"Pergiliran keturunan atau metagenesis adalah daur hidup yang dialami oleh organisme,baik tumbuhan maupun hewan yang untuk setiap fase/tahapnya melibatkan individu dengan kandungan genetik berbeda: biasanya tahap haploid (n) dan tahap diploid (2n). Istilah ini umumnya dipakai pada konteks organisme yang termasuk Archaeplastida (tumbuhan hijau, alga merah, dan Glaucophyta.) Meiosis merupakan bagian penting pergiliran keturunan karena memungkinkan sporofit, individu multiseluler pembentuk spora, menghasilkan spora yang haploid. Spora selanjutnya tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi gametofit, individu multiseluler dan haploid baru yang bertugas membentuk gamet atau sel kelamin (seksual). Gamet yang berbeda tipe (biasa disebut betina dan jantan) akan melebur dalam pembuahan, yang pada gilirannya akan tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi sporofit. Pergiliran keturunan (metagenesis) dibedakan dari metamorfosis berdasarkan kandungan genetiknya ini: metamorfosis hanya melibatkan perubahan bentuk yang disebabkan perubahan pada ekspresi gen-gen, semetara individunya sendiri tidak berubah identitas genetiknya. Metagenesis melibatkan dua individu yang berbeda karena identitas genetiknya tidak sama antara individu pada satu fase dengan fase yang lain."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Morfologische generatiewisseling (ook: metagenese, heterogenese, heterogonie) is het aspect van de levenscyclus dat betrekking heeft op de afwisseling van generaties. Een generatie is een meercellig stadium in de ontwikkeling van een organisme, dat begint met een voortplantingscel zoals een spore of een zygote, en dat - na een periode van duidelijke vegetatieve groei en ontwikkeling - eindigt met de vorming van andere reproductieve cellen, zoals sporen of gameten. Generatiewisseling is in 1848 voor het eerst beschreven door Wilhelm Hofmeister waarbij hij de levenscyclus van mossen, varens en zaadplanten vergeleek. Het begrip wordt vooral gebruikt in de plantkunde in de oude, zeer ruime omgrenzing bij algen, schimmels en planten."@nl . . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C, \u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u043E\u043C, \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u043E\u043C."@uk . . . . . . . . . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u66FF"@zh . . "39405"^^ . "Przemiana pokole\u0144 \u2013 cykl \u017Cyciowy organizmu, w kt\u00F3rym pokolenie rozmna\u017Caj\u0105ce si\u0119 p\u0142ciowo wyst\u0119puje na przemian z pokoleniem rozmna\u017Caj\u0105cym si\u0119 bezp\u0142ciowo. Przemiana pokole\u0144 jest zjawiskiem charakterystycznym dla wielu glon\u00F3w i grzyb\u00F3w, a tak\u017Ce dla wszystkich ro\u015Blin wy\u017Cszych. Wyst\u0119puje te\u017C u zwierz\u0105t w postaci przemiany regularnej lub nieregularnej przemiany homofazowej metageneza oraz pierwotniak\u00F3w (przemiana heterofazowa lub homofazowa). Przemiana pokole\u0144 u ro\u015Blin wi\u0105\u017Ce si\u0119 cz\u0119sto z przemian\u0105 faz j\u0105drowych, czyli regularnym cyklicznym nast\u0119powaniem po sobie faz rozwojowych o haploidalnej (mi\u0119dzy mejoz\u0105 i zap\u0142odnieniem) i diploidalnej liczbie chromosom\u00F3w (mi\u0119dzy zap\u0142odnieniem i mejoz\u0105)."@pl . "Generationsv\u00E4xling beskriver hur en organism v\u00E4xlar mellan en generation som \u00E4r diploid och en som \u00E4r haploid. Generationsv\u00E4xling \u00E4r vanligt hos k\u00E4rlv\u00E4xter, mossor, brunalger, r\u00F6dalger, och vissa gr\u00F6nalger. F\u00F6r att en organism ska r\u00E4knas som generationsv\u00E4xlare kr\u00E4vs att b\u00E5de den diploida och den haploida generationen \u00E4r flercellig. Den diploida generationen \u00E4r sporofyten, d\u00E4r sporer bildas genom meois. Sporofyten (2n) ger d\u00E4rf\u00F6r upphov till haploida (1n) sporer. Dessa gror sedan till gametofyter (1n), vilka bildar haploida (1n) gameter (k\u00F6nsceller) genom mitos."@sv . . "\uC138\uB300 \uAD50\uB300"@ko . "\u039C\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7"@el . "Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. It consists of a multicellular haploid sexual phase, the gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with a multicellular diploid asexual phase, the sporophyte which has two sets of chromosomes. A mature sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from two sets to one. The resulting haploid spores germinate and grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes. At maturity, a gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, the normal process of cell division in eukaryotes, which maintains the original number of chromosomes. Two haploid gametes (originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism) fuse to produce a diploid zygote, which divides repeatedly by mitosis, developing into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. This cycle, from gametophyte to sporophyte (or equally from sporophyte to gametophyte), is the way in which all land plants and most algae undergo sexual reproduction. The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte phases varies among different groups of plants. In the majority of algae, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms, which may or may not have a similar appearance. In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it. Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise, they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water, mineral nutrients and nitrogen. By contrast, in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte, although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity. In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition. In flowering plants, the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte. Animals develop differently. They directly produce haploid gametes. No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced, so generally there is no multicellular haploid phase. (Some insects have a sex-determining system whereby haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs; however females produced from fertilized eggs are diploid.) Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic (the equivalent terms haplodiplontic, diplobiontic and dibiontic are also in use, as is describing such an organism as having a diphasic ontogeny). Life cycles, such as those of animals, in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic. Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic."@en . . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437 (\u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044F)"@ru . . . . