. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Venezuela" . "Compromise:\n*Venezuelan debt dispute resolved\n*European fleet withdraws"@en . . . "\u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u044D\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 (1902\u20141903)"@ru . . . . . . . . . "Venezuela\nSupported by:"@en . "Venezuelan naval blockade of 1902\u20131903"@en . . 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"Mexico" . . . . "Spain"@en . . "A Crise da Venezuela de 1902\u20131903 foi um bloqueio naval, que durou de dezembro de 1902 a fevereiro de 1903, imposto pela Gr\u00E3-Bretanha, Alemanha e It\u00E1lia contra a Venezuela, como resultado da recusa do presidente da Venezuela, Cipriano Castro em pagar as d\u00EDvidas externas e os preju\u00EDzos sofridos pelos cidad\u00E3os europeus em uma guerra civil recente no pa\u00EDs."@pt . . . . "36438"^^ . . "Supported by:"@en . . . . "Venezuela-Krise"@de . "Crisi venezuelana del 1902-1903"@it . . . . . . 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"La Crisi venezuelana del 1902-1903 fu un blocco navale, durato dal dicembre 1902 al febbraio 1903, imposto da Gran Bretagna, Impero tedesco e Regno d'Italia nei confronti del Venezuela a seguito del rifiuto da parte del presidente venezuelano Cipriano Castro di pagare il debito estero e i danni subiti a cittadini europei durante la recente guerra civile venezuelana. Castro pensava che, in virt\u00F9 della Dottrina Monroe, gli Stati Uniti avrebbero impedito eventuali azioni militari da parte di stati europei, ma al momento gli Stati Uniti videro tale dottrina come riguardante solo un'eventuale occupazione territoriale, non un divieto di interventi militari. Con la promessa da parte degli stati europei coinvolti che non ci sarebbe stata nessuna occupazione, il governo statunitense diede il via libera all'intervento. La flotta anglo-italo-tedesca impose il blocco navale, riuscendo facilmente a neutralizzare le navi della marina venezuelana, ma Castro rifiut\u00F2 di cedere, preferendo presentare alcune delle richieste a un arbitrato internazionale, arbitrato che Castro aveva precedentemente rifiutato. La Germania contest\u00F2 tale azione, in particolare sostenne che il Venezuela avrebbe dovuto accettare alcune delle richieste senza l'intervento dell'arbitrato. Quando la stampa statunitense reag\u00EC negativamente ad alcuni incidenti, tra cui l'affondamento di due navi venezuelane e un bombardamento costiero, gli Stati Uniti misero sotto pressione le parti in causa affinch\u00E9 si accordassero e tennero in allerta le loro flotte pi\u00F9 vicine alla zona del blocco. Col presidente Castro che si rifiutava di fare marcia indietro, la pressione degli Stati Uniti e la sempre pi\u00F9 negativa reazione della stampa britannica e statunitense alla vicenda, le nazioni europee che avevano imposto il blocco accettarono un compromesso, mantenendo per\u00F2 il blocco navale durante i successivi negoziati. Il 13 febbraio 1903 si giunse alla firma di un accordo, che prevedeva il termine del blocco navale e obbligava il Venezuela a versare il 30% delle entrate dovute ai dazi doganali come risarcimento alle tre nazioni europee coinvolte. Quando la Corte permanente di arbitrato si pronunci\u00F2 assegnando un trattamento preferenziale alle tre nazioni autrici del blocco contro le rivendicazioni delle altre nazioni, gli Stati Uniti temettero che questa sentenza potesse incoraggiare futuri interventi europei. Questo episodio contribu\u00EC allo sviluppo del Corollario Roosevelt alla Dottrina Monroe, che affermava il diritto degli Stati Uniti a intervenire per stabilizzare gli affari economici dei paesi del Centroamerica e dei Caraibi nel caso che questi non fossero stati in grado di pagare i loro debiti internazionali, in modo da evitare ulteriori interventi europei. Nonostante che l'intervento degli Stati Uniti fosse limitato alla sola azione diplomatica, la difesa degli interesse statunitensi in centroamerica fa rientrare la Crisi venezuelana all'interno della pi\u00F9 vasta serie di conflitti noti come guerre della banana."@it . . "La Crisi venezuelana del 1902-1903 fu un blocco navale, durato dal dicembre 1902 al febbraio 1903, imposto da Gran Bretagna, Impero tedesco e Regno d'Italia nei confronti del Venezuela a seguito del rifiuto da parte del presidente venezuelano Cipriano Castro di pagare il debito estero e i danni subiti a cittadini europei durante la recente guerra civile venezuelana."