. . "\"Surely, discussion of what confessedly is so unripe is premature. When Miss Murray has broadened her study to all the lands where she can find the \"cult\"; when she has dealt with documents worthier the name of records than the chap-books and the formless reports that have to serve us for the British trials; when she has traced back witch-sabbath and questionary through the centuries of witch and heretic hunting that precede the British; when she has trusted herself to study the work of other students and fairly to weigh their conclusions against her own in the light of the further evidence they may adduce: then perhaps she may have modified her views. Whether she changes or confirms them, she will then have earned the right to a hearing.\""@en . . "Russell"@en . . . "154"^^ . . "Sheppard"@en . . "Hip\u00F3tese do culto bruxo"@pt . . . . . "89"^^ . "Purkiss"@en . "103"^^ . . "491"^^ . "516"^^ . . . "Hipotesis kultus penyihir"@in . . . . "George L. Burr, 1922."@en . "137"^^ . . . "136"^^ . . . . . "De heksencultus-hypothese (Witch-Cult hypothesis) stelt dat wat verteld werd over Europese heksen (dat zij sabbats hielden, de gehoornde god vereerden, enzovoort) gebaseerd is op een werkelijk bestaande heidense religie die een gehoornde god vereerde. De bekendste uitwerking van deze theorie is die van de Britse antropologe Margaret Murray in haar boek The Witch-Cult in Western Europe uit 1921. Murray was echter niet de eerste die dergelijke theorie\u00EBn formuleerde. Vanaf de 18e eeuw doken voorlopers van Murrays theorie op:"@nl . . . "1971"^^ . . . "1975"^^ . . . "136"^^ . . "1922"^^ . . . . "Alexander"@en . . . . . . "780"^^ . "169"^^ . . . . . . "103"^^ . . . . . . . "104"^^ . "105"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La hip\u00F3tesis del culto de las brujas es una teor\u00EDa pseudohist\u00F3rica, com\u00FAnmente considerada en descr\u00E9dito, que propone que la caza de brujas en la Europa de la Edad Moderna fue una tapadera para la persecuci\u00F3n de una religi\u00F3n pagana, semiorganizada y milenaria, que sobrevivi\u00F3 a la cristianizaci\u00F3n del continente. Seg\u00FAn los defensores de la teor\u00EDa, el culto de las brujas adoraba a un dios cornudo de la fertilidad al que los cristianos tildaron de Sat\u00E1n, y celebraba reuniones nocturnas que fueron hechas pasar por aquelarres en las acusaciones inquisitoriales. Esta hip\u00F3tesis fue originada por los te\u00F3ricos alemanes y Franz Josef Mone en el siglo XIX, y la adoptaron m\u00E1s tarde el historiador franc\u00E9s Jules Michelet, la feminista americana Matilda Joslyn Gage y el folclorista Charles Leland. Su mayor difusi\u00F3n, empero, se dio con la egipt\u00F3loga inglesa Margaret Murray, que la present\u00F3 en sus libros (1921) y The God of the Witches (1931).\u200B Aunque la participaci\u00F3n de Murray populariz\u00F3 la teor\u00EDa entre varios acad\u00E9micos y el p\u00FAblico del siglo XX, nunca lleg\u00F3 a ser aceptada por expertos en la caza de brujas, que la refutaron en una serie de investigaciones a lo largo de las d\u00E9cadas de 1960 y 1970.\u200B\u200B Los especialistas en la Europa antigua consideran que la hip\u00F3tesis del culto de las brujas carece de base documental.\u200B Existe consenso de que las personas acusadas en las cazas de brujas medievales no eran integrantes de ninguna religi\u00F3n, sino que se trataba generalmente de v\u00EDctimas de la histeria colectiva y las inquinas populares, y en algunos casos herejes y personas en desacuerdo con el dogma cristiano dominante.\u200B Se ha se\u00F1alado que la hip\u00F3tesis del culto se nutre de un uso muy arbitrario de los testimonios existentes, a menudo tergiversando las acciones tanto de los acusados como de los acusadores,\u200B e ignora el hecho de que la mayor\u00EDa de las confesiones que se daban en estos juicios ocurr\u00EDan bajo presi\u00F3n y tortura.\u200B Tambi\u00E9n se ha hecho notar que no existen pruebas, ni arqueol\u00F3gicas, historiogr\u00E1ficas o de ning\u00FAn tipo, que delaten la existencia de una religi\u00F3n precristiana como la que la teor\u00EDa describe. A pesar de esto, la hip\u00F3tesis tuvo un considerable eco en la literatura moderna, influenciando a novelistas como John Buchan y Robert Graves y dando origen a la Wicca, un movimiento religioso neopagano del que sus miembros afirman que procede de una antiqu\u00EDsima religi\u00F3n brujeril. Un paso intermedio fue dado por Carlo Ginzburg, que postularon que los estereotipos modernos de la brujer\u00EDa podr\u00EDan efectivamente provenir de elementos precristianos demonizados, aunque sin proponer por ello la existencia de una religi\u00F3n propia que lo fundamente.