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301\u0437 (\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439) \u2014 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C."@ru . . . . . . "66535"^^ . . . . . "A altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es, heteromorfia ou ciclo haplodiplobionte \u00E9 uma forma de reprodu\u00E7\u00E3o encontrada em todas as plantas e nos celenterados/cnid\u00E1rios. Nesses organismos ocorre uma reprodu\u00E7\u00E3o por via assexuada (n\u00E3o ocorre troca de gametas) e uma fase sexuada (ocorre troca de gametas). Os celenterados sofrem altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es, mas s\u00E3o haplobiontes diplontes, ou seja sempre diploides e somente os gametas s\u00E3o haploides. Utiliza-se aqui o termo \"plantas\" no sentido da taxonomia de Lineu, ou seja, incluindo as plantas verdes, os fungos e as algas."@pt . . . "\u0393\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u0392\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7, (\u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2), \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03B3\u03AE \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03CE\u03BD, \u03B5\u03BE \u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD\u03C5\u03BC\u03B7 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE. \u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC\u03C3\u03C3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CE\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03B3\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CE\u03C2. \n* \u03A4\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 ."@el . . . "Dul chun cinn timthriall beatha planda tr\u00ED dh\u00E1 fhoirm at\u00E1irgthe. Sa ghl\u00FAin ghn\u00E9asach (an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt), t\u00E1irgtear gaim\u00E9it\u00ED hapl\u00F3ideacha. Comhcheangla\u00EDonn siad seo chun sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt\u00ED dhiopl\u00F3ideacha a dh\u00E9anamh. Sa ghl\u00FAin neamhghn\u00E9asach, t\u00E1irgeann siad seo sp\u00F3ir hapl\u00F3ideacha, agus uathu sin fasann gaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt\u00ED nua. In alga\u00ED is \u00ED an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt an phr\u00EDomhghl\u00FAin a shealbha\u00EDonn m\u00F3rchuid den timthriall bheatha, b\u00EDodh is go bhfuil an d\u00E1 ghl\u00FAin do-aitheanta \u00F3na ch\u00E9ile \u00F3 thaobh strucht\u00FAir. I mbrif\u00EDt\u00ED b\u00EDonn an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt ceannasach freisin, ach b\u00EDonn strucht\u00FAir na ngaimif\u00EDt\u00ED is na sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt\u00ED \u00E9ags\u00FAil amach is amach \u00F3na ch\u00E9ile. I raithneach, gimnispeirmeacha is planda\u00ED bl\u00E1fara, b\u00EDonn an sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt ceannasach, agus i bplanda\u00ED bl\u00E1fara l\u00E9ir\u00EDonn an pailinfhead\u00E1n is sac an tsutha an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt. Tarla\u00EDonn a"@ga . . . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437 (\u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F)"@uk . . "Generatiewisseling"@nl . . . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3"@ja . . . "Generationswechsel"@de . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u66FF\u662F\u6240\u6709\u9646\u751F\u690D\u7269\u4E0E\u67D0\u4E9B\u85FB\u7C7B\u7684\u751F\u6D3B\u53F2\u7E41\u6B96\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6709\u55AE\u500D\u9AD4\u3001\u96D9\u500D\u9AD4\u500B\u9AD4\uFF08\u6216\u7D44\u7E54\uFF09\u4EA4\u66FF\u7684\u73FE\u8C61\u7684\u79F0\u8C13\u3002\u67D0\u4E9B\u85FB\u7C7B\u7684\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u4E0E\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u53EF\u80FD\u662F\u6709\u76F8\u540C\u6216\u4E0D\u540C\u5916\u89C2\u7684\u5404\u81EA\u72EC\u7ACB\u7684\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u3002\u82D4\u85D3\u3001\u3001\u7684\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u80FD\u81EA\u517B\uFF0C\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u662F\u5BC4\u751F\u4E8E\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u4E0A\u3002\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7EF4\u7BA1\u690D\u7269\u662F\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u751F\u5B58\u3002\u8568\u7C7B\u7684\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u6709\u6839\u3001\u830E\u3001\u53F6\u7684\u5206\u5316\uFF0C\u800C\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\uFF08\u5373\uFF09\u867D\u7136\u80FD\u81EA\u517B\u4F46\u53D1\u80B2\u4E0D\u5145\u5206\uFF0C\u5E7C\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u4F9D\u8D56\u5176\u751F\u957F\u3002\u5BF9\u4E8E\u88AB\u5B50\u690D\u7269\uFF0C\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u6781\u5EA6\u4E0D\u53D1\u80B2\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u4EC5\u6709\u51E0\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\uFF0C\u5B8C\u5168\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u3002 \u52A8\u7269\u662F\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u751F\u7269\u4F53\uFF0C\u7C7B\u4F3C\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u3002\u4F46\u662F\u52A8\u7269\u76F4\u63A5\u901A\u8FC7\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u4EA7\u751F\u5355\u500D\u4F53\u914D\u5B50\uFF0C\u6CA1\u6709\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u8FD9\u4E00\u9636\u6BB5\u3002"@zh . . "Rodozm\u011Bna (metageneze, st\u0159\u00EDd\u00E1n\u00ED generac\u00ED) je v nejobecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm smyslu ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro \u017Eivotn\u00ED cyklus r\u016Fzn\u00FDch eukaryotick\u00FDch organism\u016F, v n\u011Bm\u017E se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00ED generace rozmno\u017Euj\u00EDc\u00ED se nepohlavn\u011B s generacemi, kter\u00E9 se rozmno\u017Euj\u00ED pohlavn\u011B. V r\u00E1mci zoologie se takto mohou ozna\u010Dovat \u017Eivotn\u00ED cykly \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F, kte\u0159\u00ED krom\u011B sexuality vyu\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED i pravideln\u00E9 pomno\u017Eov\u00E1n\u00ED partenogenez\u00ED (nap\u0159. perloo\u010Dky), pu\u010Den\u00EDm (nap\u0159. mnoz\u00ED \u017Eahavci, salpy) \u010Di jin\u00FDmi zp\u016Fsoby. Jak pohlavn\u011B, tak nepohlavn\u011B se mno\u017E\u00EDc\u00ED jedinci jsou v takov\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpadech diploidn\u00ED (2n, se dv\u011Bma sadami chromozom\u016F v j\u00E1drech). V r\u00E1mci botaniky m\u00E1 pojem metageneze pon\u011Bkud jin\u00FD, specifi\u010Dt\u011Bji definovan\u00FD v\u00FDznam, nebo\u0165 ozna\u010Duje takov\u00E9 \u017Eivotn\u00ED cykly, kde nepohlavn\u011B se mno\u017E\u00EDc\u00ED generace (sporofyt) je diploidn\u00ED a mei\u00F3zou produkuje spory, kter\u00E9 jsou haploidn\u00ED (n, s jedinou sadou chromozom\u016F). Ze spor vyr\u016Fst\u00E1 pohlavn\u00ED generace (gametofyt) produkuj\u00EDc\u00ED mit\u00F3zou gamety. Gamety pak spl\u00FDvaj\u00ED v diploidn\u00ED zygotu, z n\u00ED\u017E roste nov\u00FD sporofyt. Jde o tzv. haplo-diplontn\u00ED (haplo-diploidn\u00ED) cyklus, v r\u00E1mci n\u011Bho\u017E nach\u00E1z\u00EDme haploidn\u00ED i diploidn\u00ED mnohobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E1 st\u00E1dia. To je principi\u00E1ln\u00ED a biologicky relevantn\u00ED rozd\u00EDl oproti \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016Fm, kde jedin\u00E9 haploidn\u00ED bu\u0148ky \u017Eivotn\u00EDho cyklu jsou zpravidla gamety (u n\u011Bkter\u00FDch skupin \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F se vyskytuj\u00ED haploidn\u00ED samci). Haplo-diplontn\u00ED rodozm\u011Bna je charakteristick\u00E1 pro v\u0161echny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED rostliny a mnoh\u00E9 \u0159asy. Alternativn\u011B je haplo-diplontn\u00ED rodozm\u011Bna definov\u00E1na jako \u017Eivotn\u00ED cyklus, kde jak v haploidn\u00EDm, tak v diploidn\u00EDm st\u00E1diu prob\u00EDhaj\u00ED mitotick\u00E1 d\u011Blen\u00ED. Tuto m\u00EDrn\u011B roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159enou definici lze vzt\u00E1hnout i na jednobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E1 eukaryota (prvoky), mezi kter\u00FDmi lze tak\u00E9 haplo-diploidn\u00ED cykly nal\u00E9zt, nap\u0159. u d\u00EDrkono\u0161c\u016F. I u nich se pak hovo\u0159\u00ED o rodozm\u011Bn\u011B. Stejn\u00FDm pojmem se ale n\u011Bkdy ozna\u010Duj\u00ED i cykly prvok\u016F, kde se jak pohlavn\u00ED, tak nepohlavn\u00ED mno\u017Een\u00ED uskute\u010D\u0148uje na stejn\u00E9 ploidn\u00ED \u00FArovni \u2013 nap\u0159. v r\u00E1mci \u201Erodozm\u011Bny\u201D v\u00FDtrusovc\u016F se sice st\u0159\u00EDd\u00E1 nepohlavn\u00ED mno\u017Een\u00ED s tvorbou gamet, ale oboje se odehr\u00E1v\u00E1 b\u011Bhem haploidn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1sti cyklu. N\u011Bkter\u00FDmi autory je za pravou metagenezi pova\u017Eov\u00E1na pouze rodozm\u011Bna doprov\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00ED haplo-diplontn\u00ED \u017Eivotn\u00ED cyklus. Zejm\u00E9na u \u0159as se rozli\u0161uje izomorfn\u00ED rodozm\u011Bna, kdy se gametofyt a sporofyt vz\u00E1jemn\u011B podobaj\u00ED, a anizomorfn\u00ED \u010Dili heteromorfn\u00ED rodozm\u011Bna, kdy se ob\u011B st\u00E1dia z\u0159eteln\u011B li\u0161\u00ED (to je i p\u0159\u00EDpad vy\u0161\u0161\u00EDch rostlin)."@cs . . . . . "Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. It consists of a multicellular haploid sexual phase, the gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with a multicellular diploid asexual phase, the sporophyte which has two sets of chromosomes."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alternance de g\u00E9n\u00E9rations"@fr . . . "\uC138\uB300 \uAD50\uB300(alternation of generations, \uC138\uB300\uAD50\uBC88)\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uC758 \uC0DD\uD65C\uC0AC\uC5D0\uC11C \uB2E4\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uB450\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4\uC758 (\uD3EC\uC790\uCCB4) \uC138\uB300\uC640 \uB2E4\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uD651\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4\uC758 \uBC30\uC6B0\uCCB4 \uC138\uB300\uAC00 \uBC88\uAC08\uC544\uAC00\uBA74\uC11C \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "1096274234"^^ . "Alternan\u00E7a de generacions"@ca . . . . "\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Alternation of generations)\u200F \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u064A. \u064A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0644\u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u062A\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060C \u062A\u0636\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0646)\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Haploidy)\u200F \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629."@ar . "La alternancia de generaciones (tambi\u00E9n conocida como metag\u00E9nesis o heterog\u00E9nesis) es un tipo de ciclo biol\u00F3gico de vida propio de la reproducci\u00F3n sexual, presente desde su ancestro com\u00FAn en todos los eucariotas (en algunos perdida secundariamente) caracterizado por una alternancia de fases nucleares; es decir, a partir de la meiosis se pasa a una fase haploide y por fusi\u00F3n de los gametos se pasa a la fase diploide."@es . . . . . . . . . . . "La alternancia de generaciones (tambi\u00E9n conocida como metag\u00E9nesis o heterog\u00E9nesis) es un tipo de ciclo biol\u00F3gico de vida propio de la reproducci\u00F3n sexual, presente desde su ancestro com\u00FAn en todos los eucariotas (en algunos perdida secundariamente) caracterizado por una alternancia de fases nucleares; es decir, a partir de la meiosis se pasa a una fase haploide y por fusi\u00F3n de los gametos se pasa a la fase diploide. La alternancia de generaciones ocurre en aquellas plantas y algas en Archaeplastida y Heterokontophyta que tienen distintas etapas haploides sexuales y diploides asexuales. En estos grupos, un gametofito haploide multicelular con n cromosomas se alterna con un esporofito diploide multicelular con 2n cromosomas, formado por n pares. Un esporofito maduro produce esporas haploides por meiosis, un proceso que reduce el n\u00FAmero de cromosomas a la mitad, de 2n a n. En una alternancia de fases gam\u00E9tica, el organismo es diploide, ya que solo la generaci\u00F3n diploide se divide por mitosis hasta volverse multicelular, y la meiosis se produce justo antes de formarse los gametos. El \"individuo adulto\" es diploide. Son diploides, como por ejemplo, la mayor\u00EDa de los animales. En una alternancia de fases cig\u00F3tica, tras la formaci\u00F3n del cigoto se produce la meiosis sin pasar por una etapa multicelular, y es la fase haploide la que se divide por mitosis hasta volverse multicelular, con lo cual el organismo es haploide. El \"individuo adulto\" es haploide. En los haplodiplontes hay una fase haploide multicelular y una