@it . . . "Venezuelan naval blockade of 1902\u20131903"@en . . . 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"*European fleet withdraws" . . "--12-09"^^ . . . . . . "Mexico"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Venezuelan crisis of 1902\u20131903 was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Great Britain, Germany, and Italy from December 1902 to February 1903, after President Cipriano Castro refused to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in recent Venezuelan civil wars. Castro assumed that the American Monroe Doctrine would see Washington intervene to prevent European military intervention. However, at the time, United States president Theodore Roosevelt and his Department of State saw the doctrine as applying only to European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. With prior promises that no such seizure would occur, the US was officially neutral and allowed the action to go ahead without objection. The blockade saw Venezuela's small navy quickly disabled, but Castro refused to give in, and instead agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration, which he had previously rejected. Germany initially objected to this, arguing that some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration. President Roosevelt years later claimed he forced the Germans to back down by sending his own larger fleet under and threatening war if the Germans landed. However he made no preparations for war against a major power, nor did he alert officials at the State Department, War Department, Navy Department or the Senate. With Castro failing to back down, U.S. pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reaction to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise, but maintained the blockade during negotiations over the details. This led to the signing of an agreement on 13 February 1903 which saw the blockade lifted, and Venezuela commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims. When the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations, the US feared this would encourage future European intervention. The episode contributed to the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting a right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts, in order to preclude European intervention to do so."@en . "300"^^ . . "Compromise:" . . . . "Venezuelan crisis of 1902\u20131903"@en . "Crise na Venezuela de 1902\u20131903"@pt . . "*Venezuelan debt dispute resolved" . . . . . . . . . "Spain" . "1122537372"^^ . . . "\u0412\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430 (1902\u20141903)"@uk . . . . . . . "Die Venezuela-Krise (seltener auch Zweiter Venezuelakonflikt) in den Jahren 1902/03 war eine diplomatische und milit\u00E4rische Auseinandersetzung zwischen Venezuela einerseits und dem Deutschen Reich, Gro\u00DFbritannien und Italien andererseits, zugleich aber auch Indikator und Austragungsfeld weltpolitischer Gegens\u00E4tze zwischen den imperialistischen M\u00E4chten, insbesondere zwischen Deutschland und den USA. Daneben steht sie f\u00FCr eine besondere, zwischen dem endg\u00FCltigen Scheitern der deutsch-britischen B\u00FCndnisverhandlungen 1901 und dem Beginn der britisch-franz\u00F6sischen Ann\u00E4herung 1902/1903 \u2013 der \u201Erevolution\u00E4ren Wende im internationalen Staatensystem\u201C \u2013 liegende Etappe deutsch-britischer Beziehungen."@de . . . . . . . . . "La crise v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9lienne de 1902-1903 est un blocus naval impos\u00E9 contre le Venezuela par la Grande-Bretagne, l'Allemagne et l'Italie de d\u00E9cembre 1902 \u00E0 f\u00E9vrier 1903, apr\u00E8s que le pr\u00E9sident Cipriano Castro a refus\u00E9 de payer les dettes ext\u00E9rieures et les dommages subis par les citoyens europ\u00E9ens lors des r\u00E9centes guerres civiles v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9liennes. Castro esp\u00E9rait que la doctrine Monroe am\u00E8nerait Washington \u00E0 agir pour emp\u00EAcher l'intervention militaire europ\u00E9enne. Cependant, \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque, le pr\u00E9sident am\u00E9ricain Theodore Roosevelt et son d\u00E9partement d'\u00C9tat consid\u00E9raient que la doctrine ne s'appliquait qu'\u00E0 l'invasion de territoire, ce qui n'\u00E9tait pas le cas du blocus. Avec des promesses europ\u00E9enne qu'aucune saisie de ce type ne se produirait, les \u00C9tats-Unis \u00E9taient officiellement neutres, ce qui a pe"@fr . . . . 