\u200B"@es . . . "362"^^ . . . "Simpson"@en . . . . . . . . . "Heksencultus-hypothese"@nl . . "90"^^ . . "1994"^^ . . . . "1999"^^ . . "Hipotesis kultus penyihir adalah sebuah teori yang mendiskreditkan yang menimbulkan dalam rangka menekan agama pra-Kristen yang bertahan dari penyebaran agama Kristen di Eropa. Menurut para pencetusnya, kultus penyihir tersebut melakukan penyembahan terhadap Dewa Bertanduk untuk kesuburan yang para hakim Kristen sebut sebagai Iblis, dan para anggota yang ikut serta dalam upacara pada memuliakannya sebagai dewa."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Cohn"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2007"^^ . . . . . . . "2013"^^ . . . . . . . "Hutton"@en . . . . . . . . "20198419"^^ . "Burr"@en . . . . . . "1996"^^ . . "1999"^^ . . . "1994"^^ . "1116182753"^^ . "1"^^ . . . . . . "La hip\u00F3tesis del culto de las brujas es una teor\u00EDa pseudohist\u00F3rica, com\u00FAnmente considerada en descr\u00E9dito, que propone que la caza de brujas en la Europa de la Edad Moderna fue una tapadera para la persecuci\u00F3n de una religi\u00F3n pagana, semiorganizada y milenaria, que sobrevivi\u00F3 a la cristianizaci\u00F3n del continente. Seg\u00FAn los defensores de la teor\u00EDa, el culto de las brujas adoraba a un dios cornudo de la fertilidad al que los cristianos tildaron de Sat\u00E1n, y celebraba reuniones nocturnas que fueron hechas pasar por aquelarres en las acusaciones inquisitoriales."@es . "\u9B54\u5973\u30AB\u30EB\u30C8\u4EEE\u8AAC"@ja . "Simpson"@en . . . . . "1999"^^ . "Thomas"@en . . . . . . . . . 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062D\u062B\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064A \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . "Hipotesis kultus penyihir adalah sebuah teori yang mendiskreditkan yang menimbulkan dalam rangka menekan agama pra-Kristen yang bertahan dari penyebaran agama Kristen di Eropa. Menurut para pencetusnya, kultus penyihir tersebut melakukan penyembahan terhadap Dewa Bertanduk untuk kesuburan yang para hakim Kristen sebut sebagai Iblis, dan para anggota yang ikut serta dalam upacara pada memuliakannya sebagai dewa."@in . . "The witch-cult hypothesis is a discredited theory that states the witch trials of the Early Modern period were an attempt to suppress a pre-Christian, pagan religion that had survived the Christianisation of Europe. According to its proponents, the witch cult revolved around worshiping a Horned God of fertility, the underworld, the hunt and the hunted, whose Christian persecutors identified with the Devil, and whose followers participated in nocturnal rites at the witches' Sabbath."@en . "left"@en . . "\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062D\u0631\u0629"@ar . . . . "30"^^ . . . "Jeffrey B. Russell and Brooks Alexander, 2007."@en . . . . . "Witch-cult hypothesis"@en . . . "De heksencultus-hypothese (Witch-Cult hypothesis) stelt dat wat verteld werd over Europese heksen (dat zij sabbats hielden, de gehoornde god vereerden, enzovoort) gebaseerd is op een werkelijk bestaande heidense religie die een gehoornde god vereerde. De bekendste uitwerking van deze theorie is die van de Britse antropologe Margaret Murray in haar boek The Witch-Cult in Western Europe uit 1921. Murray was echter niet de eerste die dergelijke theorie\u00EBn formuleerde. Vanaf de 18e eeuw doken voorlopers van Murrays theorie op:"@nl . . . . . "Burr"@en . . "34"^^ . "1935"^^ . "right"@en . . . . "\"That this 'old religion' persisted secretly, without leaving any evidence, is of course possible, just as it is possible that below the surface of the moon lie extensive deposits of Stilton cheese. Anything is possible. But it is nonsense to assert the existence of something for which no evidence exists. The Murrayites ask us to swallow a most peculiar sandwich: a large piece of the wrong evidence between two thick slices of no evidence at all.\""@en . . . . . "Hutton"@en . . . . . . . . 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"Hip\u00F3tesis del culto de las brujas"@es . "Hutton"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Culto bruxo \u00E9 o termo usado para uma hipot\u00E9tica religi\u00E3o pag\u00E3 pr\u00E9-crist\u00E3 da Europa, que sobreviveu at\u00E9 pelo menos o in\u00EDcio da era moderna. A teoria de sua exist\u00EAncia foi postulada por alguns estudiosos do s\u00E9culo XIX e XX com base na teoria de que a bruxaria europeia, que tinha sido perseguida durante a ca\u00E7a \u00E0s bruxas, foi parte de uma conspira\u00E7\u00E3o sat\u00E2nica para subverter o Cristianismo, e a maioria dos fatos e provas para a teoria foram colhidos atrav\u00E9s de estudos dos relatos dos perseguidores na ca\u00E7a \u00E0s bruxas no in\u00EDcio da Europa moderna. No s\u00E9culo XX, a teoria deu origem a religi\u00F5es neopag\u00E3s, sendo a de maior n\u00FAmero de adeptos atualmente a Wicca, com suas diversas vertentes e tradi\u00E7\u00F5es. A teoria foi lan\u00E7ada por autores rom\u00E2nticos de livre-pensamento, tais como e no s\u00E9culo XIX, mas recebeu sua exposi\u00E7\u00E3o mais