fase diploide multicelular. Por eso hay dos generaciones alternadas de individuos, una diplonte y una haplonte (hay alternancia de generaciones). El cigoto diploide se divide por mitosis para formar la generaci\u00F3n diploide multicelular. En el individuo adulto diploide se produce la meiosis para producir esporas a partir de las cuales se forma el individuo adulto haploide por mitosis. Esta fase da lugar a los gametos que se fusionar\u00E1n en un nuevo cigoto, reiniciando el ciclo. Este ciclo de vida se da en plantas, al individuo haplonte multicelular se lo llama gamet\u00F3fito y al individuo diplonte multicelular se lo llama espor\u00F3fito. A veces tanto el haplonte adulto como el diplonte adulto son similares entre s\u00ED, y solo se los diferencia en el an\u00E1lisis gen\u00E9tico y al aparecer sus estructuras reproductivas (como en la lechuga de mar o Ulva), entonces se dice que el ciclo de vida es haplodiplonte con alternancia \"homof\u00E1sica\" de generaciones, o generaciones isomorfas. A veces el haplonte adulto y el diplonte adulto son muy diferentes entre s\u00ED, como pasa en las plantas terrestres, entonces se dice que el ciclo de vida es haplodiplonte con alternancia \"heterof\u00E1sica\" de generaciones, o generaciones heteromorfas. Cuando tanto el gamet\u00F3fito como el espor\u00F3fito son observables a simple vista, como pasa en los musgos y en los helechos, se dice que la alternancia de generaciones es bien manifiesta. En las plantas con semilla, solo la fase diplonte multicelular (espor\u00F3fito) es observable a simple vista, el gamet\u00F3fito femenino (que da la gameta femenina) est\u00E1 encerrado dentro del \u00F3vulo (que luego se convierte en semilla), el gamet\u00F3fito masculino (que da la gameta masculina) est\u00E1 encerrado dentro del grano de polen."@es . "L'alternance de g\u00E9n\u00E9rations (appel\u00E9e aussi m\u00E9tagen\u00E8se) est une caract\u00E9ristique du cycle de vie des plantes (prises ici au sens d'Archaeplastida). Une g\u00E9n\u00E9ration est un stade de d\u00E9veloppement multicellulaire issu d\u2019un stade cellulaire (spore ou gam\u00E8te) et produisant un stade cellulaire (gam\u00E8te ou spore). La g\u00E9n\u00E9ration produisant des gam\u00E8tes est le gam\u00E9tophyte, et la g\u00E9n\u00E9ration produisant des spores est le sporophyte. De fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, un gam\u00E9tophyte alterne avec un sporophyte. \u00C0 maturit\u00E9, le sporophyte produit des spores."@fr . . "Il ciclo vitale aplodiplonte o anche a meiosi sporica \u00E8 tipico di tutte le piante, di alcune alghe, e di alcuni funghi. \u00C8 caratterizzato da due fasi, una aploide, il gametofito, che produce i gameti, ed una diploide, lo sporofito, che produce le spore. Nel ciclo aplodiplonte sono presenti due generazioni; un individuo diploide ed uno aploide, entrambi capaci di riprodursi. Sono quindi presenti due generazioni nello stesso ciclo vitale. L'organismo diploide, chiamato sporofito, un ammasso cellulare, \u00E8 sviluppato per mitosi dallo zigote, anch'esso diploide, ottenuto dall'unione di cellule aploidi differenti, i gameti. I gameti sono prodotti da organi specializzati detti gametangi. La maturit\u00E0 dello sporofito porta alla produzione di spore (dette meiospore) che sono aploidi, in quanto derivate da meiosi di cellule particolari che maturano in organi specifici chiamati sporangi. Dato il rivestimento protettivo di sporopollenina, le spore possono sopravvivere nell'ambiente per lunghi periodi di tempo e resistere a condizioni ambientali sfavorevoli. In condizioni che ne permettono lo sviluppo le spore germinano, sviluppando un organismo aploide chiamato gametofito. Il gametofito \u00E8 un individuo indipendente e, al momento della riproduzione, alcune sue cellule, in strutture particolari (gametangi), si sviluppano e, a seguito di alcune divisioni mitotiche, origineranno i gameti aploidi. Dall'unione di due gameti di categorie sessuali differenti, si svilupper\u00E0 un nuovo zigote diploide, che dar\u00E0 inizio al nuovo ciclo. Il ciclo aplodiplonte \u00E8 presente, anche se raramente, in alcuni animali, come i celenterati. Le generazioni che si alternano sono, tuttavia, entrambe diploidi ed eteromorfiche e vanno da una forma a polipo coloniale ad una forma a medusa. Tale ciclo \u00E8 definito metagenesi."@it . . . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0301\u0437 (\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439) \u2014 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C."@ru . "A altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es, heteromorfia ou ciclo haplodiplobionte \u00E9 uma forma de reprodu\u00E7\u00E3o encontrada em todas as plantas e nos celenterados/cnid\u00E1rios. Nesses organismos ocorre uma reprodu\u00E7\u00E3o por via assexuada (n\u00E3o ocorre troca de gametas) e uma fase sexuada (ocorre troca de gametas). Os celenterados sofrem altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es, mas s\u00E3o haplobiontes diplontes, ou seja sempre diploides e somente os gametas s\u00E3o haploides. Em bot\u00E2nica chama-se altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es ao ciclo de vida de muitas plantas e algas que apresentam duas formas multicelulares diferentes para a fase haploide, o gamet\u00F3fito, e para a fase diploide, o espor\u00F3fito. Utiliza-se aqui o termo \"plantas\" no sentido da taxonomia de Lineu, ou seja, incluindo as plantas verdes, os fungos e as algas. Nos fetos e nas algas vermelhas, estas duas fases correspondem a indiv\u00EDduos com vida independente, mas noutros grupos, como os musgos e as espermat\u00F3fitas, uma destas fases pode ser \"parasita\" da outra. Ambas as \"gera\u00E7\u00F5es\" produzem esporos como produtos reprodutivos, mas no gamet\u00F3fito, os esporos t\u00EAm o nome de g\u00E2metas - esporos haploides, que se conjugam para dar origem a um zigoto. As estruturas onde s\u00E3o produzidos os esporos chamam-se espor\u00E2ngios. Quando os esporos t\u00EAm tamanhos - e fun\u00E7\u00F5es - diferentes, os g\u00E2metas normalmente tomam o nome de micr\u00F3sporo (o mais pequeno, geralmente o masculino) e meg\u00E1sporo (o maior, geralmente im\u00F3vel - o \u00F3vulo). Por essa raz\u00E3o, os espor\u00E2ngios que produzem micr\u00F3sporos tomam o nome de microspor\u00E2ngios e os que produzem meg\u00E1sporos s\u00E3o os megaspor\u00E2ngios. Nas espermat\u00F3fitas, e principalmente nas con\u00EDferas, estes espor\u00E2ngios correspondem a folhas especializadas dos cones ou pinhas e tomam os nomes de microspor\u00F3filos e megaspor\u00F3filos. Nas \"plantas\" que n\u00E3o apresentam altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es, o zigoto - o produto da uni\u00E3o ou conjuga\u00E7\u00E3o de dois g\u00E2metas - ou se desenvolve numa planta diploide que, quando adulta, produz novos g\u00E2metas, ou sofre imediatamente meiose, produzindo esporos haploides que d\u00E3o origem a novas plantas que produzem g\u00E2metas. Ou seja, a planta adulta \u00E9 sempre um gamet\u00F3fito. Os fungos adultos s\u00E3o sempre haploides, produzindo esporos tamb\u00E9m haploides. Quando duas hifas se conjugam, formam um \"indiv\u00EDduo\" cujas c\u00E9lulas possuem dois n\u00FAcleos, ou seja, a conjuga\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 apenas plasm\u00E1tica. A certa altura, pode haver cariogamia (conjuga\u00E7\u00E3o dos n\u00FAcleos), dando origem a uma estrutura onde, por meiose, se v\u00E3o produzir novos esporos haploides. O ciclo diplobionte garante o processo evolutivo e garante a ocorr\u00EAncia de muta\u00E7\u00E3o gen\u00E9tica dos seres em que ocorre."@pt . "\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644"@ar . . . . . . . "\u0393\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u0392\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7, (\u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2), \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03B3\u03AE \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03CE\u03BD, \u03B5\u03BE \u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD\u03C5\u03BC\u03B7 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE. \u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC\u03C3\u03C3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CE\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03B3\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CE\u03C2. \n* \u03A4\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 . \u03A4\u03BF \u03C6\u03B1\u03B9\u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD, \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2, \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B2\u03C1\u03C5\u03BF\u03C6\u03CD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B4\u03BF\u03C6\u03CD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03B4\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD, \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C5\u03B4\u03C1\u03BF\u03B6\u03CE\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03BA\u03C5\u03C6\u03BF\u03B6\u03CE\u03C9\u03BD, \u03CC\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0.\u03C7. \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03AD\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B5\u03C2."@el . "L'alternan\u00E7a de generacions, o metag\u00E8nesi, fa refer\u00E8ncia a la caracter\u00EDstica que presenten alguns organismes d'alternar entre dos individus diferents al llarg del seu cicle vital: un haploide (o gamet\u00F2fit, en el cas dels vegetals) i un de diploide (o espor\u00F2fit, en el cas dels vegetals). Tamb\u00E9 algunes esp\u00E8cies d'animals poden presentar alternan\u00E7a de generacions, com \u00E9s el cas dels cnidaris, que en alguns casos poden alternar entre una fase p\u00F2lip i una fase medusa."@ca . . . . . . . "Pergiliran keturunan"@in . . . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u66FF\u662F\u6240\u6709\u9646\u751F\u690D\u7269\u4E0E\u67D0\u4E9B\u85FB\u7C7B\u7684\u751F\u6D3B\u53F2\u7E41\u6B96\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6709\u55AE\u500D\u9AD4\u3001\u96D9\u500D\u9AD4\u500B\u9AD4\uFF08\u6216\u7D44\u7E54\uFF09\u4EA4\u66FF\u7684\u73FE\u8C61\u7684\u79F0\u8C13\u3002\u67D0\u4E9B\u85FB\u7C7B\u7684\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u4E0E\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u53EF\u80FD\u662F\u6709\u76F8\u540C\u6216\u4E0D\u540C\u5916\u89C2\u7684\u5404\u81EA\u72EC\u7ACB\u7684\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u3002\u82D4\u85D3\u3001\u3001\u7684\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u80FD\u81EA\u517B\uFF0C\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u662F\u5BC4\u751F\u4E8E\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u4E0A\u3002\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7EF4\u7BA1\u690D\u7269\u662F\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u751F\u5B58\u3002\u8568\u7C7B\u7684\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u6709\u6839\u3001\u830E\u3001\u53F6\u7684\u5206\u5316\uFF0C\u800C\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\uFF08\u5373\uFF09\u867D\u7136\u80FD\u81EA\u517B\u4F46\u53D1\u80B2\u4E0D\u5145\u5206\uFF0C\u5E7C\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u4F9D\u8D56\u5176\u751F\u957F\u3002\u5BF9\u4E8E\u88AB\u5B50\u690D\u7269\uFF0C\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u6781\u5EA6\u4E0D\u53D1\u80B2\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u4EC5\u6709\u51E0\u4E2A\u7EC6\u80DE\uFF0C\u5B8C\u5168\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u3002 \u52A8\u7269\u662F\u4E8C\u500D\u4F53\u751F\u7269\u4F53\uFF0C\u7C7B\u4F3C\u4E8E\u5B62\u5B50\u4F53\u3002\u4F46\u662F\u52A8\u7269\u76F4\u63A5\u901A\u8FC7\u51CF\u6570\u5206\u88C2\u4EA7\u751F\u5355\u500D\u4F53\u914D\u5B50\uFF0C\u6CA1\u6709\u914D\u5B50\u4F53\u8FD9\u4E00\u9636\u6BB5\u3002"@zh . "Als Generationswechsel bezeichnet man in der Biologie eine Form der Fortpflanzung, bei der die beiden Varianten der Fortpflanzung \u2013 die geschlechtliche und die ungeschlechtliche \u2013 in verschiedenen Generationen abwechselnd auftreten. Generationswechsel tritt bei vielen Protisten, bei Rotalgen, Moosen, Farnen und Samenpflanzen, aber auch bei Nesseltieren und Tunicaten auf. Er kombiniert die Vorteile beider Fortpflanzungsarten: Die sich ungeschlechtlich vermehrende Generation kann eine gro\u00DFe Anzahl von Nachkommen erzeugen, ohne daf\u00FCr einen Sexualpartner zu ben\u00F6tigen. Die sich geschlechtlich vermehrende Generation sorgt f\u00FCr eine Durchmischung des Genpools."