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"The Venezuelan crisis of 1902\u20131903 was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Great Britain, Germany, and Italy from December 1902 to February 1903, after President Cipriano Castro refused to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in recent Venezuelan civil wars. Castro assumed that the American Monroe Doctrine would see Washington intervene to prevent European military intervention. However, at the time, United States president Theodore Roosevelt and his Department of State saw the doctrine as applying only to European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. With prior promises that no such seizure would occur, the US was officially neutral and allowed the action to go ahead without objection. The blockade saw Venezuela's small navy quickly disab"@en . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0644\u062A\u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064A \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u062A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062F\u0627\u062F \u062F\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062C\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064A\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643."@ar . "La crise v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9lienne de 1902-1903 est un blocus naval impos\u00E9 contre le Venezuela par la Grande-Bretagne, l'Allemagne et l'Italie de d\u00E9cembre 1902 \u00E0 f\u00E9vrier 1903, apr\u00E8s que le pr\u00E9sident Cipriano Castro a refus\u00E9 de payer les dettes ext\u00E9rieures et les dommages subis par les citoyens europ\u00E9ens lors des r\u00E9centes guerres civiles v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9liennes. Castro esp\u00E9rait que la doctrine Monroe am\u00E8nerait Washington \u00E0 agir pour emp\u00EAcher l'intervention militaire europ\u00E9enne. Cependant, \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque, le pr\u00E9sident am\u00E9ricain Theodore Roosevelt et son d\u00E9partement d'\u00C9tat consid\u00E9raient que la doctrine ne s'appliquait qu'\u00E0 l'invasion de territoire, ce qui n'\u00E9tait pas le cas du blocus. Avec des promesses europ\u00E9enne qu'aucune saisie de ce type ne se produirait, les \u00C9tats-Unis \u00E9taient officiellement neutres, ce qui a permis \u00E0 l'action d'aller de l'avant sans objection. Le blocus a vu la petite marine v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9lienne rapidement d\u00E9sarm\u00E9e, mais Castro a refus\u00E9 de c\u00E9der, et a plut\u00F4t accept\u00E9 en principe de soumettre certaines des demandes \u00E0 l'arbitrage international, qu'il avait pr\u00E9c\u00E9demment rejet\u00E9es. L'Allemagne s'y est d'abord oppos\u00E9e, arguant que certaines revendications devraient \u00EAtre accept\u00E9es par le Venezuela sans arbitrage. Le pr\u00E9sident Roosevelt for\u00E7a les Allemands \u00E0 reculer en envoyant sa propre flotte plus imposante sous les ordres de l'amiral George Dewey et mena\u00E7ant une entr\u00E9e en guerre si les Allemands d\u00E9barquaient. Devant la pression am\u00E9ricaine et la r\u00E9action de plus en plus n\u00E9gative de la presse britannique, les nations europ\u00E9ennes ont accept\u00E9 un compromis, mais ont maintenu le blocus pendant les n\u00E9gociations. Cela s'est traduit par la signature d'un accord le 13 f\u00E9vrier 1903 par lequel le Venezuela s'engageait \u00E0 consacrer 30 % de ses droits de douane au r\u00E8glement des r\u00E9clamations. Le blocus fut alors lev\u00E9 le 19 f\u00E9vrier 1903. Toutefois, les pays bloquants ont plaid\u00E9 en faveur d'un traitement pr\u00E9f\u00E9rentiel pour leurs revendications, ce que le Venezuela a rejet\u00E9. Le 7 mai 1903, dix puissances ayant des griefs contre le Venezuela, y compris les \u00C9tats-Unis, ont sign\u00E9 des protocoles renvoyant la question \u00E0 la Cour permanente d'arbitrage de La Haye. La Cour a statu\u00E9 le 22 f\u00E9vrier 1904 en faveur des requ\u00E9rants. Washington n'\u00E9tait pas d'accord avec la d\u00E9cision de principe et craignait qu'elle n'encourage des interventions europ\u00E9ennes futures pour obtenir un tel avantage. En cons\u00E9quence, la crise a produit le corollaire Roosevelt \u00E0 la doctrine Monroe, \u00E9nonc\u00E9e dans le message pr\u00E9sidentiel Congr\u00E8s de 1904. Par ce texte, les \u00C9tats-Unis affirment leur droit d'intervenir pour \u00AB stabiliser \u00BB les affaires \u00E9conomiques des petits \u00C9tats des Cara\u00EFbes et d'Am\u00E9rique centrale s'ils ne sont pas en mesure de payer leurs dettes internationales, afin de pr\u00E9venir une intervention europ\u00E9enne."