAC\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30A2\u30A6\u30B0\u30B9\u30C8\u30FB\u30B7\u30E5\u30E9\u30A4\u30D2\u30E3\u30FC\u304C\u63D0\u5531\u3057\u3066\u4EE5\u6765\u3001\u6BD4\u8F03\u8A00\u8A9E\u5B66\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u8AAC\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\uFF08tree model\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u6B74\u53F2\u8A00\u8A9E\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u5909\u5316\u3092\u5BB6\u7CFB\u56F3\u306E\u6982\u5FF5\u306E\u985E\u63A8\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63CF\u304F\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6982\u5FF5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u751F\u7269\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u3068\u540C\u3058\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u306E\u30CE\u30FC\u30C9\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u90E8\u5206\u306F\u7956\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u8AAC\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u8AAC\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30E8\u30CF\u30CD\u30B9\u30FB\u30B7\u30E5\u30DF\u30C3\u30C8\u3089\u306B\u3088\u308B\u8A00\u8A9E\u63A5\u89E6\u3092\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u6CE2\u7D0B\u8AAC\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5B9F\u969B\u306E\u3068\u3053\u308D\u3001\u8A00\u8A9E\u306F\u5206\u5316\u3068\u63A5\u89E6\u3092\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3057\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u8AAC\u3068\u6CE2\u7D0B\u8AAC\u306F\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308B\u3002\u6DF7\u6DC6\u3092\u8003\u616E\u3057\u305F\u300C\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u30EF\u30FC\u30AF\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u300D\u304C\u6709\u52B9\u306A\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . "\u6811\u6A21\u578B"@zh . 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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Stamtr\u00E4dsteorin"@sv . . . . "De stamboomtheorie is een theorie over het ontstaan van taalfamilies zoals de Indo-Europese talen. Deze theorie legt een bijzondere nadruk op het zich splitsen van een bepaalde taal in meerdere dochtertalen, waardoor het ontstaan van nieuwe taalfamilies, zoals de Germaanse, Romaanse en Slavische talen goed kan worden verklaard. Het is in de historische taalkunde een met name door de Neogrammatici ontwikkeld standaardmodel voor taalverandering - met als basis het concept van een echte stamboom -, waarin dochtertalen dankzij een geleidelijke en regelmatige verandering ontstaan uit al dan niet geattesteerde vooroudertalen (zie ook proto-taal). Dit model is hoofdzakelijk gebaseerd op het enigszins generaliserende idee dat klankwetten altijd regelmatig zijn en geen uitzonderingen kennen. De grondleggers van het stamboommodel zijn Willam Jones en Franz Bopp."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "5778098"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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