@de . . "L'alternance de g\u00E9n\u00E9rations (appel\u00E9e aussi m\u00E9tagen\u00E8se) est une caract\u00E9ristique du cycle de vie des plantes (prises ici au sens d'Archaeplastida). Une g\u00E9n\u00E9ration est un stade de d\u00E9veloppement multicellulaire issu d\u2019un stade cellulaire (spore ou gam\u00E8te) et produisant un stade cellulaire (gam\u00E8te ou spore). La g\u00E9n\u00E9ration produisant des gam\u00E8tes est le gam\u00E9tophyte, et la g\u00E9n\u00E9ration produisant des spores est le sporophyte. De fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, un gam\u00E9tophyte alterne avec un sporophyte. \u00C0 maturit\u00E9, le sporophyte produit des spores. Les spores germent et se d\u00E9veloppent sous forme d'un gam\u00E9tophyte. \u00C0 maturit\u00E9, le gam\u00E9tophyte produit des gam\u00E8tes par mitose, sans modification du nombre de chromosomes. Deux gam\u00E8tes (provenant de deux organismes diff\u00E9rents de la m\u00EAme esp\u00E8ce ou du m\u00EAme organisme) fusionnent pour produire un zygote, qui se d\u00E9veloppe sous la forme d'un sporophyte. Ce cycle, de gam\u00E9tophyte \u00E0 gam\u00E9tophyte (ou bien de sporophyte \u00E0 sporophyte), est la mani\u00E8re dont toutes les plantes terrestres et beaucoup d'algues subissent la reproduction sexu\u00E9e. Parce qu'elle constitue une \u00E9tape-cl\u00E9 dans l'alternance des g\u00E9n\u00E9rations, il est probable que la m\u00E9iose, processus qui permet de r\u00E9duire de moiti\u00E9 le nombre de chromosomes, de 2n \u00E0 n, ait une fonction adaptative fondamentale. La nature de cette fonction est encore en d\u00E9bat (voir M\u00E9iose), mais les deux id\u00E9es principales sont que la m\u00E9iose est adaptative parce qu'elle facilite la r\u00E9paration des alt\u00E9rations qui peuvent affecter l'ADN ou parce qu'elle provoque des variations g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques. Selon la place de la m\u00E9iose dans le cycle, le sporophyte peut \u00EAtre haplo\u00EFde ou diplo\u00EFde, de m\u00EAme le gam\u00E9tophyte peut \u00EAtre haplo\u00EFde ou diplo\u00EFde. Les places de la m\u00E9iose et de la f\u00E9condation dans le cycle d\u00E9finissent les phases du cycle, et l\u2019alternance des phases (haplo\u00EFde et diplo\u00EFde, voire dicaryotique lorsque la fusion des noyaux est d\u00E9plac\u00E9e dans le temps par rapport \u00E0 la fusion des cytoplasmes lors de la f\u00E9condation). L\u2019alternance cytologique des phases est ind\u00E9pendante de l\u2019alternance morphologique des g\u00E9n\u00E9rations. La relation entre le sporophyte et le gam\u00E9tophyte varie selon les diff\u00E9rents groupes de plantes.Chez les algues qui ont une alternance de g\u00E9n\u00E9rations, le sporophyte et le gam\u00E9tophyte sont des organismes s\u00E9par\u00E9s ind\u00E9pendants, qui peuvent \u00E9ventuellement avoir une apparence similaire. Chez les h\u00E9patiques, les mousses et les anthoc\u00E9rotes, le sporophyte est bien moins d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 que le gam\u00E9tophyte et est largement d\u00E9pendant de ce dernier. Bien que les sporophytes des mousses et anthoc\u00E9rotes puissent assurer la photosynth\u00E8se, ils ont besoin de photosynthats suppl\u00E9mentaires provenant du gam\u00E9tophyte pour soutenir leur croissance et le d\u00E9veloppement des spores, et en d\u00E9pendent pour la fourniture d'eau, de nutriments min\u00E9raux et d'azote.Par contre, chez toutes les plantes vasculaires modernes, le gam\u00E9tophyte est bien moins d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 que le sporophyte, bien que leurs anc\u00EAtres du D\u00E9vonien avaient des gam\u00E9tophytes et des sporophytes de complexit\u00E9 \u00E0 peu pr\u00E8s \u00E9quivalente.Chez les foug\u00E8res, le gam\u00E9tophyte est un petit prothalle autotrophe en forme de lame dont le jeune sporophyte est bri\u00E8vement d\u00E9pendant pour son alimentation. Chez les plantes \u00E0 fleurs, la r\u00E9duction du gam\u00E9tophyte est extr\u00EAme : il se compose de seulement quelques cellules qui se d\u00E9veloppent \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur du sporophyte. Tous les animaux se d\u00E9veloppent diff\u00E9remment. Un animal adulte est diplo\u00EFde et est donc, en un sens, l'\u00E9quivalent d'un sporophyte. Toutefois, un animal produit \u00AB directement \u00BB des gam\u00E8tes haplo\u00EFdes par m\u00E9iose. Il n'y a pas de spores haplo\u00EFdes capables de se diviser, si bien qu'il y a pas d'\u00E9quivalent d'un gam\u00E9tophyte haplo\u00EFde. Il n'y a pas d'alternance entre des formes diplo\u00EFde et haplo\u00EFde. D'autres organismes, tels que les champignons, peuvent avoir des cycles de vie dans lesquels les diff\u00E9rents types d'organismes alternent. Le terme d'\u00AB alternance de g\u00E9n\u00E9rations \u00BB s'applique \u00E9galement \u00E0 ces cas. Les cycles biologiques des plantes et des algues avec alternance de phases multicellulaires haplo\u00EFdes et diplo\u00EFdes sont dits \u00AB diplohaplontiques \u00BB (les termes \u00E9quivalents \u00AB haplodiplontiques \u00BB, ou \u00AB dibiontiques \u00BB sont \u00E9galement usit\u00E9s). Les cycles biologiques, tels que ceux des animaux, dans lesquels il n'y a qu'un seul stade multicellulaire diplo\u00EFde sont appel\u00E9s \u00AB diplontiques \u00BB (Les cycles biologiques dans lesquels il n'y a qu'un seul stade haplo\u00EFde multicellulaire sont dits \u00AB haplontiques \u00BB)."@fr . . . . . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\uFF08\u305B\u3060\u3044\u3053\u3046\u305F\u3044\uFF09\u306F\u3001 \n* \u751F\u7269\u306E\u751F\u6D3B\u74B0\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7570\u306A\u3063\u305F\u751F\u6B96\u3092\u884C\u3046\u4E8C\u901A\u308A\u306E\u4F53\u304C\u4EA4\u4E92\u306B\u51FA\u73FE\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002\u3001\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002 \n* \u4E16\u4EE3\u304C\u5165\u308C\u66FF\u308F\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u4EBA\u3084\u7269\u3092\u82E5\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u65B0\u3057\u3044\u578B\u306B\u4EE3\u3048\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u7528\u4F8B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u7D4C\u55B6\u8005\u306E\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\u3001\u643A\u5E2F\u96FB\u8A71\u306E\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\u306A\u3069\u3002\u7269\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "Przemiana pokole\u0144"@pl . . "Rodozm\u011Bna (metageneze, st\u0159\u00EDd\u00E1n\u00ED generac\u00ED) je v nejobecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm smyslu ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro \u017Eivotn\u00ED cyklus r\u016Fzn\u00FDch eukaryotick\u00FDch organism\u016F, v n\u011Bm\u017E se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00ED generace rozmno\u017Euj\u00EDc\u00ED se nepohlavn\u011B s generacemi, kter\u00E9 se rozmno\u017Euj\u00ED pohlavn\u011B. V r\u00E1mci zoologie se takto mohou ozna\u010Dovat \u017Eivotn\u00ED cykly \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F, kte\u0159\u00ED krom\u011B sexuality vyu\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED i pravideln\u00E9 pomno\u017Eov\u00E1n\u00ED partenogenez\u00ED (nap\u0159. perloo\u010Dky), pu\u010Den\u00EDm (nap\u0159. mnoz\u00ED \u017Eahavci, salpy) \u010Di jin\u00FDmi zp\u016Fsoby. Jak pohlavn\u011B, tak nepohlavn\u011B se mno\u017E\u00EDc\u00ED jedinci jsou v takov\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpadech diploidn\u00ED (2n, se dv\u011Bma sadami chromozom\u016F v j\u00E1drech)."