@fr . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064A\u0644\u064A\u0629 1902-1903"@ar . . . . . . "El bloqueo a las costas venezolanas fue un incidente diplom\u00E1tico entre fines de 1902 y principios de 1903 en que las marinas de guerra del Imperio Brit\u00E1nico, el Imperio alem\u00E1n y el Reino de Italia\u200B bloquearon las costas y puertos de Venezuela exigiendo el pago inmediato de las deudas contra\u00EDdas por el gobierno con las compa\u00F1\u00EDas de sus connacionales. El bloqueo naval tuvo su fin con el Protocolo de Washington firmado en esa ciudad el 13 de febrero de 1903. Estados Unidos actu\u00F3 como mediador al ser un pa\u00EDs neutral en la situaci\u00F3n. En este protocolo se acord\u00F3 que Venezuela pagar\u00EDa a plazos sus deudas con el 30 % de sus ingresos de aduana."@es . . . . . . "1902-12-09"^^ . . . . "Engraving by Willy St\u00F6wer depicting the blockade"@en . . . "Supported by:" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"El bloqueo a las costas venezolanas fue un incidente diplom\u00E1tico entre fines de 1902 y principios de 1903 en que las marinas de guerra del Imperio Brit\u00E1nico, el Imperio alem\u00E1n y el Reino de Italia\u200B bloquearon las costas y puertos de Venezuela exigiendo el pago inmediato de las deudas contra\u00EDdas por el gobierno con las compa\u00F1\u00EDas de sus connacionales. El bloqueo naval tuvo su fin con el Protocolo de Washington firmado en esa ciudad el 13 de febrero de 1903. Estados Unidos actu\u00F3 como mediador al ser un pa\u00EDs neutral en la situaci\u00F3n. En este protocolo se acord\u00F3 que Venezuela pagar\u00EDa a plazos sus deudas con el 30 % de sus ingresos de aduana. Desde la muerte de Joaqu\u00EDn Crespo en la Mata Carmelera en 1898 Venezuela se hab\u00EDa visto privada repentinamente de quien hasta ese momento hab\u00EDa sido el regidor de la vida pol\u00EDtica nacional, dejando con su muerte un vac\u00EDo de poder que produjo una nueva lucha entre caudillos regionales sobre la sucesi\u00F3n presidencial. Los primeros en alzarse fueron los generales Jos\u00E9 Manuel Hern\u00E1ndez, conocido como el \u00ABMocho\u00BB Hern\u00E1ndez, y Ram\u00F3n Guerra, pero ambos son derrotados y es un caudillo de los Andes, Cipriano Castro quien derroca al presidente Ignacio Andrade al triunfar su Revoluci\u00F3n Liberal Restauradora. Al poco tiempo de iniciar su gobierno Castro se encuentra en pugna con los viejos caudillos que aspiraban derrocar a Andrade y ahora buscan hacer lo mismo al presidente tachirense, pero tambi\u00E9n se enemista con las grandes compa\u00F1\u00EDas transnacionales por sus dr\u00E1sticas medidas econ\u00F3micas. Una de esas compa\u00F1\u00EDas, la New York & Berm\u00FAdez Company, financia la rebeli\u00F3n de los caudillos que hab\u00EDan sido vejados y apartados de la vida pol\u00EDtica por Castro. Esta rebeli\u00F3n, llamada por sus organizadores la Revoluci\u00F3n Libertadora se convirti\u00F3 en la guerra civil m\u00E1s sangrienta habida en el pa\u00EDs desde la Guerra Federal. En el \u00E1mbito econ\u00F3mico se destaca la deuda externa contra\u00EDda por la naci\u00F3n por la construcci\u00F3n de la red ferroviaria, en especial la del Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela o Ferrocarril Alem\u00E1n, por orden y concesi\u00F3n del presidente Antonio Guzm\u00E1n Blanco a Friedrich Alfred Krupp en 1887.\u200B Por otra parte, el mercado internacional del caf\u00E9 estaba sometido a fuertes fluctuaciones, pero era el arom\u00E1tico venezolano (Coffea arabica) uno de los productos bandera de la econom\u00EDa local que catapult\u00F3 al pa\u00EDs al segundo lugar entre los pa\u00EDses exportadores detr\u00E1s del Brasil. Mientras Venezuela se hallaba sumergida en conflictos internos, los Estados Unidos de Am\u00E9rica hab\u00EDan aumentado notablemente su poder despu\u00E9s de haber derrotado a Espa\u00F1a en 1898, acabando de forma definitiva con su imperio en el continente americano. Adicionalmente, adquirieron Cuba y Puerto Rico, ambas islas de un gran valor econ\u00F3mico y estrat\u00E9gico fundamentales para el control del mar Caribe."