proeminente com o livro de Margaret Murray de 1921, The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, e suas contribui\u00E7\u00F5es para a Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica. Os estudiosos t\u00EAm criticado a teoria e o consenso geral \u00E9 que nunca existiu o culto das bruxas, sendo algo inteiramente pseudohist\u00F3rico. Um pequeno n\u00FAmero de estudiosos, tais como Carlo Ginzburg, discutem vers\u00F5es modificadas da teoria, como a que limita algumas pr\u00E1ticas religiosas n\u00E3o-crist\u00E3s sobreviventes no in\u00EDcio da era moderna e que contribuem para os estere\u00F3tipos da bruxaria. Gerald Gardner alegou que ele havia descoberto o , um grupo que ainda praticava a religi\u00E3o, que ele chamou de Witchcraft (Bruxaria em portugu\u00EAs), em seu livro de 1954, , uma alega\u00E7\u00E3o que foi aprovada por Murray. Do mesmo modo, Sybil Leek, Robert Cochrane, Charles Cardell, e Alex Sanders tamb\u00E9m fizeram reivindica\u00E7\u00F5es de terem sido membros de uma linhagem familiar de adeptos do culto \u00E0s bruxas. Este movimento culminou no que hoje chama-se religi\u00E3o da Wicca. Alguns Wiccanos contempor\u00E2neos, no entanto, distanciaram-se da teoria."@pt . "60458"^^ . . . "Culto bruxo \u00E9 o termo usado para uma hipot\u00E9tica religi\u00E3o pag\u00E3 pr\u00E9-crist\u00E3 da Europa, que sobreviveu at\u00E9 pelo menos o in\u00EDcio da era moderna. A teoria de sua exist\u00EAncia foi postulada por alguns estudiosos do s\u00E9culo XIX e XX com base na teoria de que a bruxaria europeia, que tinha sido perseguida durante a ca\u00E7a \u00E0s bruxas, foi parte de uma conspira\u00E7\u00E3o sat\u00E2nica para subverter o Cristianismo, e a maioria dos fatos e provas para a teoria foram colhidos atrav\u00E9s de estudos dos relatos dos perseguidores na ca\u00E7a \u00E0s bruxas no in\u00EDcio da Europa moderna. No s\u00E9culo XX, a teoria deu origem a religi\u00F5es neopag\u00E3s, sendo a de maior n\u00FAmero de adeptos atualmente a Wicca, com suas diversas vertentes e tradi\u00E7\u00F5es."@pt . . "The witch-cult hypothesis is a discredited theory that states the witch trials of the Early Modern period were an attempt to suppress a pre-Christian, pagan religion that had survived the Christianisation of Europe. According to its proponents, the witch cult revolved around worshiping a Horned God of fertility, the underworld, the hunt and the hunted, whose Christian persecutors identified with the Devil, and whose followers participated in nocturnal rites at the witches' Sabbath. The theory was pioneered by two German scholars, Karl Ernst Jarcke and Franz Josef Mone, in the early nineteenth century, and was adopted by French historian Jules Michelet, American feminist Matilda Joslyn Gage, and American folklorist Charles Leland later that century. The hypothesis received its most prominent exposition when it was adopted by a British Egyptologist, Margaret Murray, who presented her version of it in The Witch-Cult in Western Europe (1921), before further expounding it in books such as The God of the Witches (1931) and her contribution to the Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica. Although the \"Murrayite theory\" proved popular among sectors of academia and the general public in the early and mid-twentieth century, it was never accepted by specialists in the Early Modern witch trials, who publicly discredited it through in-depth research during the 1960s and 1970s. Specialists in European witchcraft beliefs view the pagan witch-cult theory as pseudohistorical. There is an academic consensus among experts that those accused and executed as witches were not followers of any witch religion, whether pre-Christian or Satanic. Critics highlight that the theory rested on a highly selective use of evidence from the trials, thereby heavily misrepresenting the events and the actions of both the accused and their accusers. Further, they point out that it relied on the mistaken assumption that the claims made by accused witches were truthful, and not distorted by coercion and torture. They also note that, despite claims that the witch cult was a pre-Christian survival, there is no evidence of such a pagan witch cult throughout the intervening Middle Ages. The witch-cult hypothesis has influenced literature, being adapted into fiction in works by John Buchan, Robert Graves and others. It greatly influenced the origins of Wicca, a contemporary Pagan new religious movement that emerged in mid-twentieth-century Britain, that claimed to be the survival of the pagan witch-cult. Since the 1960s, Carlo Ginzburg and other scholars have argued that surviving elements of pre-Christian religion in European folk culture influenced Early Modern stereotypes of witchcraft, but scholars still debate how this may relate, if at all, to the Murrayite witch-cult hypothesis."@en . . . . "85.0"^^ . . . .