@cs . "Il ciclo vitale aplodiplonte o anche a meiosi sporica \u00E8 tipico di tutte le piante, di alcune alghe, e di alcuni funghi. \u00C8 caratterizzato da due fasi, una aploide, il gametofito, che produce i gameti, ed una diploide, lo sporofito, che produce le spore. Nel ciclo aplodiplonte sono presenti due generazioni; un individuo diploide ed uno aploide, entrambi capaci di riprodursi. Sono quindi presenti due generazioni nello stesso ciclo vitale."@it . "\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Alternation of generations)\u200F \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u064A. \u064A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0644\u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u062A\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060C \u062A\u0636\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0646)\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Haploidy)\u200F \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062D [\u0631] \u0639\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064B \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064B \u0623\u0646\u062B\u0648\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062D\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u062D\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064A\u063A\u0648\u062A). \u0648\u062A\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062D\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (\u0646) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627 (2\u0646)\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Diploidy)\u200F \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u062C\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u062A\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0635\u064A\u0641 meiosis \u0648\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 (2\u0646) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A\u0629 (1\u0646) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063A\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062F\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062A\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644."@ar . . . . "Przemiana pokole\u0144 \u2013 cykl \u017Cyciowy organizmu, w kt\u00F3rym pokolenie rozmna\u017Caj\u0105ce si\u0119 p\u0142ciowo wyst\u0119puje na przemian z pokoleniem rozmna\u017Caj\u0105cym si\u0119 bezp\u0142ciowo. Przemiana pokole\u0144 jest zjawiskiem charakterystycznym dla wielu glon\u00F3w i grzyb\u00F3w, a tak\u017Ce dla wszystkich ro\u015Blin wy\u017Cszych. Wyst\u0119puje te\u017C u zwierz\u0105t w postaci przemiany regularnej lub nieregularnej przemiany homofazowej metageneza oraz pierwotniak\u00F3w (przemiana heterofazowa lub homofazowa)."@pl . . "\uC138\uB300 \uAD50\uB300(alternation of generations, \uC138\uB300\uAD50\uBC88)\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uC758 \uC0DD\uD65C\uC0AC\uC5D0\uC11C \uB2E4\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uB450\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4\uC758 (\uD3EC\uC790\uCCB4) \uC138\uB300\uC640 \uB2E4\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uD651\uBC30\uC218\uCCB4\uC758 \uBC30\uC6B0\uCCB4 \uC138\uB300\uAC00 \uBC88\uAC08\uC544\uAC00\uBA74\uC11C \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "Ciclo vitale aplodiplonte"@it . . . . . . . . "Generationsv\u00E4xling"@sv . "\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C, \u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u043E\u043C, \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u043E\u043C."@uk . . "Ailt\u00E9arn\u00FA na ngl\u00FAn"@ga . . "Generationsv\u00E4xling beskriver hur en organism v\u00E4xlar mellan en generation som \u00E4r diploid och en som \u00E4r haploid. Generationsv\u00E4xling \u00E4r vanligt hos k\u00E4rlv\u00E4xter, mossor, brunalger, r\u00F6dalger, och vissa gr\u00F6nalger. F\u00F6r att en organism ska r\u00E4knas som generationsv\u00E4xlare kr\u00E4vs att b\u00E5de den diploida och den haploida generationen \u00E4r flercellig. Den diploida generationen \u00E4r sporofyten, d\u00E4r sporer bildas genom meois. Sporofyten (2n) ger d\u00E4rf\u00F6r upphov till haploida (1n) sporer. Dessa gror sedan till gametofyter (1n), vilka bildar haploida (1n) gameter (k\u00F6nsceller) genom mitos. Flercelliga djur har inte generationsv\u00E4xling, utan \u00E4r diplonter (alltid diploida utom som gameter). Vissa djur, som maneter har tv\u00E5 \u00E5tskilda faser i livet men de skiljer sig inte \u00E5t i kromosomtal. Hos organismer med generationsv\u00E4xling kan sporofyten och gametofyten vara lika till utseende och storlek, men de kan ocks\u00E5 skilja sig \u00E5t. Hos bladmossor \u00E4r gametofyten den sj\u00E4lvf\u00F6rs\u00F6rjande, gr\u00F6na v\u00E4xten och sporofyten best\u00E5r endast av en sporkapsel p\u00E5 skaft. Hos blomv\u00E4xter \u00E4r det tv\u00E4rtom sporofyten som \u00E4r den sj\u00E4lvf\u00F6rs\u00F6rjande, gr\u00F6na v\u00E4xten och gametofyten \u00E4r mycket reducerad och best\u00E5r av n\u00E5gra f\u00E5 celler inuti pistillen eller pollenkornet."@sv . . "\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\uFF08\u305B\u3060\u3044\u3053\u3046\u305F\u3044\uFF09\u306F\u3001 \n* \u751F\u7269\u306E\u751F\u6D3B\u74B0\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7570\u306A\u3063\u305F\u751F\u6B96\u3092\u884C\u3046\u4E8C\u901A\u308A\u306E\u4F53\u304C\u4EA4\u4E92\u306B\u51FA\u73FE\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002\u3001\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002 \n* \u4E16\u4EE3\u304C\u5165\u308C\u66FF\u308F\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u4EBA\u3084\u7269\u3092\u82E5\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u65B0\u3057\u3044\u578B\u306B\u4EE3\u3048\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3002\u7528\u4F8B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u7D4C\u55B6\u8005\u306E\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\u3001\u643A\u5E2F\u96FB\u8A71\u306E\u4E16\u4EE3\u4EA4\u4EE3\u306A\u3069\u3002\u7269\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "L'alternan\u00E7a de generacions, o metag\u00E8nesi, fa refer\u00E8ncia a la caracter\u00EDstica que presenten alguns organismes d'alternar entre dos individus diferents al llarg del seu cicle vital: un haploide (o gamet\u00F2fit, en el cas dels vegetals) i un de diploide (o espor\u00F2fit, en el cas dels vegetals). D'aquesta forma en vegetals podem trobar el seg\u00FCent cicle: l'espor\u00F2fit (diploide) mitjan\u00E7ant la meiosi generar\u00E0 espores (n) que, un cop hagin germinat i madurat despr\u00E9s de mitosi consecutives, donaran lloc a un gamet\u00F2fit. Aquest, al seu torn, via mitosi crear\u00E0 g\u00E0metes els quals, pr\u00E8via fecundaci\u00F3 i mitosis successives, donar\u00E0 lloc a l'espor\u00F2fit. Tamb\u00E9 algunes esp\u00E8cies d'animals poden presentar alternan\u00E7a de generacions, com \u00E9s el cas dels cnidaris, que en alguns casos poden alternar entre una fase p\u00F2lip i una fase medusa. En els hi ha una fase haploide multicel\u00B7lular i una fase diploide multicel\u00B7lular. Per aix\u00F2 hi ha dues generacions alternades d'individus, una diplont i una haplont (hi ha alternan\u00E7a de generacions). El zigot diploide es divideix per mitosi per a formar la generaci\u00F3 diploide multicel\u00B7lular. En l'individu adult diploide es produeix la meiosi per a produir espores a partir de les quals es forma l'individu adult haploide per mitosi. Aquesta fase dona lloc als g\u00E0metes que es fusionaran en un nou zigot, reiniciant el cicle. Aquest cicle de vida es dona en plantes, a l'individu haplont multic\u00E8l\u00B7lular l'hi diu gamet\u00F2fit i a l'individu diplont multic\u00E8l\u00B7lular l'hi diu espor\u00F2fit. De vegades tant l'haplont adult com el diplont adult s\u00F3n similars entre si, i nom\u00E9s els hi diferencia en l'an\u00E0lisi gen\u00E8tica i a l'apar\u00E8ixer les seues estructures reproductives (com en l'enciam de mar o Ulva), llavors es diu que el cicle de vida \u00E9s haplodiplont amb alternan\u00E7a \"homof\u00E0sica\" de generacions, o generacions isomorfs. De vegades l'haplont adult i el diplont adult s\u00F3n molt diferents entre si, com passa en les plantes terrestres, llavors es diu que el cicle de vida \u00E9s haplodiplont amb alternan\u00E7a \"heterof\u00E0sica\" de generacions, o generacions heteromorfes. Quan tant el gamet\u00F2fit com l'espor\u00F2fit s\u00F3n observables a primera vista, com passa en les molses i en les falgueres, es diu que l'alternan\u00E7a de generacions \u00E9s ben manifesta. En les plantes amb llavor, nom\u00E9s la fase diplont multicel\u00B7lular (espor\u00F2fit) \u00E9s observable a primera vista, el gamet\u00F2fit femen\u00ED (que dona el g\u00E0meta femenina) est\u00E0 tancat dins de l'\u00F2vul (que despr\u00E9s es converteix en llavor), el gamet\u00F2fit mascul\u00ED (que dona el g\u00E0meta mascul\u00ED) est\u00E0 tancat dins del gra de pol\u00B7len."@ca . . . . . . . . . "Als Generationswechsel bezeichnet man in der Biologie eine Form der Fortpflanzung, bei der die beiden Varianten der Fortpflanzung \u2013 die geschlechtliche und die ungeschlechtliche \u2013 in verschiedenen Generationen abwechselnd auftreten. Generationswechsel tritt bei vielen Protisten, bei Rotalgen, Moosen, Farnen und Samenpflanzen, aber auch bei Nesseltieren und Tunicaten auf. Er kombiniert die Vorteile beider Fortpflanzungsarten: Die sich ungeschlechtlich vermehrende Generation kann eine gro\u00DFe Anzahl von Nachkommen erzeugen, ohne daf\u00FCr einen Sexualpartner zu ben\u00F6tigen. Die sich geschlechtlich vermehrende Generation sorgt f\u00FCr eine Durchmischung des Genpools."@de . . "Alternancia de generaciones"@es . . . . . . "Dul chun cinn timthriall beatha planda tr\u00ED dh\u00E1 fhoirm at\u00E1irgthe. Sa ghl\u00FAin ghn\u00E9asach (an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt), t\u00E1irgtear gaim\u00E9it\u00ED hapl\u00F3ideacha. Comhcheangla\u00EDonn siad seo chun sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt\u00ED dhiopl\u00F3ideacha a dh\u00E9anamh. Sa ghl\u00FAin neamhghn\u00E9asach, t\u00E1irgeann siad seo sp\u00F3ir hapl\u00F3ideacha, agus uathu sin fasann gaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt\u00ED nua. In alga\u00ED is \u00ED an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt an phr\u00EDomhghl\u00FAin a shealbha\u00EDonn m\u00F3rchuid den timthriall bheatha, b\u00EDodh is go bhfuil an d\u00E1 ghl\u00FAin do-aitheanta \u00F3na ch\u00E9ile \u00F3 thaobh strucht\u00FAir. I mbrif\u00EDt\u00ED b\u00EDonn an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt ceannasach freisin, ach b\u00EDonn strucht\u00FAir na ngaimif\u00EDt\u00ED is na sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt\u00ED \u00E9ags\u00FAil amach is amach \u00F3na ch\u00E9ile. I raithneach, gimnispeirmeacha is planda\u00ED bl\u00E1fara, b\u00EDonn an sp\u00F3raif\u00EDt ceannasach, agus i bplanda\u00ED bl\u00E1fara l\u00E9ir\u00EDonn an pailinfhead\u00E1n is sac an tsutha an ghaim\u00E9itif\u00EDt. Tarla\u00EDonn ailt\u00E9arn\u00FA na ngl\u00FAn in ainmhithe ar leith. Mar shampla, i gc\u00E9alantr\u00E1taigh ailt\u00E9arna\u00EDonn an staid ghn\u00E9asach meidi\u00FAsa le staid neamhghn\u00E9asach cos\u00FAil le polaip."@ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alternation of generations"@en . "Altern\u00E2ncia de gera\u00E7\u00F5es"@pt . "Morfologische generatiewisseling (ook: metagenese, heterogenese, heterogonie) is het aspect van de levenscyclus dat betrekking heeft op de afwisseling van generaties. Een generatie is een meercellig stadium in de ontwikkeling van een organisme, dat begint met een voortplantingscel zoals een spore of een zygote, en dat - na een periode van duidelijke vegetatieve groei en ontwikkeling - eindigt met de vorming van andere reproductieve cellen, zoals sporen of gameten. Generatiewisseling is in 1848 voor het eerst beschreven door Wilhelm Hofmeister waarbij hij de levenscyclus van mossen, varens en zaadplanten vergeleek. Het begrip wordt vooral gebruikt in de plantkunde in de oude, zeer ruime omgrenzing bij algen, schimmels en planten. Vaak worden de termen levenscyclus en generatiewisseling zonder onderscheid gebruikt, en wordt er meestal gedoeld op kernfasewisseling, de afwisseling van haplo\u00EFde en diplo\u00EFde generaties."@nl . . . . . . "Rodozm\u011Bna"@cs . . . "Pergiliran keturunan atau metagenesis adalah daur hidup yang dialami oleh organisme,baik tumbuhan maupun hewan yang untuk setiap fase/tahapnya melibatkan individu dengan kandungan genetik berbeda: biasanya tahap haploid (n) dan tahap diploid (2n). Istilah ini umumnya dipakai pada konteks organisme yang termasuk Archaeplastida (tumbuhan hijau, alga merah, dan Glaucophyta.)"@in . .