@es . . . . . . "Crise v\u00E9n\u00E9zu\u00E9lienne de 1902-1903"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Venezuela-Krise (seltener auch Zweiter Venezuelakonflikt) in den Jahren 1902/03 war eine diplomatische und milit\u00E4rische Auseinandersetzung zwischen Venezuela einerseits und dem Deutschen Reich, Gro\u00DFbritannien und Italien andererseits, zugleich aber auch Indikator und Austragungsfeld weltpolitischer Gegens\u00E4tze zwischen den imperialistischen M\u00E4chten, insbesondere zwischen Deutschland und den USA. Daneben steht sie f\u00FCr eine besondere, zwischen dem endg\u00FCltigen Scheitern der deutsch-britischen B\u00FCndnisverhandlungen 1901 und dem Beginn der britisch-franz\u00F6sischen Ann\u00E4herung 1902/1903 \u2013 der \u201Erevolution\u00E4ren Wende im internationalen Staatensystem\u201C \u2013 liegende Etappe deutsch-britischer Beziehungen."@de . . . . "29019131"^^ . . . . . . "Bloqueo naval a Venezuela de 1902-1903"@es . "A Crise da Venezuela de 1902\u20131903 foi um bloqueio naval, que durou de dezembro de 1902 a fevereiro de 1903, imposto pela Gr\u00E3-Bretanha, Alemanha e It\u00E1lia contra a Venezuela, como resultado da recusa do presidente da Venezuela, Cipriano Castro em pagar as d\u00EDvidas externas e os preju\u00EDzos sofridos pelos cidad\u00E3os europeus em uma guerra civil recente no pa\u00EDs. Castro acreditava que, em virtude da Doutrina Monroe, os Estados Unidos impediriam qualquer a\u00E7\u00E3o militar por parte dos Estados europeus, mas no momento os Estados Unidos viram esta doutrina como relativa a apenas uma poss\u00EDvel ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o territorial, e n\u00E3o de uma interven\u00E7\u00E3o militar. Com a promessa dos pa\u00EDses europeus envolvidos de que n\u00E3o haveria uma ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o militar, o governo estadunidense permitiu que a a\u00E7\u00E3o fosse adiante sem obje\u00E7\u00E3o. A frota europeia imp\u00F4s um bloqueio naval, que facilmente neutralizou os navios da Marinha da Venezuela, por\u00E9m Castro recusou a rendi\u00E7\u00E3o, preferindo apresentar alguns pedidos de arbitragem internacional; uma arbitragem que havia anteriormente rejeitado. A Alemanha protestou sobre isso, em especial, argumentando que a Venezuela teria que aceitar algumas das exig\u00EAncias sem a interven\u00E7\u00E3o da arbitragem. Quando a imprensa estadunidense reagiu negativamente a alguns incidentes, incluindo o naufr\u00E1gio de dois navios venezuelanos e o bombardeio do litoral, os Estados Unidos colocaram press\u00E3o sobre as partes envolvidas para resolverem o assunto por um consenso e colocaram a sua frota naval nas proximidades das \u00E1reas do bloqueio. Com a intransig\u00EAncia de Castro se recusando a desistir, a press\u00E3o dos Estados Unidos e a rea\u00E7\u00E3o cada vez mais negativa da imprensa brit\u00E2nica e estadunidense para o caso, as na\u00E7\u00F5es europeias que impuseram o bloqueio aceitaram um compromisso, mantendo o bloqueio naval durante as negocia\u00E7\u00F5es posteriores. Em 13 de fevereiro de 1903, houve a assinatura de um acordo, que previa o prazo para o fim do bloqueio naval e obrigou a Venezuela a pagar 30% dos seus direitos aduaneiros de compensa\u00E7\u00E3o para as na\u00E7\u00F5es europeias envolvidas. Quando a Corte Permanente de Arbitragem em Haia posteriormente concedeu um tratamento preferencial aos autores do bloqueio contra as reivindica\u00E7\u00F5es de outras na\u00E7\u00F5es, os Estados Unidos temiam que esta decis\u00E3o fosse incentivar futuras interven\u00E7\u00F5es europeias. Este epis\u00F3dio contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do Corol\u00E1rio Roosevelt na Doutrina Monroe, afirmando o direito dos Estados Unidos de intervir para \u201Cestabilizar\u201D os assuntos econ\u00F4micos dos pa\u00EDses da Am\u00E9rica Central e do Caribe, caso estes fossem incapazes de pagar suas d\u00EDvidas internacionais, a fim de impedir uma interven\u00E7\u00E3o europeia. Apesar da interven\u00E7\u00E3o dos Estados Unidos ficar confinada \u00E0 a\u00E7\u00E3o diplom\u00E1tica, a defesa dos interesses estadunidenses na Am\u00E9rica Central coloca a crise venezuelana dentro de uma s\u00E9rie de conflitos conhecidos como Guerras das Bananas."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . .